• Brand names are the problem
• ~3500 on market vs. 500 in 1970
• Valium (tranquillizer) vs. Kalium
(potassium supplement)
• Moditen (anti-psychotic) vs. Monitan
(treats hypertension/angina)

• Merck Frosst (Montreal) named new antiulcer drug “Losec” in 1994
• Health Canada decision: Dangerously similar to Lasix (a diuretic)
• Name changed to “Prilosec”
• Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Ass’n of
Canada: represents ~70 drug companies

• Chlorpromazine (anti-depressant) confused with Chlorpropamide (diabetes).

• Get proper description of the prescribed drug from physician and what condition is being treated
• Check with Pharmacist that dispensed drug is for prescribed condition
• Get clear dosage instructions and follow them!
• Finish the prescribed amount ( antibiotics!)

• Anthera Pharmaceuticals has a new
“cholesterol lowering drug” on trial
• Varespladib!!
• Hoping to get to market in 2011, when
Pfizer’s Lipitor is off patent

• Pill parties
• ~20% of teens in grades 7-12 use prescription pain killers for non-medical purposes

• Ottawa Sun; March 13, 2008
• “ Pill parties bad buzz”

• Pain killers: Oxycontin and Percocet
(morphine derivatives)
• Active ingredient in both is oxycodone.HCl
• Blocks signals to pain receptors in the brain
• “controlled release” 9 up to 12 hours relief
• Oxycontin: up to 160mg /tablet
• Percocet: 5 mg + acetaminophen
• Taken with alcohol “ recipe for trouble”

• Opioid agonist: blocks signals to pain receptors in brain
• BPEA unit

• Grind the pills into a powder
• Increased surface area increases the rate of the reaction!

• Traces (ppb) of drugs now found in drinking water
• Treatment facilities not designed to remove these
• Sources: metabolites in urine, unused prescriptions flushed away, farms
• 2008 Drug “recycling” centers being set up
• Ottawa River: Oct 20,2008: acetaminophen, progesterone (BC) , carbamazepine Valium

• Counterfeit drugs~35-40B$ WW /year
• Sold under a product name without authorization; source of drug is intentionally mislabeled to suggest it is the approved product; may lack any of the active ingredients; contain > or< proper amounts of ai’s; may have dangerous contaminants

• WHO estimates <1% of total in USA, but
>30% in Latin America, Africa and Asia
• Epicentres of production: China and LA

supplementary ie. not in text

Blood - the Wonder Fluid!
Blood carries to tissues/cells: oxygen from lungs nutrients from intestines hormones from endocrine glands from tissues: carbon dioxide to lungs metabolic wastes to excretory organs
Also helps maintain: 'constant' body temperature pH/electrolyte/water balances contains: three major kinds of blood cells

-globulins(antibodies)

More 'Bloody' Facts!
Represents: 10-15% of body fluids(5-5.5Liters),
5-8% of body mass
Composition: 55% red cells(erythrocytes),
45% plasma,
~1% white cells(leukocytes)/'platelets'
Contained in ~100,000 km of arteries, veins and capillaries(walls only 1 cell thick, so narrow cells must line up to get through!
A heart beat 'pumps' ~80mL of blood, at 70beats/min
=>entire supply(6 -7L)/ min
Kidneys/liver get ~1.2L/min

Blood Composition proteins 7% other 1% water 92% platelets 0.1 leukocytes erythrocytes 99.9

Albumins(60%)
Globulins(35%)
Fibrinogen(4%) proteins (1%)
Electrolytes
Organic nutrients
Organic wastes other 1% water 92% platelets 0.1 leukocytes erythrocytes 99.9

Lots of Red Cells!
No nuclei
 can't reproduce; formed in red 'bone marrow' at ~3 million/sec to maintain supply, thus average lifetime = 120 days.
Each drop of blood contains ~250 million or
30 trillion in total in the human body
Each red blood cell contains ~300 million hemoglobin molecules
~900 trillion molecules of hemoglobin must be synthesized every second!

Heme… Iron complex in the globin hemoglobin
N
N
Fe
2+
N
N
HOOC
COOH
COO
-
COO
bilirubin
O N
H
N
H
N
H
N
H
O

Hemoglobin - a colourful career (trivia!)
When Fe 2+

Fe 3+ , hemoglobin turns brown = methemoglobin (cooked meat, bloodstains)
Diet supplies 15mg iron/day but only 10% absorbed; body must recover 20-25mg/day(stored by storage proteins) from breakdown of hemoglobin.
Heme(porphyrin)
 bilirubin(yellow)a bile pigment), bruises, jaundice and further changes(darkening) until it gets to the end(dark brown feces).

• Neither term is accurate: blood performs many imp functions; but 2 types of functions can be produced by substitutes
• 1.Volume Expanders: widely available, used in hospitals and in 1 st response situations by paramedics and emergency medical tech’s.
• 2. Oxygen therapeutics: perfluorocarbon based and hemoglobin based

• Why Important?
• In case of blood loss, 1 st need is to stop it.
• 2 nd greatest need is to replace the lost volume
• Normal blood has excess of O
2 transport capability: only use in cases of great exertion

• Provided blood volume is maintained by volume expanders, a quiescent patient can survive on ~ 1/4 of HG of a healthy person
• Body detects low HG; compensates by pumping more volume with each beat
• If levels go to <.15 of normal, need transfusion or packed red cells, or O
2 therapeutics

• Can be used in cases where rbc levels are below normal life-sustaining levels

• Are inert and merely increase blood plasma volume
• Contain lactate, saline and 5% dextrose in water

• (i) Perfluorocarbon (PFC) emulsions
“Oxygent”
• Perfluorodecalin, surrounded by lecithin, suspended in water to give O capacity
2 carrying
• PFC’s are exhaled; lecithin is digested
• Approved in Russia (1996) “Perftoran, not yet in NA

• Used in Oxygen therapeutics
• Can dissolve large amounts of O
2
.

