CSREES-USDA
The Federal
Partner
The History of
the Land-Grant
System & the
Partnership
George Cooper
Deputy Administrator
Science Education Resource
Development
What it means to be Land Grant A Legislative Overview
Background Materials
Prepared for
New Directors Conference
December 10, 2002
Washington, DC
Developed by
George Cooper, USDA/CSREES/SERD
Key Legislation
• Creation of the U.S.
Department of Agriculture
- May 15, 1862.
• First Morrill Act of 1862.
• Emancipation
Proclamation put into
effect January 1, 1863.
• Hatch Act of 1887.
• Second Morrill Act of
1890.
• Smith-Lever Act of 1914.
• P.L. 89-106.
• Food and Agriculture Act
of 1977.
• P.L. 95-113
– Section 1444
– Section 1445
Key Legislation, contd.
• Equity in Educational Land-Grant Status
Act of 1994
• District of Columbia Public Postsecondary
Education Reorganization Act of 1974
Creation of the U.S. Department of
Agriculture
• May 15, 1862.
• ..to acquire and to diffuse among the people of the
United States useful information on subjects
connected with agriculture in the most general and
comprehensive sense.. To procure, propagate, and
distribute among the people new and valuable
seeds and plants...
Creation of USDA, contd.
• … to acquire and preserve all information
concerning agriculture..books and correspondence,
practical and scientific experiment, by collection
of statistics; and other appropriate means…and
distribute them among agriculturists.
• USDA Assumes duties previously conducted by
the Patent Office.
• Department elevated to Cabinet status in 1889
USDA’s Primary Link to LandGrant Institutions
The Cooperative State Research,
Education, and Extension Service
(CSREES)
Legislative
Overview
First Morrill Act of 1862
• Introduced, December 14, 1857; and became law,
July 2, 1862.
• Donate public lands to States & Territories which
may provide colleges for the benefit of agriculture
and the mechanic arts.
• 20,000 acres for each Senator and Representative
in Congress, and 60,000 acres to each Territory.
Morrill Act of 1862, contd.
• ..lands or script could be sold and the proceeds
used for the endowment, support and maintenance
of at least one college where the leading object
shall be, without excluding other scientific or
classical studies, to teach such branches as are
related to agricultural and mechanic arts, in such
manner as the legislatures of the States and
Territories may respectively prescribe in order to
promote liberal and practical education of the
industrial classes…
Morrill Act of 1862, contd.
• … funds shall not be applied directly or
indirectly, to the purchase, erection, preservation
or repair of any building(s).
• Annual reports were to be submitted.
Emancipation Proclamation
• January 1, 1863.
• Freed all slaves in the southern states that had
seceded from the Union (AR, TX, LA, MS, AL,
FL, GA, SC, NC, VA ).
Hatch Act of 1887
• March 2, 1887.
• Established Agricultural Experiment Stations in
connection with the colleges established in the
several states under the Morrill Act of 1862, and
the acts supplementary thereto.
Hatch Act, contd.
• To conduct original research or verify experiments
on the physiology and diseases of plants and
animals; chemical composition of plants; the
comparative advantages of rotative cropping; the
value of grasses and forage plants; the
composition and digestibility of different kinds of
food for domestic animals; the scientific and
economic questions….
Hatch Act, contd.
• and other research bearing directly or indirectly on
the agricultural industry of the United States as
may in each case be deemed advisable, having due
regard to the varying conditions and needs of the
respective States and Territories.
• Appropriated Federal funds from the Treasury for
this purpose from the sale of public lands.
Second Morrill Act
• August 30, 1890.
• To apply a portion of the proceeds of public lands
to the more complete endowment and support of
the colleges for the benefit of agriculture and
mechanic arts established under the provisions of
an act of July 2, 1862…. Annually appropriated,
out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise
appropriated from the sale of public lands…..
Second Morrill Act, contd.
• Applied only to instruction in agriculture, the
mechanic arts, the English language and the
various branches of mathematical, physical,
natural, and economic science, with special
reference to their applications in the industries of
life, and to the facilities for such instruction.
• Provided………………...
Second Morrill Act, contd.
• …that no money shall be paid out under this act to
any State or Territory for the support and
maintenance of a college where a distinction of
race or color is made in the admission of students,
but the establishment and maintenance of such
colleges separately for white and colored students
shall be held to be a compliance with the
provisions of this act if the funds received be
equitably divided...
Smith-Lever Act
• May 8, 1914.
• To provide for cooperative agricultural extension
work between the agricultural colleges in the
several states receiving the benefits of an Act of
Congress approved July 2, 1862, and of the Acts
supplementary thereto, and the United States
Department of Agriculture.
Smith-Lever Act, contd.
• .. to aid in diffusing among the people of the
United States useful and practical information on
subjects relating to agriculture and home
economics, and to encourage the application of the
same.. Provided, that in any State in which two or
more such colleges have been or hereafter may be
established the appropriations hereinafter made to
such state shall be administered by such college or
colleges as the legislature of such State may
direct….
Smith-Lever Act, contd.
• … work shall consist of giving of instruction and
practical demonstrations.., to persons not attending
or resident in said colleges…, and imparting to
such persons …, through field demonstrations,
publications, and otherwise…..
P.L. 89-106
• August 4, 1965. Funds to 1890’s in 1967.
• ..Appropriations of USDA may be expended for
the erection of buildings and other structures on
land owned by States, counties, municipalities…
• Secretary is authorized to make grants to State
agricultural experiment stations, colleges,
universities, and other research institutions and
organizations…for research to further programs of
USDA.
District of Columbia Public
Postsecondary Education
Reauthorization Act
• Sec. 208. (a)
• Authorize a public land-grant university
…..in the District of Columbia…. In
accordance with the provisions of the Act of
July 2, 1862 (known as the First Morrill
Act)
UDC, contd.
• Sec. 208 (b)
• The term “state” as used in the Act of May
8, 1914, shall include the District of
Columbia, except that the District of
Columbia, except…..not eligible to receive
any sums appropriated under Section 3 of
such Act.
UDC, contd.
• Sec. 208 (c)
• In lieu of authorization of appropriations….under
Section 3 of such Act of May 8, 1914, there is
authorized to be appropriated such sums as may
be necessary to provide cooperative agricultural
extension work in the District of Columbia under
such Act.
P.L. 95-113, Subtitle G - 1890
Land-Grant College Funding
• September 29, 1977.
• Section 1444 , pursuant section 3(d) of the SmithLever Act of May 14, 1914.
P.L 95-113, contd.
• Authorized to be appropriated annually such sums
as Congress may determine necessary to support
continuing agricultural and forestry extension at
colleges eligible to receive funds …. To conduct
extension programs and activities, and for
contributing to the retirement of employees….
P.L.95-113, contd.
• The State director of the CES and the
administrative head for extension at the eligible
institution in each state …will jointly develop, by
mutual agreement, a comprehensive program
extension for the State to be submitted for
approval by the Secretary….
P.L. 95-113
• Section 1445.
• To be appropriated annually such sums as
Congress may determine necessary to support
continuing agricultural research at colleges
eligible to receive funds under the Act of August
30, 1890, including Tuskegee Institute.
P.L. 95-113, contd.
• …, shall be used for expenses of conducting
agricultural research, printing, disseminating the
results of such research, contributing to the
retirement of employees, administrative planning
and direction, and purchase and rental of land and
the construction, acquisition, alteration, or repair
of building necessary for conducting agricultural
research.
P.L. 95-113, contd.
• The director of the State Agricultural Experiment
Station in each state where an eligible institution is
located and the chief administrative officer
specified in this section shall jointly develop, and
by mutual agreement, a comprehensive program
of agricultural research…to be submitted for
approval by the Secretary….
P.L 97-98(Research Facilities)
• December 22, 1981.
• Sec. 1433. (a)
• Authority to award grants to upgrade 1890 landgrant research facilities.
• $10 million from FY 1982-1986 for the
acquisition of research facilities and equipment to
participate fully in a balanced attack on research
needs of the State.
P.L. 97-98
• December 22, 1985.
• SEC. 1416. (a).
• There are authorized to be appropriated $10
million for FY 1986-1990 for the acquisition and
improvement of extension facilities and equipment
so that eligible institutions may participate fully
with the State cooperative extension services in a
balanced way in meeting the extension needs of
States..
Improving America’s Schools Act of
1994 (P.L. 103-382), 10/20/1994
• “Equity in Educational Land-Grant Status
Act of 1994 (short title)
• Named eligible Institutions (30)
• …colleges for the benefit of agriculture and
