LSSC AMH 2020 Chapter 18 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire Typical sweat shop Employed 500 people 60-72 hour workdays $6-7 dollars a week Owners kept doors locked Triangle Factory Fire March 1911 Textiles flammable Gas lighting Smoking Fire started on top floors -trapped in building -some jumped from windows Worst industrial accident in New York history Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire Triangle Factory Fire Trial Owners put on trial For illegal working conditions Acquitted of all charges Civil Case Families awarded $75.00 per death Life on the Farm 1920 1/3 of American lived on a farm Feeling less isolated Crops are selling for more money Remains difficult for share croppers Investigative Journalism “Muckrakers” Report on ills of industry Expose corruption in industry Investigations in all areas Government Labor unions Big business Wall Street Ida Tarbell Wrote an expose on Standard Oil Muckrackers Upton Sinclair Wrote The Jungle Illustrated meat-packing industry Led to food/medicine regulations Immigrants in America 1900 European immigrants Eastern European Catholic Asian Foreign Many Americans wanted strict immigration laws Immigrants Mexicans 1900- 2,000 1920- 54,000 Civil war in Mexico, many flee to U.S. Chinese and Japanese immigrants in West anti-Chinese laws slowed immigration 1917- Immigration laws begins to limit immigrants Rise of Consumerism Department stores Mail order catalogs Changing Society Rural Urban life Eating store bought foods Wearing store bought clothing Department Stores Mail Order Catalogs Leisure time Vaudeville Women rights Law of Covertures Women do not, by law, have a separate legal existence from their husbands Could not own property Lost children in divorce proceedings Could not technically own earnings A contract could be signed prior to marriage This was rare Women and the workplace Becoming self-sufficient Usually worked out of necessity Demanding more rights States began to amend laws Feminist writers Charlotte Perkins Gilman Urged women to have more control over their lives Henry Ford Founded Ford Motor Company Standardization and mass production Automobiles were made affordable to most people The Ford Model T Ford Model T “Tin Lizzies” 20 hp engine Body of steel One color (black) First Model T cost $845.00 By 1925 Model T cost $290.00 By 1927, 15 million Model T’s on the road Assembly line Doctrine of High Wages Workers with extra money, could buy more 1915- Dearborn Michigan, $5.00 a day wage 40 hour work week Work week was 5 days Business improvements Mass production Assembly line, focused on speed and productivity Increased mechanization Systematic record keeping Accounting, inventory, and production control Sometimes assembly lines ordered to “speed up” Doctrine of High Wages Workers with extra money, could buy more 1915- Dearborn Michigan, $5.00 a day wage 40 hour work week Work week was 5 days Business improvements Mass production Assembly line, focused on speed and productivity Increased mechanization Systematic record keeping Accounting, inventory, and production control Sometimes assembly lines ordered to “speed up” Frederick Winslow Taylor The Principles of Scientific Management Improves early business practices Use scientific management principals to maximize efficiency Socialism Growing in popularity Daniel De Leon Failed to gain public support Eugene Debs American Railway Union leader Formed a stronger Socialist Party of America Good speaker, poor organizer Socialism Gaining in momentum 1911 Socialist mayors in 32 cities 1/3 of Oklahoma voters Socialist Most people did not want to overthrow capitalism, but wanted reform Popularity of Socalism Eugene Debs ran with increasing success 1900- 100,000 1904- 400,000 1912- 900,000 Peaks in 1912 Decline of Socialism Direct primaries Reforms enacted Interest groups better at lobbying for specific laws Anti-war stance killed rural support AFL Samuel Gompers 1904 1.7 million members Skilled workers Better wages Better conditions Wanted to work with management Women’s Trade Union League Staged strikes and walkouts in New York Wanted unlocked doors and fire escapes Formed arbitration committee for collective bargaining Became a model for future labor meetings Women’s Trade Union League Owners and Managers Had to deal with unions and worker issues Some built relationships Some “cracked down” on workers who complained Many companies attempt to form bonds with workers Women and reproductive rights Birth control Controversial Margaret Sanger Nurse Promoted reproductive education and freedom for women Comstock Law Designed to curb vice and legislate morality Law banned from the mail all material designed to incite lust. 3,000 arrests made Destroyed 160 tons of material Margaret Sanger Sigmund Freud Father of Psychoanalysis Unconscious mind Sex a motive for behavior Examines dreams Progressives Wanted to reform industry Improve the human aspects End corruption Government Corporate Society White Protestant Duty to reform Social science Studying best way to improve Professionals Encouraging professional development Schools opening Rise of Professionalism Educated professions Professional organizations forming Managers Architects Technicians Accountants City