Review from last class
• What are some of the new features of
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the classical style (as compared to
Baroque)
What is a sonata cycle?
What are its main parts?
Four movements 1. Fast sonataallegro form, 2. Slow, 3. Minuet-trio
4. Fast, sonata or rondo
Review from last class
• What is sonata-Allegro form?
• Define exposition, development, and
recapitulation
• What is Rondo form?
• ABACA
The Classical Orchestra
• Instrumentation...
• Central body of strings
• Small group of woodwinds (2 each)
• Trumpets and drums for special
occasions
• No trombones, tuba, etc.
Joseph Haydn (17321809)
• lost his voice -- and his choral
position at sixteen
• Followed teaching, freelancing
• Then service of the EsterhazyHungarian princes
• Haydn had huge duties, but special
opportunities to experiment
Haydn’s Works
• chamber music
• opera
• vocal music (masses & oratorios - in
Handelian tradition)
• over 100 symphonies
Haydn’s Symphony 94
• One of 12 written for special tours in
London
• Called the “Surprise” (LG 28)
• 2nd movement
• form-- combines theme & variations with
ternary ABA form
• Loud timpani crash is the surprise
Ludwig van Beethoven
• Known as a transitional figure from
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Classical to Romantic periods
Born in Bonn, Germany
Influenced by ideals of
Enlightenment…
Freedom
Individual rights
Equality, brotherhood
Ludwig van Beethoven
• Patronage system was declining
• One of the first to successfully make
it as a freelance musician
• Had wealthy patrons who paid him a
stipend….
• But no full-time position
Ludwig van Beethoven
• Started to go deaf around 1800
• This personal crisis lead to changes
in his music.
• Heligenstadt Testament…
• Beethoven comments on his
personal crisis and the role of art in
saving him
• These ideas look forward to the
Romantic era
Ludwig van Beethoven
• Three compositional periods…
• First period: based on style of Haydn
and Mozart
• Second period: expands these
traditional forms (eg. longer
development sections)
• Third period: transcendent, defies a
concise description
Beethoven’s 5th
• Movements
• 1. Sonata (4-note motive)
• 2. Theme and variations (4-note
motive)
• 3. Scherzo (4-note motive) (same
form as Minuet) …
• NO BREAK - 4. Sonata-allegro form (4
note motive) (with 3rd movt. coming
back).
Beethoven’s 5th
• Motive Short-short-short-LONG
• This motive of three shorts and a
long returns in each movement,
making it CYCLIC.
• We will focus on the first movement
and third movement (starting at CD 4
track 35 and CD 4 track 48)
Beethoven’s 5th
• Listening to the first movement...
• Listen for the many different versions
of this motive.
• Occurs in accompaniment, reverse
melodic direction, variation, etc.
Beethoven’s 5th
• Listening to the first movement…
• First theme (based on that 4-note
motive)
• Second theme
• Long development section
(Compared to Mozart) based on first
theme
• Recapitulation
Beethoven’s 5th
• Third movement is a SCHERZO...
• a substitute for the minuet in the
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classical symphony
Means “joke”
Characterized by abrupt changes in
mood
Triple meter, rhythmically driving
Like the minuet, as a trio section in
the middle, making it ABA form
Beethoven’s 5th
• Second movement
• Theme and variation form. With two
different themes
• Theme 2 used the 4-note motive
• Listen for the variation form
Classical Concerto vs. Baroque
• emphasis shifts to solo (1 solo) vs.
orchestra
• more integration of orchestra and
solo
• Has three movements, fast-slow-fast
• featuring a cadenza …
Mozart Piano Concertos
• most were written for himself or his
sister Nannerl
• As a vehicle for self-promotion
• 3 movements (rather than 4 of typical
sonata-cycle)
• Sonata/Concerto, Slow movt, Rondo