IGAC’s newest Activity:
Tropospheric Ozone Assessment Report (TOAR)
Global metrics for climate change, human health and
crop/ecosystem research
Owen R. Cooper
CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, USA
TEMPO 3rd Science Team Meeting
May 27 and 28, 2015
The University of Alabama in Huntsville
What is the current state of our
understanding of tropospheric ozone?
IPCC AR5 provided an update on the present-day
distribution and trends of tropospheric ozone.
But, in just 900 words …..
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A new paper attempts to provide a
more lengthy, but readable overview of
present day tropospheric ozone:
Recently published in a new openaccess, non-profit journal supported by
U.S. universities:
Dartmouth
Georgia Institute of Technology
University of Colorado Boulder
University of Michigan
University of Washington
It’s a good start, but how much can you
really say in 20 journal pages?
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Anthropogenic emissions upwind of the USA are changing rapidly
1996-1998
Tropospheric NO2 column data from the GOME and SCIAMACHY sensors were freely downloaded from:
www.temis.nl
For methodology see:
Boersma, K. F., et al. (2004), Error analysis for tropospheric NO2 retrieval from space, J. Geophys. Res.,
109, D04311,
Richter, A., et al.(2005), Increase in tropospheric nitrogen dioxide over China observed from space,
Nature, 437
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Anthropogenic emissions upwind of the USA are changing rapidly
1996-1998
Tropospheric NO2 column data from the GOME and SCIAMACHY sensors were freely downloaded from:
www.temis.nl
For methodology see:
Boersma, K. F., et al. (2004), Error analysis for tropospheric NO2 retrieval from space, J. Geophys. Res.,
109, D04311,
Richter, A., et al.(2005), Increase in tropospheric nitrogen dioxide over China observed from space,
Nature, 437
Parrish, D. D. et al (2013), Lower tropospheric ozone at northern midlatitudes: Changing
seasonal cycle, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 1631–1636, doi: 10.1002/grl.50303.
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IGAC’s newest Activity:
Tropospheric Ozone Assessment Report (TOAR)
Global metrics for climate change, human health and
crop/ecosystem research
Mission:
Provide the research community with an up-to-date global assessment of
tropospheric ozone’s distribution and trends from the surface to the tropopause.
Facilitate access to the ozone metrics necessary for quantifying ozone’s impact on
human health and crop/ecosystem productivity.
>160 scientists from 33 nations, representing all 7 continents
Stakeholders:
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TOAR Member Nations
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TOAR Goals
1)
Produce the first tropospheric ozone assessment report
based on the peer-reviewed literature and new analyses.
2)
Generate easily accessible, documented data on ozone
exposure and dose metrics at hundreds of measurement sites
around the world (urban and non-urban), freely accessible for
research on the global-scale impact of ozone on climate,
human health and crop/ecosystem productivity.
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TOAR Ozone Metrics
The TOAR database will contain various ozone metrics at thousands of surface
sites around the world. The full suite of metrics is still being developed but some
key metrics that will be included are:
Human Health:
- Maximum daily 8-hour average
- Maximum daily 1-hour average
Vegetation:
- Cumulative Exposure Index: W126
- Cumulative Exposure Index: AOT40
- Flux-Based Index: PODy (will only be calculated for a limited number of
sites due to the need for additional meteorological and soil parameters)
Climate Change:
- Monthly means, medians and various percentiles at rural sites
- Monthly and seasonal mean vertical profiles where data are available
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TOAR Organization
TOAR is a science effort initiated by IGAC, and
developed by an international team of experts.
TOAR receives financial and logistical support from
- IGAC
- The World Meteorological Organization
- US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA)
Coordinated by an eleven-member Steering
Committee
The assessment report will be published as a series of
8 stand-alone chapters in a special issue of a peerreviewed, open-access journal.
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TOAR work-flow diagram
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The TOAR Database is up and running
Courtesy: Martin Schultz and Olga Lyapina
Forschungszentrum Jülich
http://join.iek.fz-juelich.de:50091
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Timeline
December 2014: TOAR Workshop 1.01 in Boulder
February – March, 2015: Preliminary organization of TOAR chapter
author teams and working groups.
February – December 2015: Collect ozone observations and populate
TOAR database, begin work on calculating ozone metrics around
the world
April 28-30, 2015: TOAR Workshop 1.02, Madrid, Spain
December 2015: Produce first draft of assessment report
January 2016: Workshop 1.03 – location to-be-determined
December 2016: Submit assessment report to a peer-reviewed journal
and perform any necessary updates to the ozone metrics on the
database
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TOAR Workshop 1.02
April 28-30, 2015
Agencia Estatal de Meteorología (AEMET), Madrid, Spain
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Possible surface ozone
monitoring sites across
South Asia
As identified by the South Asia
Working Group, led by:
Manish Naja, AIRES, Nainital,
India
Rajesh Kumar, NCAR, Boulder
Possible surface
Sites for TOAR
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Possible surface ozone
monitoring sites across
Asia
As identified by the Asia Working
Group, led by:
Hiroshi Tanimoto, National
Institute for Environmental
Studies, Japan
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How TOAR can benefit from TEMPO
- TOAR will be published by mid-2017, too
early for TEMPO
- However, TOAR II is a strong possibility.
- TEMPO can provide much needed
information on free tropospheric ozone
above North America
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How TOAR can benefit from TEMPO
Presently, in situ data for monitoring ozone trends above western N. America
are only available with sufficient frequency in spring.
20 years (1995-2014) of free
tropospheric (3-8 km) ozone
observations above western N.
America in springtime.
Update to:
Cooper et al. (2012), Long-term ozone
trends at rural ozone monitoring sites
across the United States, 1990–2010, J.
Geophys. Res., 117, D22307
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How TOAR can benefit from TEMPO
The OMI/MLS instruments on NASA’s AURA
satellite have monitored tropospheric ozone
since 2004.
10.25 years of data show that ozone has
increased significantly in both hemispheres.
Is ten years of data enough considering the
influence of ENSO on ozone?
OMI/MLS data processed by J. Ziemke, NASA GSFC.
Cooper, O., and J. Ziemke (2015): [Global Climate]
Tropospheric Ozone [in "State of the Climate in
2014"]. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., in-preparation.
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How TOAR can benefit from TEMPO
To this plot TOAR will add tropospheric ozone
retrievals from:
GOME/GOME-2: 1996-future
IASI: 2007 - future
FTIR ground-based sensors: 1980s – future
TEMPO (N. America only): 2017 – the future
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