Group 01:
Abbey Reisz, Matt Zapalac, Kymberly
Juettemeyer, Cassy Diamond, Joshua Aguilar
Primary Article: Planar Photonics with Metasurfaces
Secondary Articles: History of Metamaterials, From Metamaterials to Metadevices, Infrared Metamaterial Phase Holograms
Fantasy “Invisibility Cloak “ from Harry Potter franchise
Real world “Invisibility Cloak” using metamaterials
Summary of Research
• What are metamaterials? Why
are they relevant?
• History/Background
• Core Concepts/How They Work
• Applications
• Assessment of Metamaterials
• Conclusions
Picture:
Metamaterials
Google.com
Negative index metamaterial array configuration, which was
constructed of copper split-ring resonators and wires mounted
on interlocking sheets of fiberglass circuit board.
•
What are “metamaterials”?
Why
are
they
unique?
Material that gains properties from its surroundings
rather than composition of material
•
“Magnetoelastic” material-have a mechanial degree
of freedom that allows mutual interaction with its
surroundings to enable electromagnetic forces to
change the structure and tune its properties; they
respond to light, acoustic waves, and heat flow.
•
Negative permeability, permittivity, refractive index,
which are usually positive in other materials
•
Reduced dimensionality and bulk; planar, ultrathin
•
Controls light waves, acoustic waves, heat waves
•
Regular material constraints lifted
Research and Picture:
Planar Photonics with Metasurfaces
Alexander V. Kildishev et al.
Science 339, (2013);
DOI: 10.1126/science.1232009
http://www.sciencemag.org
The 8 V-shaped prongs represent one unit cell that repeats through the
structure; these help demonstrate negative refractive index and reflection
angles that give the material its unique physical and optical properties.
History/Background of Metamaterials
• What is light?
•
•
A magnetic and
electric wave
propagating
together to
create an
electromagnetic
wave.
Magnetic field wave and electric
field wave propogating
perpendicular to one another;
metamaterials are affected by
light, which is electric and
magnetic waves.
James Maxwell-made the
connection between light,
electricity, and magnetism in the
1800’s; electromagnetic field
Ordinary
electrical
charges
produce field
lines that
spread to
infinity in
empty space.
Research:
Research
Top Picture
Bottom Picture
History of Metamaterials
Reed Business Information
January 8, 2011
http://www.tmcnet.com
History of Metamaterials
Wikipedia.com
http://www.astronomynotes.com
Electromagnetic Field
Google.com
History/Background of Metamaterials
A diagram of Snell’s
Law showing the
relationship between
angle of incidence and
refraction. Refraction
of light at the interface
between two media of
different refractive
indices, with n2 > n1.
Since the velocity is
lower in the second
medium (v2 < v1), the
angle of refraction θ2
is less than the angle of
incidence θ1; that is,
the ray in the higherindex medium is closer
to the normal.
• Victor Veselago-discovered
negative refractive index in 1967
•
Electric and magnetic fields
aligned in opposite directions; the
reversal of Snell’s Law would “bend
light the wrong way”
•
“Meta” means “beyond”, which was
given as a name to this material
because it is “beyond conventional
materials”
Victor Veselago’s proposal of negative refractive index and negative reflection of
light on a metasurface
Research:
Research
Top Picture
Bottoms Pictures:
History of Metamaterials
Reed Business Information
January 8, 2011
http://www.tmcnet.com
History of Metamaterials
Wikipedia.com
Snell’s Law
Wikipedia.com
Planar Photonics with Metasurfaces
Alexander V. Kildishev et al.
Science 339, (2013);
DOI: 10.1126/science.1232009
http://www.sciencemag.org
History/Background of Metamaterials
• John Pendry
•
Discovered that radiation absorption does not come from
the chemical or molecular structure, but comes from
carbon fiber shape within material.
•
Discovered negative permittivity and permeability
•
Created the “split ring structure” with repeating thin wire
structures sequentially.
• David Smith-created the first metamaterial in 2000
capable of bending electromagnetic radiation; went
on to create first invisibility cloak.
• Today, we have “active “ metamaterials that
control and respond to surroundings.
Top: Split ring structure before the electromagnetic field is applied
Bottom: Electromagnetic field applied; lattice parameters change.
Research:
Research
Bottom Picture
History of Metamaterials
Reed Business Information
January 8, 2011
http://www.tmcnet.com
History of Metamaterials
Wikipedia.com
Planar Photonics with Metasurfaces
Alexander V. Kildishev et al.
Science 339, (2013);
DOI: 10.1126/science.1232009
http://www.sciencemag.org
Core Concepts:
Electromagnetics
•
Light is a direct result of electric and
magnetic waves propagating
together.
•
An electromagnetic wave showing electric field Є and magnetic field H
components and the wavelength λ.
Permittivity and Permeability must be
simultaneously negative for a
metamaterial to exist.
•
Permittivity:
•
•
The measure of how an electric field
interacts with a dielectric medium.
Electromagnetic Permeability:
•
The measure of the ability of a material to
support its own magnetic field.
Research:
Pictures:
Permittivity
Permeabilitiy
Wikipedia.com
Fundamentals of Materials
Science and Engineering
Ch. 19
Energy of particle of
light is proportional
to frequency by
Planck’s Constant.
The spectrum of electromagnetic radiation;
metamaterials are not visible to the human eye
and the waves absorbed by metamaterials are
typically found in the microwave and infrared
region, although all waves are a form of
electromagnetic radiation.
Core Concepts: Refractive Index
• Refractive Index (n)
•
Describes how light propagates
through a medium.
•
Less than 1
•
Can be positive…(normal materials)
•
Or negative (metamaterials)
•
Wave front can travel towards
direction of source
•
A video showing negative
refractive index:
Refractive index: speed of light over the phase velocity
of a given substance. Є is permittivity and μ is
permeability; in order for refractive index to be negative,
both of the others must also be negative.
http://upload.wikimedia.o
rg/wikipedia/commons/c/c
7/Negative_refraction.ogg
Illustration of a negative refractive index
Research
Research and Picture
Negative Index Metamaterials
Wikipedia.com
Using Metamaterials to Defy Our Common Understanding of Light
http://www.rikenresearch.riken.jp
Core Concepts: Acoustic
•
Inherent parameters of the medium
are the mass density ρ, bulk
modulus β, and chirality k.
•
•
Chirality determines the polarity
of wave propogation.
Requires negative bulk modulus and
mass density; these must be altered
to define the refractive index of a
Bulk modulus: A diagram of uniform compression. This is possible
through negative refractive index and chirality of metamaterials.
Negative bulk modulus means that the medium expands when
experiencing compression, and accelerates to the left when being
pushed to the right.
material.
•
•
Bulk modulus is the resistance to
uniform compression.
Allows unique effects such as a
The relationship between refractive index (n), mass
density (ρ) and bulk modulus (β).
inverse Doppler effect
Research
Further Research and Pictures:
Double-negative acoustic metamaterial
Jensen Li and C. T. Chan
Science 339, (2013);
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.70.055602
http://pre.aps.org
Acoustic Metamaterials
Wikipedia.com
Applications of Metamaterials: Invisibility
•
Negative refractive index is crucial
•
Makes the path of light quicker
around an object rather than
through it
•
Bend electromagnetic waves
around an object, rendering it
invisible.
•
“Perfect” invisibility not yet
A diagram of how light (microwave
source) affects normal objects and
metamaterials differently.
possible, but partial invisibility
(translucency) is proven.
Research:
Diagram:
Photo:
How Invisibility Cloaks Work
William Harris and Robert Lamb
Howstuffworks.com
Super-Technologies
Theonematrix.com
“Is the Army Testing an Invisible Tank?”
Alexander Nemenov/AFP/Getty Images
http://www.howstuffworks.com/invisible-tank1.htm
Potential to create an armor
for soldiers that would render
them and their shadows
invisible.
Applications of Metamaterials: Invisibility
• Allows:
•
Invisibility cloaks
•
Stealth paint on planes
•
See through gloves for
surgeons
•
Take away blind spots for
drivers in cars
•
Virtually anything in the
military ranging from clothes
for soldiers to invisible planes
A person wearing a real
“invisibility cloak” made of
metamaterials
Pictures:
Google.com
The type of plane that would benefit from metamaterial cloaking;
stealth attacks and landing would be much easier and safer.
Applications of Metamaterials: Subwavelenth
Imaging and Superlenses
• What is a superlens?
