THE GREATEST COMMANDS ORGANIZER EVER by Sara Mickens – March 2014
tú +
(affirmative)
tú –
(negative)
Ud.
-ar verbs
-er/-ir verbs
irregulars
stem-changes
w/ pronouns
Use the él/ella
form of the
present tense
hablar = habla
Use the él/ella form
of the present
tense
comer = come
hacer = haz;
poner = pon;
decir = di;
tener = ten;
venir = ven;
salir = sal;
ir = ve;
ser = sé
saber = no sepas
ser = no seas
dar = no des
estar = no estés
ir = no vayas
Normal stem
changes occur just
as they would in
the present tense
Attach pronoun(s) to the
end of the command; add
accent if needed to
preserve the original sound
of the command
-gar, -car, -zar spelling changes
from preterite also apply
cerrar = no cierres
pedir = no pidas
dormir = no
duermas
Start with the
present tense yo
form; take off the
–o; add –es
Start with the
present tense yo
form; take off the –
o; add –as
No hables
No comas
Start with the
present tense yo
form; take off the
–o; add –e
Start with the
present tense yo
form; take off the –
o; add –a
Hable
No hable
Coma
No coma
cerrar = cierra
pedir = pide
dormir = duerme
Normal stem
changes occur just
as they would in
the present tense
buscar = no busques
pagar = no pagues
comenzar = no comiences
saber = sepa
ser = sea
dar = dé
estar = esté
ir = vaya
Normal stem
changes occur just
as they would in
the present tense
-gar, -car, -zar spelling changes
from preterite also apply
buscar = busque
pagar = pague
comenzar = comience
nosotros
(imparts
meaning of
“Let’s (not)
_______”)
vosotros
+
(affirmative)
---------(negative)
Start with the
present tense yo
form; take off the
–o; add –emos
Start with the
present tense yo
form; take off the –
o; add –amos
Hablemos
(Let’s talk!)
Comamos
(Let’s eat!)
No hablemos
(Let’s not talk)
No comamos
(Let’s not eat.)
cerrar = cierre
pedir = pida
dormir = duerma
saber = sepamos
ser = seamos
dar = demos
estar = estemos
ir = vamos (like present
tense); no vayamos
-ar and –er stemchange verbs have
no change.
-gar, -car, -zar spelling changes
from preterite also apply
ei
ou
buscar = busquemos
pagar = paguemos
comenzar = comencemos
cerrar = cerremos
pedir = pidamos
dormir =
durmamos
-ir stem change
verbs will do a
“half-change”
Affirmative: Start with the infinitive, remove the –r and replace it with a –d. No stem changes!
Hablad
Comed
Sabed
Dad Id Sed
Cerrad Pedid Dormid
Negative:
Start with the
present tense yo
form; take off the
–o; add –éis
Negative:
Start with the
present tense yo
form; take off the –
o; add –áis
saber = no sepáis
ser = no seáis
dar = no deis
estar = no estéis
ir = no vayáis
No habléis
No comáis
-gar, -car, -zar spelling
changes from preterite
also apply
buscar = no busquéis
pagar = no paguéis
comenzar = no comencéis
Uds.
-ar & –er stem-change
verbs have no change.
-ir stem change verbs
will do a “half-change”
for negative commands.
dormirse = duérmete
Pronouns go between the
“NO” and the negative
command, as separate
words. Do not attach. No
special accents are needed.
no te duermas
Attach pronoun(s) to end of
AFFIRMATIVE commands;
add accent if needed to
preserve the original sound
of the command
dormirse = duérmase
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - Pronouns go b/t the “NO”
and the neg. command, as
separate words. Do not
attach. No accents needed.
no se duerma
Attach pronoun(s) to end of
AFFIRMATIVE commands;
drop the –s before adding
“nos” or “se”. Add accent.
dormirse = durmámonos
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - Pronouns go between the
“NO” and the neg.
command, as separate
words. Do not attach. No
accents are needed.
no nos durmamos
For affirmative reflexive
verbs, drop the final "d" of
the verb form before adding
the pronoun "os."
cepillarse = cepillaos
Exception: irse = idos
Verbs ending in –ir will
require a written accent:
dormirse = dormíos
ei
ou
cerrar = no cerréis
pedir = no pidáis
dormir = no durmáis
Pronouns go after “NO” for
negatives. Don’t attach.
No os durmáis
*** SAME AS UD. COMMANDS, BUT ADD AN –N***
Hablen
Coman
No hablen
No coman
saber = sepan
ser = sean
dar = den
estar = estén
ir = vayan
buscar = busquen
pagar = paguen
comenzar = comiencen
cerrar = (no)
cierren
dormirse = duérmanse
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
pedir = (no) pidan
no se duerman
dormir = (no)
duerman
THE GREATEST COMMANDS ORGANIZER EVER by Sara Mickens – March 2014
Summary: Verbs with irregular yo forms in the present tense - Since many Spanish commands are based on
the present tense yo form of a verb, here is a summary of all verbs with irregular yo forms in the present tense.
1. –go verbs
These verbs have an added G in the yo form only.
NOTE: some of these verbs are stem-changing (ex: digo) or have other spelling changes (ex: traigo)
Ex: tener = yo tengo
2. –jo verbs
hacer
dirigir
poner salir
decir
caer
valer
oír
elegir
escoger
emerger
fingir
Verbs ending in a vowel + cer/cir add a Z before the C in the stem in the yo form.
Ex: conocer = yo conozco
4. –zo verbs
venir
Verbs that end in –ger or –gir change the G to J for pronunciation purposes.
Ex: escoger = yo escojo
3. –zco verbs
traer
conducir
crecer
producir
traducir
Verbs ending in a consonant + cer/cir change from C to Z in the stem in the yo form.
Ex: vencer = yo venzo
convencer
torcer
5. –guir verbs Verbs that end in –guir drop the U and end in –GO in the yo form.
Ex: seguir = yo sigo
6. –uir verbs
distinguir
seguir
Verbs that end in –uir (but not –guir) add a Y between the U and the –O ending.
Ex: huir = yo huyo
7. –uar verbs
conseguir
fluir
contribuir
construir
destruir
Verbs that end in –uar need an accent on the U in the yo form (and all forms in the boot.)
Ex: continuar = yo continúo
actuar
graduar(se)
situar
EXCEPTION: -guar verbs do not get an accent on the yo form, but need a dieresis any time U is followed by E.
Ex: averiguar = yo averiguo (present) but averigüen (Uds. command)
EXCEPTION: -cuar verbs do not need the added accent.
Ex: evacuar = yo evacuo
8. –iar verbs
adecuar (to adapt)
licuar (to blend)
Some verbs ending in –iar will need an accent on the I in the yo form (and all boot forms.)
Ex: esquiar = yo esquío
enviar
confiar
criar
guiar
NOTE: Many –iar verbs do NOT function this way and need no accents. There is no easy way to distinguish.
Ex: limpiar = yo limpio (no accent)
cambiar
iniciar
negociar
reconciliar(se)
9. E.V.DISCS
The following verbs have irregular yo forms. Refer to the organizer chart on the reverse side for more info.
Estar – está, no estés, esté, estén, estéis, estemos
Ver – ve, no veas, vea, vean, veáis, veamos
Dar – da, no des, dé, den, deis, demos
Ir – ve, no vayas, vaya, vayan, vayáis, vamos / no vayamos
Ser – sé, no seas, sea, sean, seáis, seamos
Caber – cabe, no quepas, quepa, quepan, quepáis, quepamos
Saber – sabe, no sepas, sepa, sepan, sepáis, sepamos