Space
By Austin Burton
The Beginning, maybe…
The Big Bang
The theory that the
universe started as a
small and hot point in
space.
The point exploded
releasing pure
energy which
cooled and became
stars and galaxies.
This explosion
would explain
why other
galaxies are
moving away
from our own.
White Holes


The big bang
could have been a
white hole.
White holes
constantly spew
out light and
energy unlike
black holes, which
suck everything
in.
White holes might
not exist, we
haven’t found any
yet…
Supernovas and Black Holes
Black holes can
form out of a
stars core after it
goes supernova,
which is when
the star explodes
releasing its
outside layers.


The core will become a black hole if its own
gravitational pull makes it collapse in on
itself.
Once it condenses enough it can stabilize
itself stopping the shrinking.
Black Holes




At this point the black
hole is fully formed
and has an incredibly
strong gravitational
pull that it can even
catch light!

Accretion Disk
Jets
The accretion disk is
what we see when we
look at black holes.
This is where matter
get pulled into orbit
around the black hole.
The matter bumps into
each other creating
massive amounts of
heat and light from the
friction.
This also creates
radiation in the form of
x-rays which is released
on the polar sides of
the black holes. This is
the jets that move are
coming off the black
hole.
Stars


Stars form from the gases that were released in the
outside layer of supernovas.
The gas’ own gravity slowly pulls itself together until it is
compact enough to generate heat and begin fusion.
Fusion



When two atoms have enough energy they can overcome
their intermolecular forces and smash together creating a
larger atom.
This releases massive amounts of energy which is why stars
are hot and bright.
Fusion only works when the atoms being fused are lighter
than the mass of iron because the binding energy for these
atoms is extremely high. Anything heavier absorbs energy
when fused instead of releasing energy.
Elements in Stars


New stars are generally
composed entirely of lighter
elements because of fusion.
So as a result, older stars are
usually found with more of the
heavier elements.
Our Sun is composed almost
entirely of Hydrogen because
it is still relatively young
however, 66 other elements
have been detected.
Element Percent of Percent
total # of of total
atoms
mass
Hydrogen
Helium
Oxygen
Carbon
Nitrogen
Silicon
Magnesium
Neon
Iron
Sulfur
91.2
8.7
.078
.043
.0088
.0045
.0038
.0035
.003
.0015
71
27.1
.97
.4
.096
.099
.076
.058
.14
.04
Planets


Planets form similarly to stars. The gases gradually pull
themselves together, but in this case, the gases compact and
cool into planets before fusion can take place.
The heavy metals also play a part in preventing fusion
because they absorb energy when fused instead of releasing
energy.

Rockets


There are two main types of rocket fuels, solid and
liquid.
Solid fueled rockets require use and ignition charge to
ignite the fuel which burns until the fuel is exhausted.
Liquid fueled rockets pump the liquid oxidizer and fuel
into the combustion chamber where they ignite and
provide thrust.
Advantages and Disadvantages
Solid Fuel
Burns efficiently
Easy to store
Liquid Fuel
Variable thrust
Can be turned on and off
Easier to reuse
Cannot stop once ignited
Fuel decomposes over time
Complex design
Difficult to store and maintain over
time
Oxidizer needs to be kept very cold
Antimatter

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When matter and
antimatter come into
contact they completely
annihilate each other
leaving behind all the
energy that was contained
in both of them.
Antimatter has been found
but it is so rare that man
made antimatter is more
common.

One of the greatest
unsolved problems
is why the universe
seems to be
composed almost
entirely of matter
and not an equal
mixture of matter
and antimatter. The
big bang should
logically have
produced equal
amounts of both
Questions?
Antimatter
Fusion
Black
Holes
Planets
Rockets
Supernovas
White
Holes
Sources
Big Bang: http://www.big-bang-theory.com/ ,
http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/space/universe/origins-universe-article/#close-modal ,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang
White Holes: http://www.askamathematician.com/2013/04/q-are-white-holes-real/ ,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_hole
Black Holes: http://www.phys.vt.edu/~jhs/faq/blackholes.html , http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole ,
http://hubblesite.org/explore_astronomy/black_holes/encyc_mod1_observatories.html , http://wwwistp.gsfc.nasa.gov/stargaze/Sblkhole.htm
Fusion/stars: http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/astronomy/stars/fusion.shtml ,
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/suncomp.html ,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fusion
Solid Rocket fuel: http://homepages.sover.net/~sbjohn/chemistry/chemx/solidvsliquid.html ,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-fuel_rocket ,
http://homepages.sover.net/~sbjohn/chemistry/chemx/fuels.html
Liquid Rocket fuel: http://science.howstuffworks.com/rocket5.htm ,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_rocket_propellants
Antimatter: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimatter , http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryon_asymmetry
Pictures: http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/photos/sun-gallery/#/trico_1261_600x450.jpg ,
http://rajmehta19.files.wordpress.com/2013/02/colorful_earth-wallpaper-1920x1080.jpg ,
http://cdn.phys.org/newman/gfx/news/hires/2012/hs-2004-20-a-full_jpg.jpg ,
http://cdn2.fiverrcdn.com/photo2s/1429156/v2_680/vlcsnap-2013-01-3113h18m45s116.jpg?1359631314