the mechanic arts in accordance
with….provisions of the Act of July 2,
1862….
1994s Contd.
• Sec. 533.
• (a) (2)….shall not be considered as landgrant colleges that are eligible to receive
funding under: i) Act of March 2, 1887; ii)
Act of May 8, 1914; and iii) Act of August
30, 1890.
1994s, contd.
• Sec. 533 (a) (B)
• In lieu of funding under the Act of July 2,
1862, relating to the donation of public land
or scrip for the endowment and
maintenance… institutions will receive an
“endowment fund” – interest payments
from the investments.
1994s contd.
• 60% of endowment funds are distributed on
a pro rata basis based on Indian student
count; and 40% shall be distributed in equal
shares to the 1994 institutions.
CSREES Partner Institutions
• 130 Colleges of Agriculture, including Land-Grant
Institutions;
• 59 Agricultural Experiment Stations;
• 57 Cooperative Extension Services;
• 63 Schools of Forestry;
• 27 Colleges of Veterinary Medicine;
• 42 Schools & Colleges of Family & Consumer Sciences;
• 17 1890 Universities & Tuskegee University;
• 30 1994 Native American Land-Grant Institutions;
• 182 Hispanic Serving Institutions.
Definition of the Food and
Agricultural Sciences (AREERA)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Animal health, production, and well-being.
Plant health and production.
Animal and plant germ plasm collection & preservation.
Aquaculture.
Food Safety.
Soil and water conservation and improvement.
Forestry, horticulture, and range management.
Nutritional sciences and promotion.
Definition of the Food &
Agricultural Sciences, contd.
• Farm enhancement, including financial management, input
efficiency, and profitability.
• Home economics.
• Rural human ecology.
• Youth development and agricultural education, including
4-H clubs.
• Expansion of domestic and international markets…
• Information management and technology transfer related
to agriculture.
Definition of the Food &
Agricultural Sciences, contd.
• Biotechnology related to agriculture.
• The processing, distribution, marketing, and
utilization of food and agricultural products.
Federal/State Partnership
Interrelationships/Formula Funds
Higher
Education
Extension
CSREES
Research
Federal/State Partnership
• Federal legislative mandate.
• Federal funds are provided and matched by
non-federal funding.
• USDA’s relationship exists with the state’s
individually and collectively (and with the
extension, research and higher education
functions).
Federal/State Partnership, contd.
• Shared goals are developed that lead to
enhanced collaborations (on-going and
variable).
• Process of accountability (adds value to the
collective process and bridge outcomes)
• Decentralized System:
– CSREES is the Federal assistance agency.
– Decentralized system of management.
Federal/State Partnership, contd.
– Broad-based benefits to national constituency.
– Federal agency’s strength is enhanced in
responding to National priorities.
– Federal agency has a limited role in program
support.
– Management oversight for Federal funds rests
with the Federal agency.
Federal/State Partnership, contd.
– Base of support is from the participating
institutions (Federal agency provides limited
resources, but resources are integral to the
overall success of programs).
– A diverse funding portfolio is available
(formula, competitive, special and
administrative).
“Be open to new ideas”
- H. Jackson Brown, Jr.-
GPRA/AREERA POW Goals
• An agriculture production system that is highly
competitive in the global economy.
• A safe, secure food and fiber system.
• A healthy, well-nourished population.
• Greater harmony between agriculture and the
environment.
• Enhanced economic opportunity & quality of life.
Goal 1: Through research and education, empower the
agricultural system with knowledge that will improve
competitiveness in domestic production, processing and
marketing.
Goal 2: To ensure an adequate food and fiber supply and
food safety through improved science based detection
surveillance, prevention, and education.
Goal 3: Through research and education on nutrition and
development of more nutritious foods, enable people to
make health promoting choices.
Goal 4: Enhance the quality of the environment through
better understanding of and building on agriculture’s and
forestry’s complex links with soil, water, air, and biotic
resources.
Goal 5: Empower people and communities, through
research-based information and education, to address
economic and social challenges facing our youth,
families, and communities.
“ The great thing in this world is not so
much where we are, but in which direction
we are moving”
“ If a man measures life by what others do
for him, he is going to be disappointed; but
if he measures life by what he does for
others, there is no time for despair”
- Carolyn Coats (1981)-
George E.. Cooper
