Water And The
Major Minerals
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Water And The
Body Fluids
• Functions of water:
–Transport
–Structural support for molecules
–Participates in metabolic reactions
–Solvent
–Lubricant
–Body temperature regulation
–Maintains blood volume
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Water And The
Body Fluids
• Water balance and recommended
intakes
–Intracellular fluid
–Extracellular fluid
•Interstitial fluid
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
One Cell
And Its
Associated
Fluids
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Water And The
Body Fluids
• Water balance and recommended
intakes
–Water intake
•Dehydration
•Water intoxication
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Water And The
Body Fluids
• Water balance and recommended
intakes
–Water sources
–Water losses
–Water recommendations
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
• Water balance and recommended
intakes
–Health effects of water
•Hard water vs. soft water
•Bottled water
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
How The Body Regulates Blood Volume
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Fluid And
Electrolyte Balance
• Dissociation of salt in water
–Ions
•Cations
•Anions
–Electrolyte solution
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Water Dissolves Salts
And Follows Electrolytes
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Fluid And
Electrolyte Balance
• Electrolytes attract water
• Water follows electrolytes
–Solutes
–Osmosis
–Osmotic pressure
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
• Vegetables
“sweat” when
sprinkled with
salt
• Raisins plump
up when
immersed in
water
Fluid And
Electrolyte Balance
• Proteins regulate flow of fluids and
ions
• Regulation of fluid and electrolyte
balance
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Fluid And
Electrolyte Imbalance
• Sodium and chloride most easily
lost
• Different solutes lost by different
routes
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Fluid And
Electrolyte Imbalance
• Replacing lost
fluids and
electrolytes
–Oral rehydration
therapy (ORT)
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Acid-Base Balance
• pH
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Acid-Base Balance
• Regulation by the buffers
–Bicarbonate
–Carbonic acid
• Regulation by the lungs
• Regulation by the kidneys
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
The Minerals An Overview
The Minerals An Overview
• Inorganic elements
• The body’s handling of minerals
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
The Minerals An Overview
• Variable bioavailability
–Binders
•Phytates
•Oxalates
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
The Minerals An Overview
• Nutrient interactions
• Varied roles
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Sodium
• Roles in the body
–Principal extracellular cation
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Sodium
• Hypertension
–Salt sensitivity
• Osteoporosis
• Foods
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Sodium
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Sodium: In Summary
• 1989 estimated minimum
requirement for adults:
500 mg/day
• Chief functions in the body
– Maintains normal fluid and electrolyte
balance
– Assists in nerve impulse transmission
and muscle contraction
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Sodium: In Summary
• Deficiency symptoms
– Muscle cramps, mental apathy, loss of
appetite
• Toxicity symptoms
– Edema, acute hypertension
• Significant source
– Table salt, soy sauce
– Moderate amounts in meats, milks,
breads, and vegetables
– Large amounts in processed foods
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Chloride
• Chlorine (Cl2) vs. chloride ion (Cl-)
• Roles in body
–Principal extracellular anion
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Chloride: In Summary
• 1989 estimated minimum
requirement for adults:
750 mg/day
• Chief functions in the body
– Maintains normal fluid and electrolyte
balance
– Part of hydrochloric acid found in the
stomach, necessary for proper
digestion
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Chloride: In Summary
• Deficiency symptoms
– Do not occur under normal
circumstances
• Toxicity symptom
– Vomiting
• Significant sources
– Table salt, soy sauce
– Moderate amounts in meats, milks,
eggs
– Large amounts in processed foods
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Potassium
• Principal intracellular cation
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Potassium: In Summary
• 1989 estimated minimum
requirement for adults:
2000 mg/day
• Chief functions in the body
– Maintains normal fluid and electrolyte
balance
– Facilitates many reactions
– Supports cell integrity
– Assists in nerve impulse transmission
and muscle contractions
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Potassium: In Summary
• Deficiency symptoms
– Muscular weakness
– Paralysis
– Confusion
• Toxicity symptoms
– Muscular weakness
– Vomiting
– If given into a vein, can stop the
heart
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Potassium: In Summary
• Significant
sources
– All whole foods
– Meats, milks,
fruits, vegetables,
grains, legumes
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Calcium
Balance
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Calcium
• Calcium rigor vs. calcium tetany
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Calcium
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Calcium: In Summary
• 1997 adequate intake (AI)
–Adults 19-50 years: 100 mg/day
–Adults 51 and older:
1200 mg/day
• Upper level for adults:
2500 mg/day
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Calcium: In Summary
• Chief functions in the body
–Mineralization of bones and teeth
–Involved in muscle contraction
and relaxation, nerve
functioning, blood clotting
–Blood pressure, immune
defenses
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Calcium: In Summary
• Deficiency symptoms
–Stunted growth in children
–Bone loss (osteoporosis) in
adults
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Calcium: In Summary
• Toxicity symptoms
–Constipation
–Increased risk of urinary stone
formation and kidney
dysfunction
–Interference with absorption of
other minerals
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Calcium: In Summary
• Significant
sources
–Milk and milk
products
–Small fish (with
bones)
–Tofu (bean
curd), greens
(broccoli,
chard), legumes
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Phosphorus
• 1997 RDA for adults:
700 mg/day
• Upper level for adults (19-70
years): 4000 mg/day
• Chief functions in the body
–Mineralization of bones and teeth
–Part of every cell
–Important in genetic material,
part of phospholipids
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Phosphorus
• Chief functions in the body
(continued)
–Used in energy transfer and in
buffer systems that maintain
acid-base balance
• Deficiency symptoms
–Muscular weakness, bone pain
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Phosphorus
• Toxicity symptoms
–Calcification of nonskeletal
tissues, particularly the kidneys
• Significant sources
–All animal tissues (meat, fish,
poultry, eggs, milk)
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Osteoporosis
And Calcium
• Bone development and
disintegration
–Cortical bone
–Trabecular bone
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Healthy vs. Osteoporotic Trabecular Bones
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Osteoporosis
And Calcium
• Bone development and
disintegration
–Bone density
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Osteoporosis
And Calcium
• Age and bone calcium
• Maximizing bone mass
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Osteoporosis And Calcium
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Osteoporosis
And Calcium
• Minimizing bone loss
• Gender and hormones
• Genetics and ethnicity
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Osteoporosis
And Calcium
• Physical
activity and
body weight
• Smoking
and alcohol
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Osteoporosis
And Calcium
• Dietary calcium is the key to
prevention
• Other nutrients play a supporting
role
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Osteoporosis
And Calcium
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Osteoporosis
And Calcium
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Osteoporosis
And Calcium
• A perspective on supplements
–Antacids
–Bone meal
–Oyster shell
–Dolomite (limestone)
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning