M2
ETHICAL DILEMMA
• Either doing what is morally right results in a
bad outcome or bad effects.
• Or doing what is morally wrong results in
good or at least better outcome or effects.
HOW ETHICAL DILEMMAS IN
BUSINESS AFFECT STAKEHOLDERS?
• Shareholders
• Employees
• Society
CORPORATE DILEMMA OVER ETHICAL
BEHAVIOUR
• Lack of linkage between business ethics and
financial success
• How much is good enough to invest in
business ethics
• Lack of short term gains and long gestation
period is an obstacle
SOURCES OF ETHICAL PROBLEMS
• Failure of personal character
• Conflict of personal values and organisational
goals
• Organizational goals vs. Social Values ( P & G‘s
Relytampon statistically linked to deaths)
• Production and sale of hazardous but popular
products (ITC & UB)
HOW TO OBSERVE ETHICS TO REDUCE
DILEMMAS
• Code of ethics
• Creating an ethical working environment
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ETHICAL ISSUES AND SOCIETY EXAMPLES
Involvement in the community
Honesty, truthfulness and fairness in marketing
Use of animals in product testing
The degree of safety built into product design
Donation to good causes
The extent to which a business accepts its alleged responsibilities for mishaps,
spillages and leaks
The selling of addictive products e.g. tobacco
ETHICAL ISSUES ARISING FROM INTERNAL AND
INDUSTRY PRACTICES - EXAMPLES
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Treatment of customers - e.g. honouring the spirit as well as the letter of the law in
respect to warranties and after sales service
The number and proportion of women and ethnic minority people in senior
positions
The organisation’s loyalty to employees when it is in difficult economic conditions
Employment of disabled people
Working conditions and treatment of workers
Bribes to secure contracts
Child labour in the developing world
UNETHICAL PRACTICES IN
MARKETING - EXAMPLES
• Dumping – selling at a loss to increase market share and
destroy competition in order to subsequently raise prices
• Price fixing cartels
• “Bait and switch” selling - attracting customers and then
subjecting them to high pressure selling techniques to switch
to more expensive alternative
• Counterfeit goods and brand piracy
• Copying the style of packaging in an attempt to mislead
consumers
• Deceptive advertising
• Irresponsible issue of credit cards and the irresponsible raising
of credit limits
• Unethical practices in market research and competitor
intelligence
Unethical practices relating to
products - examples
• Selling goods abroad which are banned at home
• Omitting to provide information on side effects
• Unsafe products
• Built in obsolescence
• Wasteful and unnecessary packaging
• Deception on size and content
• Inaccurate and incomplete testing of products
• Treatment of animals in product testing
Ethics and the supply chain
• - It would be hypocritical to claim to be a ethical firm if it turned a
blind to unethical practices by suppliers in the supply chain. In
particular:
• The use of child labour and forced labour
• Production in sweatshops
• Violation of the basic rights of workers
• Ignoring of health, safety and environmental standards
MODELS OF BUSINESS CONDUCT
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The Austere Model
The Household model
The Vendor Model
The Investment Model
The Civic Model
The Creative Model
HOW TO RESOLVE ETHICAL
PROBLEMS
• Utility
• Rights
• Justice
HOW TO RESOLVE ETHICAL
DILEMMAS
3 step strategy
1. Analyse the consequences
2. Analyse the actions
3. Make a decision
CASE EXCERCISE
PERSONAL VALUES AND ETHICAL
DECISION MAKING
• According to the Josephson Institute of Ethics, “
The Six Pillars of Character taken together act as a
multilevel filter through which ethical decisions
can be processed,” and they believe, these can
dramatically improve the ethical quality of our
decisions, and thus our character and lives”.
CONT…
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Trustworthiness
Respect
Responsibility
Fairness
Caring
Citizenship
WHY CSR
• Accountability to society
• Corporations debt to society
The ethical and social behavior of corporations is
essential for the generation of profit, owing its
source to the reputation the corporation would
acquire in view of its social behavior.
CORPORATE SOCIAL
RESPONSIBILITY
Corporate Social Responsibility is the continuing
commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute
to economic development while improving the quality of life
of the workforce and their families as well as of the local
community and society at large.
CSR, being a voluntary measure, has no rules, regulation or
procedure to comply with.
Some companies appoint an Ethics Officer – a senior
member of the management team – who would not only
establish ethical standards but also oversee the company’s
compliance to its CSR policy.
THEORITICAL JUSTIFICATION FOR CSR
• Trusteeship Model
• Social Entity Theory
• Pluralistic Model
MODELS FOR IMPLEMNTATION OF
CSR
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Ethical (Mahatma Gandhi)
Statist ( Jawaharlal Nehru)
Liberal (Milton Friedman)
Stakeholder (R. Edward Freeman)
CONT…
ADVANTAGES OF CSR
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Improved financial performance
Enhanced brand image and reputation
Increased sales and customer loyalty
Increased ability to attract and retain employees
Reduced regulatory oversight
Innovation and learning
Risk Management
Easier access to capital
SCOPE OF CSR
• 3 levels can be indentified
Market forces
Mandated actions
Voluntary actions
(Community assistance, health and welfare,
education, environment and culture)
CONT…
• The Tata Industrialist Ethos inherited from the
great Jamsetji himself, tried to combine high
standards and quality production with sincere
concern for ethical values such as fair and
honest management, product quality, human
relations in industry and industrial
philanthropy.
INITIATIVES BY COMPANIES
Company Name
Scope
Tata Steel Ltd.
Environment, Community welfare, Rural
development
Titan Industries Ltd.
Education, Physically Challenged, Women
Wipro Ltd.
Environment, Education, Energy
Tata Consultancy Services Ltd.
Energy, Community welfare, Education
Moser Baer (India) Ltd.
Livelihoods and Training, Education,
Environment
Kansai Nerolac Paints Ltd.
Community Welfare, Healthcare, Education
Jubilant Life Sciences Ltd.
Environment, Community Welfare, Water
Housing Development Finance
Corporation Ltd.
Community welfare, Children, Healthcare
EXCERCISE
• Work out scope in groups meant for different
stakeholders viz. To employees, To
shareholders, To consumers and society.
EDUCATION
• Tata Steel
• Dr. J. J. Irani Education Excellence Award to
encourage all schools to serve children better.
This includes a cash prize for the school.
• The Company donated a building on a 71-acre
campus to the Xavier Institute for Tribal
Education (XITE) in an endeavour to assist less
privileged tribal students improve their quality of
life. Assistance to XLRI
• Jamshedpur School of Art and the prestigious
National Centre for Performing Arts, Mumbai.
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Informally run balwadis (crèches/nurseries) for infants and toddlers.
Financial assistance and sponsorships.
Sponsorship of two tribal student every year by TCS at the Tata Institute of Social Sciences.
Project Sahyog helps tribal students to develop self-esteem and plan their future.
Assistance and support for The Xavier Institute for Tribal Education near Jamshedpur.
Financial support worth Rs 25 lakhs to more than 493 meritorious tribal students each year since
2004.
Fifty matriculate students identified every year for coaching that prepares them for higher studies.
The eight projects that have been recognised at the Annual Education Excellence Award Function
are 1.
J. H. Tarapore School: 'Parameterised Marking System Computer Practicals'
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Kerala Samajam Model School: 'Motivational Cards''
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Kerala Samajam Model School: 'Suggestion Mela'
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Baug-E- Jamsheed School: 'Let's Share Learning with Fun'
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Kerala Public School, Mango: 'Hindi Vyanjan Mein Hulchul'
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Jusco School Kadma: 'Green Warriors'
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Kerala Public School NML: 'Students Progress - Our Challenge'
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Jusco School South Park: 'Implementing 2S across the School'
Camp School
Scholarships total grant is Rs. 1.1 million annually for 110 awards. Jyoti Fellowship 2011-12
• JINDAL STEEL:
• Knowledge park : Jindal Institute of
Technology (JIT)
• Jindal Institute of Power Technology (JIPT)
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Knowledge Park
O.P. Jindal Knowledge Park has been formed to provide a new world of opportunity in technical education :
School
O. P. Jindal School-A 10+2 co-educational school with all modern facilities at Raigarh.
The oldest girl's school in the region (Raigarh) has also been renovated to offer better standard of education and facilities.
Upgraded school infrastructure and distributed books and other educational materials in schools at Angul and other parts of
Odisha, Patratu (Jharkhand) & Raigarh (Chhattisgarh).
Established Adult Education Centres in Angul, Patratu & Raigarh
Community Teacher Support
To make up for the deficiency of teachers in government primary, middle & secondary schools in rural areas, 60 teachers
have been selected from the local youth to augment the staff strength in various schools. This has not only enabled 10,000
students to upgrade their standard of education, but also generated employment opportunities for the local youth.
Lack of awareness and inadequate facilities had made education take a back seat in the districts of Raigarh & Patratu. The
basic infrastructure in several schools needed urgent overhauling. Having taken note of all this, JSPL has undertaken the
following measures to upgrade the facilities in the schools of the adopted villages at Raigarh & Patratu –
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Construction of additional class-rooms, toilets, sheds etc
Installation of computers and distribution of furniture to various schools
Arrangement of training classes for teachers and principals
Appointment of teachers on contract basis
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O.P. Jindal Community College
The establishment of O.P. Jindal Community College (OPJCC) in 2011 as an entirely philanthropic, pioneering institution is the realisation of Shri OP Jindal’s vision to educate and train a
"skilled workforce who make the products and services of industry as per international standards." Under the astute leadership of CMD JSPL, Mr. Naveen Jindal, the first O.P. Jindal
Community College opened its doors in 2007 and was known as O.P. Jindal Institute of Technology and Skills. The college’s mission is "To promote lifelong learning of vocational skills for
all, irrespective of age, caste, creed, gender, prior education, and socioeconomic environment."
OPJCC is unique among community colleges in India in that open access is highly valued. The college enrolls all literate students, including school dropouts. Over 37 technical
vocational programmes are offered on five campuses located in Angul and Barbil (Odisha), Godda and Patratu (Jharkhand), and Punjipathra (Chhattisgarh). OPJCC also operates four
Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs) that have been adopted under the Public Private Partnership (PPP) Scheme of the Government of India. The ITIs are located at Sarangarh, Kharsia,
Gharghoda in Chhattisgarh, and Barbil in Odisha.
OPJCC emphasizes employability as well as educational and economic mobility. Vocational training programmes prepare students for employment, entrepreneurship, and further
studies. Programmes include plumbing, welding, masonry, air conditioning and refrigeration, electronics, electrical wiring (industrial and home), manufacturing, and metallurgy. Nursing
and paramedical programmes and hospitality courses are new additions.
Practical, hands-on training aligned with industry requirements is stressed. OPJCC has experienced instructors delivering high quality, relevant, modular courses leading to a certificate,
vocational diploma, and associate’s degrees recognized by IGNOU Community College Scheme and the National Council for Vocational Training, India. Instruction is face-to-face in English
and local languages. Learners are taught technical content as well as 21st century workplace skills such as occupational safety, time management, critical thinking, and communication
skills.
IT Certificate Course
Exclusively for tribal and marginalized girls belonging to poor families in the remote village of Kunjimora. A computer course of duration of 3/6 weeks has been conducted here after
setting up a computer lab in the school in the village. Instructors and teachers have been outsourced from registered and accredited LCC institutes. More than 200 girls have undergone
this course and more are expected to join. This initiative is the first of its kind in the area, which has been well received.
Vocational Training
JSPL supports self-help groups for imparting vocational training in tailoring & embroidery in order to empower women from the weaker sections of the society. The staff, material cost,
and other infrastructure are borne by JSPL.
JSPL, Patratu is imparting a beautician course for females, having already trained more than 70. It is also conducting mushroom cultivation training for self-help groups.
Financial support to meritorious and needy students
As part of its social initiatives, JSPL provides active financial support to the poor, deserving students, who compete in national/technical and other professional courses but are unable to
pursue their studies due to their financial condition.
JSPL, Patratu, established two coaching centres (English/Maths/Science) at the village level, for students from the economically weaker sections of the society.
ENVIRONMENT
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Walking for a Cause - On World Environment Day (5th June 2011), GM India's team of 110 volunteers joined the Go Green team at the Tech Centre in association with the Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) Panel of Confederation of Indian Industries (CII). GM had the highest number of walkers.
Drawing Competition - To spread awareness about environment, GM India organized a drawing competition for school children of various age groups from the nearby village Halol.
Renovation and repair of homes destroyed by natural disasters - GM India provided relief to victims of natural disasters, supported educational/technical institutions like Industrial
Training Institutes (ITIs) and Hospitals, helped renovate and repair homes of those impacted by floods and earthquakes.
Toy donation drive - for a local NGO and basic donation drives towards flood relief and rehabilitation work in Karnataka.
GM India imparts knowledge to school students, educates them about health, hygiene, safe water, sanitation etc. Also, makes an effort for girl empowerment by enhancing the behaviour
skills, personality development, communication skills etc. The community service program has also been a focus area for organized free medical camps for the residents of nearby
villages.
GM India believes in working with the government to spread awareness about issues that are in public interest and have an overall impact on the State's development.
CSR Budget Allocation
(approx Rs.10 crores)
National Calamities : 35%
Donations : 5%
Community Development: 30%
Indian Oil Scholarships: 20%
Other activities: 10%
Green Initiatives
Low Sulphur (0.5%) Diesel was introduced in metros from April 1996. Extra-low Sulphur (0.25%) Diesel was introduced in the eco-sensitive Taj Trapezium area from September 1996, in
Delhi from October 1997, and across the country from 1st January 2000.
Diesel with 0.05% sulphur content was introduced in the metros in 2001. Unleaded Motor Sprit (petrol or Gasoline) was made available all over the country since February 1, 2000.
Green fuels (petrol and diesel) conforming to Euro-III emission norms have already been introduced in 13 cities/states; the rest of the country is getting BS-II fuels. The Centre has been
certified under ISO-14000:1996 for environment management systems.
All IndianOil refineries fully comply with the prescribed environmental standards and incorporate state-of-the-art effluent treatment technologies. Sustained efforts are being made to
further improve the standards by introducing new state-of-the-art technologies further improve the existing standards and facilities.
RURAL
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RURAL AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Our projects are carried out under the aegis of the "Aditya Birla Centre for Community Initiatives and Rural Development", led by Mrs. Rajashree Birla. The Centre provides the strategic
direction, and the thrust areas for our work ensuring performance management as well.
Our focus is on the all-round development of the communities around our plants located mostly in distant rural areas and tribal belts. All our Group companies —- Grasim, Hindalco,
Aditya Birla Nuvo and UltraTech have Rural Development Cells, which are the implementation bodies.
Our partners in development are government bodies, district authorities, village panchayats and the end beneficiaries — the villagers. The Government has, in their 5-year plans, special
funds earmarked for human development and we recourse to many of these. At the same time, we network and collaborate with like-minded bilateral and unilateral agencies to share
ideas, draw from each other's experiences, and ensure that efforts are not duplicated. At another level, this provides a platform for advocacy.
Project identification mechanism
All projects are planned in a participatory manner, in consultation with the community, literally sitting with them, and gauging their basic needs. We take recourse to "participatory rural
appraisal", which is a mapping process. Subsequently, based on a consensus and in discussion with the village panchayats, we prioritise requirements. And thus a project is born.
Implementation is the responsibility of the community and our team, as is the monitoring of milestones and the other aspects. Monitoring entails physical verification of the progress and
the actual output of the project.
Village meetings are held periodically to elicit feedback on the benefits of our community programmes and the areas where these need to be beefed up. We try and ensure that while in
the short term we have to do enormous hand-holding, the projects become sustainable by the beneficiaries over the long haul. Once this stage is reached, we withdraw. In this way we
do not build a culture of dependence, instead we make the villagers self-reliant.
Model villages
One of our unique initiatives is to develop model villages, so each of our major companies is working towards the total transformation of a number of villages in proximity to our plants.
Making of a model village entails ensuring self-reliance in all aspects viz., education, health care and family welfare, infrastructure, agriculture and watershed management, and working
towards sustainable livelihood patterns. Fundamentally, ensuring that their development reaches a stage wherein village committees take over the complete responsibility and our teams
become dispensable.
Of the 3,000 villages that we are engaged in, we have zeroed in on 300 villages that we hope to morph into model villages. Over a period of time, we expect to see a changed face of these
villages. More than 80 villages in the hinterland have already become model villages. From abject poverty to fulfilling the necessities of life. From dependence to freedom. From
backwardness to progress — in more ways than one.
Our focus areas
Our rural development activities span five key areas and our single-minded goal here is to help build model villages that can stand on their own feet. Our focus areas are healthcare,
education, sustainable livelihood, infrastructure and espousing social causes.
Education
Formal and non-formal education, adult education
Scholarships for girls, merit scholarships and technical education for boys
Distance education
Girl child education
Digital literacy / computer education
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Health care and family welfare
Pulse polio programme
Mobile clinics — doctors' visits
General and multispeciality medical camps, cleft lips
Reproductive and child health care, supplementary nutrition / mid-day meal projects
Safe drinking water, sanitation — household toilets, community hospitals
HIV / AIDS, cancer, TB awareness and prevention camps
Blood donation
Responsible parenting
Sustainable livelihood
Self-help groups (microfinance for women and farmers)
Integrated agriculture development
Integrated livestock development
Watershed management
Microenterprise development
Skill development / vocational training through Aditya Birla Technology Park for integrated training programme and VT centres at most of our plants in collaboration with ITIs
Infrastructure development
Community centres
Schools in villages
Health care centres and hospitals
Roads
Homes for the homeless
Rural electrification
Irrigation and water storage structures
Social causes
Widow re-marriage / dowry-less mass marriages
Social security (insurance)
Culture and sports
Women empowerment
PRESTIGIOUS AWARDS
• Most admired companies list – By fortune –
with numerous criteria
• Best companies to work for list – By Fortune –
Work environment as criteria
• National award for Excellence in corporate
governance – By Dept of co. affairs – Fairness
and transparency as criteria
• CNBC TV 18 India Business Leader awards – By
CNBC TV 18 – CSR Initiatives as criteria
CREATIVE ACCOUNTING
• Creative accounting refers to accounting
practices that may or may not follow the letter
of the rules of standard accounting practices
but certainly deviate from the spirit of those
rules.
