Document 9754000

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 Chapter 10 review
Chapter 10 review
Beijing
Urbanization:
Life in the City
Urbanization: Key questions
 Why is urbanization is one of the most important
geographic phenomena in today’s world.
 How do changes in the world economy drive
urbanization?
 How do rapidly growing populations strain city
infrastructures?
 What effects do inadquate infrastructures and services
have on urban populations?
I. What role do cities play in the world?
 Mobilize: Organize labor, capital and
raw materials to produce goods and
drive economies.
 Make Decisions: Cities concentrate
political and economic institutions and
concentrate power, so decisions get
made.
I. What role do cities play in the world (cont.)?
 Generate innovation: By concentrating
people in one space, cities promote
collaboration, competition, and the
development of new ideas.
 Transform populations: The size and
anonymity of city life liberates people to
participate in new lifestyles and behaviors.
How do we think about cities?
 Urban Systems: a group
of related cities in a
region.
 Urban form: the built
environment
 Urban ecology: the social
and demographic
composition of
neighborhoods
NYC neighborhood
Histories of Urban
Development
THE RISE OF CITY LIFE
The rise of cities
 City life arose in the
ancient Middle East--from 3500 BC!
 Large scale political
organization is key to the
rise of cities.
 Political elites organize
taxation, building, and
the control of labor
Erbil, Iraq: The world’s oldest city.
6000 years of continuous occupation
European Urbanization
 Rome, the seat of
empire, is Europe’s
first big city.
 Other cities emerge
in the medieval
period: university
centers, religious
centers, defensive
strongholds,
administrative
centers
Jagiellonian University, Krakow
The Rise of Gateway Cities
 Gateway cities link one
country or region with
others.
 Developed in 15th-17th
centuries for trade and
colonial administration.
 Often port cities: Rio de
Janeiro, Accra, Buenos
Aires.
Industrialization
 The industrial
revolution created
new city spaces in the
early 19th c.
 Large pools of labor
and extensive physical
infrastructure (like
factories).
 The countryside
empties and people
leave for the city
Cotton mills in Manchester, 1850
Shock Cities
 Manchester:



1750: 15,000
1801: 70,000
1911: 2.3 million
 Chicago:




1850: 30,000
1880: 500,000
1900: 1.7 million
1930: 3.3 million
Contemporary City Forms
WHAT DO CITIES LOOK LIKE TODAY?
Primate Cities
 Primate cities: world
cities disproportionately
larger than second cities
 Violate the rank-size rule

Nth largest city should be
1/n the size of largest city
 Are “central places” that
are functionally
dominant
World Cities
*Organize space beyond their own national boundaries
*Originally colonial or imperial cities: Istanbul, London,
Genoa, Lisbon
*Today: are key sites of TNC organization, international
finance, supranational government, and commodity
markets.
(Examples?)
*Benefit from agglomeration effects.
World Cities: Spheres of Influence
Based on international headquarters of TNCs and business services
Increasing Urbanization
Periphery urbanizing faster than core
Overurbanization
Peripheral and Semi-peripheral megacities
 Population: 10 million and up.
 Industrialization in peripheral and semi-peripheral
cities leads to high rates of urbanization
 Related to demographic transition
Mexico City: Megacity
Overurbanization
 Urban population grows
faster than jobs and city
services.
 Produces urban slums
 Lack housing, education,
basic sanitation,
employment, and
emergency services
 Kill more than 10 million
people per year from
disease
Brazilian favela
Lagos: City of Slums
TAKE-HOME POINTS
 Increasing population growth and industrialization
has led to the rise of megacities.
 These cities are largely in the periphery
 With relatively low GDP, they have a hard time
providing housing, education, and sanitation.
 Poor living conditions affect the lives of millions of
people
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