governments running more efficiently Social justice movement Settlement house movement Child labor Tenement safety Better working conditions Wanted to “fix” problems in society Social Work Social Work schools open across United States University of Chicago “The Standard of Living AmongWorking Men’s Families in NewYork City” Loaded with statistics Published in 1909 Social Work Social Work schools open across United States University of Chicago “The Standard of Living AmongWorking Men’s Families in NewYork City” Loaded with statistics Published in 1909 Women’s Suffrage 1900 – Carrie Chapman Catt President of National American Women’s Suffrage Assoc. Organized Focused on state law’s first Called it a “winning plan” Carrie Chapman Catt Pragmatism Rejected belief that sinfulness was in-born Believed people had greater potential for good Beginning to examine environment People acted poorly because of circumstance John Dewey Theories on education Univ. of Chicago Learn by doing Allowed students more interacation Muller vs. Oregon A laundry owner challenged labor law Louis Brandeis argued for workers “Brandeis Brief ” Documented damage of working long hours 102 pages of studies 2 pages of legal precedents Louis Brandeis National Municipal League Formed in 1894 Designed to combat corrupt city governments Improve public services State level Protect women and children Regulate public works Tax Improve state institutions Workmens comp State inspectors for industry Robert M. La Follettte Reformer Governor of Wisconsin Republican Hated corruption Had academics/scholars write legislation “Protect people from selfish interests” Robert La Follette “Wisconsin Idea” Est. Industrial commission Improved sanitation Improved education Workmen’s comp Adopted state primaries for all offices Wisconsin became a model for reform. Robert La Follette Settlement Houses First one was in New York City 1886 Spread across the country Hull House Established in Chicago, 1889 Run by middle-class Helped immigrants assimilate Offered classes on a variety of different activities Offered kindergarten Hull House Jane Addams National Politics in the Progressive Era Progress in Washington September 6, 1901 McKinley is shot Theodore Roosevelt is now president -youngest, at 42 Roosevelt is credited with bringing the Progressive movement to Washington Teddy Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt Born to a wealthy New York family Physical limitations Tragic events in his life Worked in New York state assembly NYC police commissioner Assistant Secretary of the Navy Governor of New York Vice President under McKinley Trust Busters Regulate good, eliminate bad Department of Commerce and Labor -monitor interstate commerce -enforce regulation Major trust bust Northern Securities Company Railroads Rockefeller, Morgan, Harriman all upset Busted beef, tobacco, trusts, Dupont, Standard Oil Supreme Court upheld Anti-trust laws Square Deal The Square Deal TR was a progressive conservative Supportive of industry, needed monitoring Labor 1902 Coal strike TR intervenes Strike is settled Election of 1904 Food and Drug Meat Inspection Act 1906 sanitary meat packing Pure Food and Drug Act Danger of patent meds. Must list ingredients Conservation 1905 National Forest Service Protect and manage natural resources Federal regulations Sierra Club John Muir Disliked this movement Compromised natural beauty 1908 National Commission on the Conservation of Natural Resources Regulated Water Forests Lands mineral William Howard Taft Taft Republican From Ohio Lawyer Governor of Philippines Secretary of War Ballinger-Pinchot Affair Ballinger wanted to loosen regulations on federal lands Secretary of Interior under Taft Opened millions of acres for public sale Pinchot-chief forester Furious, found report of improper dealings Taft fired Pinchot for insubordination Progressives now distrusted Taft Taft and Tr Opposite sides of Ballinger-Pinchot Taft busted what TR saw as good trusts Brought TR back into politics New Nationalism TR back on the national stage Help business Help labor Equal rights for women Equal rights for blacks TR decides to run again This splits the Republican party Taft wins the primary Bull Moose Party Election of 1912 Roosevelt campaigned hard as a Progressive Democrats nominated Woodrow Wilson Taft didn’t bother campaigning Election of 1912 New Freedom Woodrow Wilson Free America from wealthy and powerful Regulated competition Did not like government involved in business Won the election easily Woodrow Wilson Born in Virginia Hated the tariff Segregationist Did not tolerate differing opinions Underwood-Simmons Tariff Biggest reduction in tariff since Civil War Introduced Income tax 16th Amendment Income Tax -graduated amount -applied to companies -applied to anyone who made over $4,000 Shift in government revenue 19th century Sale of public lands, alcohol tax, customs, duties 20th century Personal and corporate income tax Stabilizing banking system 1913 Federal Reserve Act Efficient banking system Sound currency Paper money Central bank Federal reserve board 1914 Federal Trade Commission Oversee and regulate commerce Clayton Anti-Trust Act of 1914 Regulated trusts Did not “bust” Prohibited unfair trade practices Approved lawful strikes