• They
are
characterized
by
excessive
complication and the use of novel ways of
characterizing income, assets, or liabilities.
CONT...
• The term creative accounting as generally understood
refers to systematic misrepresentation of the true
income and assets of corporations or other
organizations.
• Newspaper and television journalists have
hypothesized that the stock market downturn of 2002
was precipitated by reports of accounting
irregularities at Enron, WorldCom and other firms in
the United States.
ROOT CAUSE
• The origin of creative accounting scandals,
besides their moral and ethical no-no's, is the
monstrous greed and hubris exhibited by
their perpetrators.
• So creative accounting is the transformation of
accounting figures from what they actually are
to what perpetrators desire by taking
advantage of the existing rules and/or
ignoring some or all of them.
FURTHER CAUSES
• Flexibility in GAAP The selection and application of
generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) is
flexible, leaving enough room for judgment in certain
areas. We can consider the example of inventory
valuation which offers a number of accounting policy
choice and estimation decisions for the companies to
prepare financial statements.
• Due to this flexibility the management can be creative
in preparation of financial statements. In most cases
the management judgment results in change of
reported financial results from one direction to
another which is generally referred to as aggressive
accounting.
CONT...
• However it is very difficult to identify the point
beyond which aggressive accounting
becomes fraudulent. The nature of
management action may lead to such
identification. As for example when revenue is
recognized fictitiously and not in premature
fashion, it represents a case of fraudulent
accounting.
TECHNIQUES INVOLVED
• It involves those techniques which are openly
displayed (window dressing) as well as those
which are sophisticated ones (off-balance sheet
financing).
• A firm can intentionally alter reported financial
results, i.e., income statement and statement of
cash flows, or reported financial position, i.e., the
balance sheet, in some desired amount and/or
some desired direction.
OUTCOMES
• Enron has made everyone from politicians to
comedians aware of the potentially disastrous results
of creative accounting practices.
• A recent poll conducted by Business Week and
Financial Executives International - a professional
association whose members include CFOs, controllers,
and treasurers - revealed that nearly half of those
surveyed believe Enron is not an isolated situation. It is
merely the most extreme example of problematic
financial reporting leading to creative accounting.
Companies have to lose when managers play
Financial Numbers Game with good reputation and
investor confidence.
INCENTIVES FOR THOSE INVOLVED
• These rewards may include a favourable effect
on
- share prices,
- lower corporate borrowing costs due to an
improved credit rating,
- incentive compensation plans for corporate
officers and key employees, and/or political
gains.
COMMON PRACTICES
• Most common creative accounting practices include
improper revenue recognition and misreporting
expenses.
• People have shifted from valuations based on last
year's actual earnings and this year's "projected
earnings". Related to this is another common problem
involving when revenue is recognized.
• Creative accounting tricks include off balance sheet
financing, over-optimistic revenue recognition and the
use of exaggerated non-recurring items.
CONT…
• If an individual gets a contract for work that
will pay $50,000 a year for ten years, he can't
claim the whole $500,000 as revenue in the
first year. But some companies do so. One
should not claim revenue when the contract is
signed but should claim it when it is actually
paid.
SOLUTIONS
• Detection
• Protection
• Prevention
ANALYSIS FOR CREDIBLE
ACCOUNTING
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Debtors and inventory
Sales vs. Debtors:
Growth of Sales vs. Earnings
Return on Capital Employed:
Cash Flow Statement
Capitalization of Expenses
Matching Concept:
Impact of Contingent Liability:
CONT...
• Introducing forensic accounting for white collar
fraud detection and fraud prevention;
• Reducing the alternative choices of accounting
treatment in accounting standards;
• Enhancing the quality of corporate governance;
• Amending Companies Act;
• Enforcing strong regulation, and
• Increasing the effectiveness of audit.
THANK YOU