1400 Independence Ave., S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20250-2250
Voice 202-401-2855
FAX 202-720-3945
email gcooper@reeuda.gov
CSREES Mission
and
Organization
Colien Hefferan
CSREES Administrator
The Role of the
National
Program Leader
Tom Bewick
National Program Leader
Horticulture
Outline
• Personal Background
• Staying connected to the partnership
• Representing the partnership to
other federal agencies (and others)
• Resource development (delivering
the goodies)
• Questions
Acknowledgements
• No handbook
• Orientation process - Ted Wilson
• Strategic Plan development - Dennis
Kopp
• multiple workshops, trainings and
opportunities for interaction with
other units
• Dr. Hefferan encourages creativity
Personal Background
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
BW Parkway brat
Peace Corps 1970
B.S. - U.C. Davis 1975 (Olericulture)
farm management experience
M.S. & Ph.D. - U. W.- Madison 1987
UF 1987-97
UMass Cranberry Expt. Station 97-2000
CSREES 2000-present
Staying Connected
• Interaction with the COP’s
– liaisons
– special task forces
– Aesop alerts
• Involvement with multi-states
– NRSP’s
– research and extension committees
– Administrative committees
Staying Connected
• Departmental reviews
– learn about departments and
programs
– extends beyond department being
reviewed
– candid interviews with administration
– interactions with other team
members
• Interactions with other federal
agencies
Staying Connected
• Interactions with professional
societies
• Interactions with industry leaders
and other stakeholders
• managing grants
– Special Grants
– Competitive Programs
Representing the
Partnership
• USDA NIS Coordinator’s Council
– Bill Wagner/Kitty Cardwell/APHIS
CSREES/APHIS - International movement
– CSREES/NRCS - train-the-trainer
– internal working group
• NISC
– x-cut budget process (NPS, FWS, USGS)
– IPM training and certification
– ISAC
Resource Development
• Annual process to identify budget
priorities and initiatives within CSREES
• NISC x-cut
– chair ISAC subcommittees to develop true
x-cutting initiatives with other agencies
• volunteer programs
– APHIS
– FWS
– USGS
Resource Development
• AG 20/20
– upcoming workshop with NASA
• CSREES/NSF microbial genomics
• potential linkages with DOD
CSREES
Communications
Strategies
Terry Meisenbach
Communications Director
Re-engineering the CSREES
web site
• More public oriented
• Inclusive of CSREES business
practices
• Based upon communication strategy
versus technology strategy
• Designed with reader/audience in
mind
CSREES
Cooperative State Research,
Education, and Extension
Service, USDA
We’re the connection!
 Issues
 Projects
 Funding
 Impacts
 Experts
 People
 CSREES
 Partners
 …and You
Focus on…
Iowa State
Integrated Pest
Operation
University
Management
Freeze
Serving Hawkeye and
American needs.
Moving pest management into the 21st
century.
An Iowa State
University project
connects farmers and restaurants.
Search
go
Steps thus far…
• Awarded contract for re-engineered
site to Andrulis [VA] & S2N Media
[NY]
• Interviewing key CSREES staff
• Conducting Communications
Strategy workshop, involve Agency
and Partnership
• Soliciting user input on current web
site via survey
Next steps…
• Communications strategy analysis by
vendors
• Development of “protosite” for
review & comment
• Build out of protosite
• Populate site
• Roll out new CSREES web site in
October 2003.
Payoffs…
• Public awareness of CSREES &
Partnership
• Exposure of joint efforts to media
and Congress
• Greater involvement and
collaboration between USDA & LGUs
• Morale building effort between
Agency, USDA, and Universities
Plan of Work
and Reporting
Cheryl Oros
Director
Planning and Accountability
e-Gov & e-Grants
Sally Rockey
Deputy Administrator
Information Systems and
Technology Management
Information Systems and
Technology Management (ISTM)
• Manages computers, CSREES network, and other IT
resources
• Develops and manages electronic agricultural
information systems for accounting, reporting, and
dissemination
–
–
–
–
REEIS
CRIS
FAEIS
EASE
• Provides applications and support for CSREES
internal management
– CREEMS
– Document Management
Information Systems and
Technology Management (ISTM)
• The ISTM mission: To
provide quality; business,
mission and customer focused;
and cost effective information
management services.
• The ISTM vision: CSREES
provides reliable, responsive,
and accurate information
systems support, which satisfies
the business requirements
through a one-solution approach.
Information Systems and
Technology Management (ISTM)
ONE SOLUTION!
A systematic approach to IT planning and
implementation where data and other information are
integrated into an electronic system where data is
shared among components and components talk to
each other.
• Reduce redundant reporting from partners