2
• “Hemopure”
• Bovine hemoglobin (polymerized) in a salt solution
• Need to keep Hemoglobin from dissociating
–free HG takes up NO, causing vasoconstriction
• Approved in South Africa

The Oxygen/Carbon Dioxide Equilibrium
1) CO
2
+ H
2
O(H
2
CO
2) Hmglb(H + ) + O
2
3
) <-> H + + HCO
3
<-> Hmglb(O
2
) + H +
In lungs(exhale) when CO
2 leaves blood #1 shifts to left and (H + ) (acidity) decreases. When acidity decreases then #2 shifts to right, ie. more hemoglobin becomes oxygenated (inhale).
Chemistry is everywhere!

• Average U. or College student gains~15 pounds in 1 st year
• More fast food
• More beer
• Less exercise
• Away from home “healthy” meals

• It’s normal!

Fitness - help your body do its thing
Weight: reduce strain on bodily functions, eg. heart, joints
(1kg 'fat' = 1000km new capillaries!)
Rest: keep Immuno system 'tuned up'
Muscles: assists skeletal support(spine, joints), increases bone density, helps agility/balance
Cardiorespiratory: oxygen efficiency - to burn up carbs/ lipids for energy, to metabolize
'toxins' for excretion

Fit or Fat!
Body Mass Index(BMI) =weight(kg)/height(meters) 2
Should be between 20 -25
<20 = dangerously underweight(anorexia, bulemia)
25-27 = (overweight), take a hint!
27-30 = obese(dangerous)
>30 = life threatening
For 175lb and 5’11”: BMI = 175x.453/(1.775) 2 ,
= 25.16
(1lb=.453kg) 1”=2.5 cm
40% of NA (including many 6 -12 yrs) have BMI >27

• Pregnant or lactacting women
• Under age 18 (growth incomplete)

Konishiki
6’1’’(185cm)
606lb(275kg)
BMI = 80

Muscles - Twitch are You?
Two types of muscle -
Fast twitch: white, anaerobic, uses little glycogen
(weight lifters, sprinters-up to 70%)
Slow twitch: red, aerobic, high glycogen use
(marathon runners-up to 85%)
'relaxed' muscle + ATP

'contracted' muscle + ADP
ADP (creatine) ATP
Muscle from exercise begins to 'shrink' after 2 days and is 'gone' after 2 months.

Probably Both

Adenosine TriPhosphate - ATP
NH
2
P i
+ ADP (creatine) ATP
N
N
O O O
N
N
H O P O P O P O
OH
O
OH OH
7.5 kcal/mol
H O OH released
At rest body uses ATP at 40kg(~80moles)/day but at any instant only 50g(0.1mol) available in body. May use ~0.5kg(~10 24 molecules!)/min during intense exercise(~200X normal).

Adenosine Triphosphate(ATP:
Synthesis Details not totally known )
-Metabolic Energy $$$ -
Carbohydrates
Catabolism (Breakdown of glucose, fatty acids & (sometimes)deaminated
Fats
Proteins
ATP synthase: a multicomponent complex, MW~500,000. Crystal structure known
ADP + P i
ATP
Muscle contraction
Anabolism
Transport of ions & nutrients

Give your Heart (muscle) a Chance
At ~70 beats/min needs to stay in shape -
70b/m x 60m/h x 24h/d x 365d/y x 80y/life = !!!
Body requires ~20 moles O
2
/day(20% by brain)
Increase O
2 supply by: faster circulation; larger volume; efficient delivery
For VO
2 max improvement(with good lungs!):
Find Maximal Rate = 220 – age
Do 65 - 80% of max rate for at least 20 mins
3x/wk just to maintain proper cardio fitness
>4x/wk to improve

• Individuals who have lower levels of physical activity suffer more from stress and anxiety
• Work off the stress (physically) and increase your tolerance to it

• ~25% of women and ~16% of men will suffer from depression sometime
• Factors include: heredity, env., lifestyle, brain chemicals, psychology, personality
• Regular exercise increases serotonin levels in the brain: improved mood and well being
• Endorphins produced: mood elevating
• An alternative to medication for mild or moderate depression

• Increase in self-esteem: active role in own recovery
• Team sports also social events
• Stress chemicals such as adrenaline are used up
• Exercise can break the cycle of pessimistic thinking

• Depressed people exercise~50% less
• Lack of cardiovascular fitness increases heart attack risk
• Sedentary lifestyle increases risk of depression and depression increases the likelihood of a sedentary lifestyle

Winning Gold !
Blood doping - remove blood(1L) 10 weeks early, store(frozen), then reinject day before the event.
Erythropoietin(EPO) - natural kidney protein available by recombinant DNA technology for anemia treatment. Increases red blood cells by
10%. Now used(illegally) by endurance athletes
(marathoners & 'Tour de France'); excess makes blood too viscous, won't flow and person dies.

from London (UK) Telegraph(Sept. ’00)
‘Olympic star runs on hornet juice’
Naoko Takahashi, women’s marathon world record holder(2hr 47 min), drank the stomach juices of giant, killer hornets( vespa mandarina japonica ) before and during her gold-medal win at the Sydney
Olympic games.
The hornets fly 100kms/day at up to 32kms/hr and the juice - made up of amino acids –exhibits astonishing powers to boost human stamina. A
Japanese firm will be formulating the juices into a palatable –and ‘legal’ drink.