•
•
•
•
Subwavelength images via metamaterials allow to see
cells in real time in natural environment
Can see patterns which are too small to be seen by
conventional microscopes
Research:
Research:
From metamaterials to metadevices
Nikolay I. Zheludev and Yuri S. Kivshar
Nature Materials 11, 917-924 (2012)
DOI: 10.1038/nmat3431
23 October 2012
Superlens
Wikipedia.com
Goes beyond diffraction limit
•
Most lenses limited by
imperfections
•
Superresolution
Microwave frequencies
An example of how molecules would look with
subwavelength imaging.
Top Picture:
Bottom Picture:
The Superlens
Nature.com
Google.com
Applications of Metamaterials: Wireless
• Metamaterial is placed between the
Power Transmission
transmitter and the receiver would
create a kind of lens, directing the
energy so that most of it gets to the
device being charged.
• This metamaterial would use thousands of
individual thin conducting loops that would
be tailored to recipient device.
How the charging cycle works through the flow of electricity and wireless power.
• Space between the charger and
chargee effectively disappears.
• Short range mobile devices are an easy
feat, but electric vehicle charging and
more is a new possibility.
Current electric automobile charging device; can someday have the
charger at a further distance.
• Perhaps the device could be created inside
the car to self-charge anywhere.
Research
Research
Pictures
Metamaterials: Wireless Power
Gizmag.com
Noel McKeegan
May 25, 2011
Artificially Structured Metamaterials
May Boost Wireless Power Transfer
Sciencedaily.com
March 12, 2012
Wireless Charging Metamaterials
Google.com
Applications of Metamaterials: Holographic
Images
•
Artificial structuring is represented by diffractive
optics, which control a wave through multilevel
diffractive devices.
•
•
Process Flow for the
fabrication of the
multilayer metamaterial
hologram
Gerchberg-Saxton iterative algorithm
•
Relationship between complex transmittance and of the
hologram and the far-field image generated
•
Iteratively adjusts the constraints in the hologram and the
image to focus.
Metamaterials are crucial for holographic images
because of the metal inclusions that are strong
scatterers of electromagnetic waves and provide a
large electric polarization.
•
Provides a magnetic response and controlled anistrophy
(directional dependence of waves)
Research and Photo:
Photo: Rendering
Infrared metamaterial phase holograms
Stephane Larouche, Yu-Ju Tsai, et al.
Nature Materials 11, 450-454 (2012)
DOI: 10.1038/nmat3278
18 March 2012
“Infrared metamaterial phase holograms”
http://nextbigfuture.com/2012/03/infraredmetamaterial-phase-holograms.html#more
Artistic rendering of a
section of metamaterial
hologram demonstrating
the various metamaterial
elements used. The
hologram consists of
three layers of gold
elements in a SiO2 matrix
over a Ge substrate.
Applications of Metamaterials: Holographic
Images
•
Could render perfect holograms on
a 2D display.
•
So accurate that you can look into it
with binoculars and still not be able
to tell it’s a holographic image.
A fantasy hologram from the Star Wars franchise; an idea of
how holograms could eventually look.
•
Infrared region (10.6 micrometers)
•
Can be applied to videogames,
television, military, graphics in
general
Duke University’s metametarials hologram; the E was not formed due to grazing incidence.
Research:
Top Picture:
Bottom Picture:
Infrared metamaterial phase holograms
Stephane Larouche, Yu-Ju Tsai, et al.
Nature Materials 11, 450-454 (2012)
DOI: 10.1038/nmat3278
18 March 2012
Google.com
Holograms
Nature.com
Applications of Metamaterials: Terahertz
Biosensors
•
Can identify a chemical or
biochemical molecular
composition even very minute
amounts
•
Increased sensitivity and
facilitated readout
•
Sense the dielectric properties of a
sample in the terahertz frequency
range
(a) Schematic of the micrometer-sized metamaterial resonators sprayed on
paper substrates with a predefined microstencil; (b) Photograph of a paperbased terahertz metamaterial sample; (c) Optical microscopy image of one
portion of a paper metamaterial sample.
Research and Picture:
Metamaterials Application in Sensing
Tao Chen, Suyan Li, Hui Sun
www.mdpi.com
DOI: 10.3390/s120302742
29 February 2012
Applications of Metamaterials: Biosensors
•
Biosensors : disease diagnostics,
• Need for bioanalytical sensing techniques that can
environmental monitoring, food
directly detect the target molecules without labeling
safety, and investigation of
•Technologies based on metamaterials provide costefficient and label-free biomolecule detection
biological phenomena
•
Used to improve the sensor
selectivity of detecting nonlinear
substances
•
Can improve the mechanical,
optical and electromagnetic
properties of sensors
Allows to detect analytes (biomolecules) in volumes
down to attoliters; single particle measurements
probe the local environment around one specific
particle.
Research
Image:
Metamaterials Application in Sensing
Tao Chen, Suyan Li, Hui Sun
www.mdpi.com
DOI: 10.3390/s120302742
29 February 2012
"Biosensing Using Gold
Nanorod Metamaterials." All About Biosensors.
N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Apr. 2013.
TEM micrographs of gold
nanorods with mean
aspect ratio 2.8.
Applications of Metamaterials:
Communication
•
Need to keep the antenna size
•
within specific size or foot print
•
Metamaterials used to minimize
surface waves arising from micro
strip patch antennas
•
•
Goal: Increase the gain of the
The MSRR unit cell is to have
POSITIVE values for the
effective permeability and
permittivity at the
resonance frequency of the
antenna
Shows the gain of the micro strip antenna before
and after using the artificial magnetic superstrate.
The gain improved by 3.4 dB at the resonance
frequency after using the engineered superstrate.
This means the efficiency of the antenna at the
operating frequency of 2.2GHz increased by 17%
due to the metamaterial superstrate.
Magnetic superstrates that use split ring
resonators (MSRR) inclusions
micro strip antenna while
maintaining its low attractive, low
profile features
A planar 10X10 array of MSRRS was printed on the hose dielectric layer to provide the engineered magnetic
material. The superstrates used here consists of 3 layers of printed magnetic inclusions, separated by 2 mm of
air layers.
Research
Metamaterials Application in Sensing
Tao Chen, Suyan Li, Hui Sun
www.mdpi.com
DOI: 10.3390/s120302742
29 February 2012
Images :
O. M. Ramahi, M. S. Boybay, O. Siddiqui, L. Yousefi, A. Kabiri, Hussein Attia, M. Bait-Suwailam and Z. Ren, "Metamaterials: An Enabling
Technology for Wireless Communications," Proceeding of International Conference on Communication Technologies ICCT2010, Riyadh, Saudi
Arabia, Jan. 18-20, 2010
Applications of Metamaterials: Superconductors
• Often made of niobium
• Limited to microwave and terahertz
spectral domains
• Switch from plasmonic excitations to
quantum excitations
• Can control magnetic fields
• Provide lower losses with better sensitivity
Periodic table data for Niobum
Diagram of a terahertz metamaterial superconductor.
Research:
From metamaterials to metadevices
Nikolay I. Zheludev and Yuri S. Kivshar
Nature Materials 11, 917-924 (2012)
DOI: 10.1038/nmat3431
23 October 2012
Top Picture
Bottom Picture:
Periodictable.com
Terahertz nonliner
superconducting metamaterial
Apl.aip.org
Assessment of Metamaterials
•
Cost efficient
•
Low cost manufacturing
•
Less bulky, planar structure
•
Can affect many different types of
A man wearing a metamaterial
shirt that allows him to appear
translucent.
waves: optical, acoustic, heat, infrared,
magnetic field, electric
•
Unlimited combinations with other
materials
•
Unlimited possibilities with a structure
that adapts to external stimuli
Picture:
Google.com
Metamaterials with unique mechanical properties. A team
there has designed materials with “negative compressibility”
that in theory will compress when they are pulled and expand
when they are compressed.
Picture: Mechanical Properties
“New ‘Mechanical Metamaterial’ Expands When You Compress It, Shrinks When
your Stretch It”
http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2012-05/new-mechanicalmetamaterial-expands-when-you-compress-it-shrinks-when-you-stretch-it
Further Suggested Research
•
Other applications
•
Future applications
•
Integration/hybridization of metamaterials with natural materials
Picture:
nature.com
The many different types of metamaterials
•
How to improve metamaterials
•
Commercial uses
•
More capabilities of metamaterials
Conclusions
•
Negative refractive index can change
the structure of metamaterials
•
Electricity, magnetism, light, heat can
all affect a material
•
Structures can change based on
surroundings
•
Main applications include the superlens and invisibility cloak, but open
doors to many other fields and
possibilities.
Picture:
Metamaterials
Google.com
A metamaterial that could allow wireless power transmission.