• Provide single point of entry to a comprehensive
information management system (EASE, CRIS?)
Information Systems and
Technology Management (ISTM)
e-Government:
Part of President’s Management Agenda
Citizen-centered, not bureaucracy-centered;
Results-oriented;
Market-based, actively promoting rather than
stifling innovation through competition.
Information Systems and
Technology Management (ISTM)
• USDA 12 “Smart Choice”
–CSREES lead agency for
E-grants
–Participates in most others
Universities
Businesses
Individuals
Federal
Federal
FAADS
Presidential
Initiative
E-Grants
Agency
DHHS - PMS
CSREES
CSREES
Communications &
Distribution System
Document Management
System
C-REEMS
Web-Based
Peer Review
System
Information Systems and
Technology Management (ISTM)
e-Extension
Signed, Sealed,
and Delivered
Video Presentation
Office of Extramural
Programs Panel
• Phil Carter, Policy Advisor, Policy and
Program Liaison Staff
• Carol Langguth, Branch Chief, Awards
Management Branch
• Don Prindle, Branch Chief, Funds
Management Branch
Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service Award Process
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
STEP 1: When funds are made available to the Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service (CSREES) for a competitive awards program,
the Office of Extramural Programs (OEP) Policy and Program Liaison Staff and the appropriate National Program Leader (NPL) work together to develop a
request for applications (RFA). When necessary, the RFA is reviewed for legal sufficiency by the Office of the General Counsel. Once completed, the RFA is
posted to the CSREES home page (http://www.reeusda.gov). If all potential applicants are not known, the RFA is published in the Federal Register. If the
applicant pool is known, postcards are sent out announcing the funding opportunity using mailing lists maintained by the CSREES Proposal Services Unit (PSU).
For a noncompetitive budget line item earmarked by Congress or an agency discretionary award, the responsible NPL sends a letter to the eligible party
requesting a proposal.
STEP 2: PSU receives and processes all proposals submitted to CSREES. If a proposal is received by the agency in accordance with the deadline established
for the program, the proposal will be accepted and processed. Please note that PSU does NOT have the authority to extend any deadlines. Proposals received
after the established deadline will be handled on a case-by-case basis. Each proposal is assigned a program code, and pertinent information from the proposal
is entered in the agency's computer data base. This provides the necessary information to track a proposal in the review process and to generate informational
reports and statistics. PSU then forwards the proposal to the NPL to conduct the programmatic review process.
STEP 3: Proposals submitted to a CSREES competitive program will be evaluated by a review panel, ad hoc reviewers, or a combination of panel and ad hoc
reviewers. Upon completion of the review of the proposals, the appropriate program staff determines the proposals to be recommended for award subject to
available funding using the panel’s ranking of proposals. Proposals submitted to a noncompetitive program also undergo a review which may include in-house
reviewers, a review panel, and/or ad hoc reviewers, as deemed necessary by the NPL.
When the programmatic review is complete, the proposals recommended for awards are forwarded to the OEP Awards Management Branch (AMB)
for administrative review and execution of awards.
STEP 4: AMB is responsible for reviewing each recommended award to ensure it meets legal and regulatory requirements. The budget is examined to assure
that all proposed costs are allowable, allocable, and reasonable. AMB makes these determinations based on review of the proposal, the budget justification,
information provided by the programmatic contact, and when necessary additional information from the project director (PD), or the Authorized Organizational
Representative (AOR). Upon completion of the administrative review, AMB prepares an award package, signs the award, and mails out the award package.
STEP 5: When an award is dispatched, a copy of the award package is provided to the OEP Funds Management Branch (FMB). FMB establishes an account
(if one does not already exist) with the DHHS-Payment Management System (DHHS-PMS) to make funds available electronically. In some instances, however,
funds are provided via Treasury Check or Vendor Express through the USDA National Finance Center. With DHHS-PMS, the recipient receives a letter of
authorization stating that funds are available. FMB also manages Forms SF-272, Federal Cash Transactions Report, and SF-269, Financial Status Report,
which are used to monitor cash drawdowns and actual award expenditures.
Step 1 - Development Of RFA’S






