Name:_____________________
Chapter 16
Terms & Review
Date:_______________
Society and Economy Under the Old Regime in the Eighteenth Century
People
Francis Wheatley- English artist/painter known for his landscapes and nature
Jethro Tull- Seed drill
Charles “Turnip” Townshend- Crop rotation
Robert Bakewell- Animal breeding
Arthur Young- English writer on agriculture
Josiah Wedgewood- English potter (founded Wedgewood company)
James Hargreaves- Invented the spinning Jenny
James Watt- Improved Newcomen's steam engine
Richard Arkwright- industrialist and inventor whose use of power-driven machinery
and employment of a factory system of production
Henry Cort- British discoverer of the puddling process for converting pig iron into
wrought iron.
Thomas Newcomen- British engineer and inventor of the atmospheric steam engine,
a precursor of James Watt’s engine.
Emelyan Pugachev- leader of a major Cossack and peasant rebellion in Russia
Terms and Places
ancien régime- definition #1a political or social system that has been displaced, typically by one
more modern.
 #2 the political and social system in France before the Revolution of 1789.
Sumptuary Laws- Laws that restricted what people could purchase (limit spending)
hobereaux- The provincial nobility who were often little better than wealthy
peasants.
Table of Ranks- Peter the Great's system of nobles achieving status through military
ranking
Charter of the Nobility- Charter for the Rights, Freedoms, and Privileges of the Noble
Russian Gentry also called Charter to the Gentry or Charter
to the Nobility was a charter issued by the Russian empress
Catherine II.
aristocratic resurgence- The reclamation of rights by nobles across Europe that were
taken from them by absolute monarchs.
banalities- Feudal dues in France which peasants were subjected to.
corvée- unpaid labor due from a feudal vassal to his lord.
robot- In many of the Habsburg lands, law and custom required the serfs to provide service, or this, to the
lords.
servants- Method for earning enough money to start your own household.
open-field method- The field was open with no fencing and all types of crops were
grown here. The soil was exhausted and the nitrogen was used
up. Not much food grew from it.
Métayer System- These were peasant sharecroppers in France. They did not own land but were tenant
farmers often on lands belonging to the aristocracy. They were provided with the material
for farming and were allowed to keep a percentage of the crop. The rest went to the
landowners.
Industrial Revolution- Time of change in Europe where machines replaced jobs
previously done by hand.
domestic system- System in which a family would produce materials at home and
then send them to the manufacturer and get a profit; also known as
the putting-out system
“urban growth from below”- as the rate of growth of existing larger cities declined,
new cities emerged, and existing smaller cities grew.
“just price”- The "just" price of goods...if offended, led to riots
Gordon Riots- Lord George Gordon (1751-1793) announced an imaginary plot by
Catholics after the government relieved military recruits from having
to take anti-Catholic oaths.
“court Jews” - During the seventeenth century some Jewish financiers funded wars
for major rulers and developed close professional relationship with
them and received the nickname “court Jews.”
corporate groups- businesses comprised of multiple owners
cooperativeness " "
hierarchy- system of ranking (usually within society)
nuclear and extended families
customary rights
enclosure movement- This movement involved the fencing of common lands allowing landlords to
consolidate their property and increase production.
family economy- the basic structure of production and consumption in preindustrial Europe
urbanization
puddling- where coke was used to burn away impurities in pig iron to produce higher quality iron.
game laws- A major assertion of English aristocratic dominance, these laws placed
restrictions on hunting.
Junkers- Nobles of Prussia
middle class
bourgeoisie- France's middle-class who had no privileges and defined by wealth
Gained much influence in the 1st Revolution and regained influence in
the Thermidorean Reaction
artisan- Skilled craft worker
aristocracy- nobles who owned property
Dowry- payment for marriage
Foundling- Orphanages set up in the 18th century. They commonly admitted children and were at their
height a great example of Christian charity and good works done in a time of great inequality.
Ghetto- Area where a specific race/ethnicity or religion lived
Higgler- Local people from both the countryside and the villages would steal the game and then sell it to
intermediaries called this.
Neolocalism- Idea that children should move out of their parent's household.
Patent- protection for an inventor of a product
Poaching- Penalties broke out against these people after the French Revolution. They illegally hunted and
killed animals.
Taille- The land tax, the basic tax of the Old Regime. Most French nobles did not pay this.
spinning jenny- Invented by James Hargreave, this allowed 16 spindles of threat to be spun, but by the
close of the 18th century its capacity had been increased to as many as 120.
steam engine
water frame
Topics
Manufacturing methods
Social classes - differences among them in each country and from one nation to another
Social mobility
Peasant aims, goals
Growth of cities
Family economy
Roles and rights of women and children
Russian serfs
Agricultural revolution
Onset, effects of Industrial revolution
Differences in noble rights and responsibilities in various nations