CSREES uses a generic RFA template for all RFA’s and
publishes them on the CSREES web site in a standard
format.
OEP develops an Annual Schedule of Awards with NPL’s.
RFA’s are submitted by NPL’s to PPLS for review and
publication.
PPLS works with the Communications Staff to post RFA’s on
website and to include an announcement in next CSREES
Update.
PPLS works with PSU to send post cards to mailing lists.
EXCEPTIONS: New programs and programs reaching
beyond traditional audiences.
Step 2 - Receipt of Proposals




PSU receives and processes all proposals.
Proposals must be received by the due date.
Proposals are assigned program codes and
entered into C-REEMS (database used to track
proposals).
PSU forwards proposals to the appropriate NPL
for the programmatic review process.
Step 3 – Review Process
Competitive
 Ad hoc reviewers
 Review Panel
 Combination
 Ranking
 Award Decisions
Step 3 – Review Process (Continued)
Non-Competitive
 Merit Review
 In-House
 Outside Experts
 Panels
 Award Decisions
Step 4 – Awards Management

Legal/Policies/Procedures

Business/Administrative Review

Organization/Management

Accounting System
Step 4 – Award Management (Continued)

Budget/Costs

Allowable
 Allocable


Reasonable
Authorized Departmental Officer

Only ones authorized to approve
expenditures of Federal Funds
Step 5 – Formula Funded
Programs and Payment
Process
Formula Funded Programs

Main Formula Funds (Formulas)






Hatch
Smith-Lever
Evans-Allen (Section 1445)
Section 1444
McIntire-Stennis
Animal Health
Formula Funds (Continued)
Matching Requirements
 Allocation – 4 Equal Payments
 Certification of Offset
 Redistribution

Payment /Reporting Process
Award (Formula and Non Formula)
 Authorization Sent To DHHS-PMS
 Distribution Letter
 Holding up Funds
 Federal Cash Transactions Report
(SF-272)
 Financial Status Report (SF-269)

Post-Award Administration



Post Award Actions
 No-Cost Extensions
 Change in Key Personnel
Site Visits
High-Risk Awards
 Dollar Amount
 Type of Award
 Type of Awardee Organization
Post-Award Administration (Continued)

More Resources

Outreach

Annual Meeting
 Conferences/Workshops
Future
 E-Grants
 FedBizzOpps
 Standard
format for RFA’s
Audits (Two Types)

OMB Circular A-133 (Single Audits)
 required
if recipient incurs > $300,000 in
Federal expenditures (per year)
OIG specific audits
 OEP administrative/financial reviews

 new
programs
 response to a recommendation from Program,
OIG, etc.
 whistleblower complaint
The Competitive Grants
Environment
• Deborah Sheely,
Integrated
Programs Director
• Mark Poth,
• Research Programs
Director