Ch. 27: Empire and Expansion
AP US History
America Turns Outward
• By the 1890s America turned from its
inward policy (isolationist) to and outward
policy (imperialism).
– European nations had been land grabbing
throughout the 1800s. (Africa)
America Turns Outward
•
Reasons for Imperialism
1. Yellow Journalism
•
Stirred up desire of people for adventure
2. Missionaries wanted to save souls
•
Rev. Josiah Strong wanted to Christianize the exotic
lands. Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present
Crisis
3. Social Darwinism
•
•
Supported by people like T.R and Henry Cabot Lodge
Stronger nations should conquer the weaker nations.
4. Naval Race
•
•
Cap. Alfred Mahan wrote The Influence of Sea Power
Upon History, 1660-1783.
Key to nations power is through their naval power
America’s Close Calls
• The US had several close-calls or
balancing acts during this time.
– James G. Blaine advocated the “big sister”
policy.
• Idea was to get Latin American countries behind
the leadership of the U.S.
– Pan-American Conference held in Washington D.C
America’s Close Calls
• Other conflicts…
– US-Germany (Samoa islands)
– US-Italy (Captured Italians in New Orleans)
– US-Canada (seal hunting rights)
– US-Britain (Gold discoveries in Venezuela)
• US just stuck up for her “little sister”
• Defended Monroe Doctrine (European nations
were to stay out of Western Hemisphere)
– Almost led to war but Britain backed off due to threats to
their South African colonies by Germany.
America turns its eyes to
Hawaii
• America turns its eyes to Hawaii
– Americans regarded it as an extension of the
US.
• Shippers, sailors, whalers and missionaries where
there.
– American companies ran islands economics
• American fruit/sugar companies entrenched in
Hawaii
– Natives grew restless towards the Americans
• Disease killed many natives
• Japanese/Chinese brought in as workers.
America turns its eyes to
Hawaii
•
Sugar companies
wanted to take
Hawaii for good.
– REASONS:
1. Worried of Japan
trying to take over
2. McKinley Tariff
raised prices of
goods when
imported to US.
America turns its eyes to
Hawaii
• Queen Liliuokalani resisted.
– Said natives should run Hawaii
• Washington worked on
legislation to annex Hawaii.
– Before it could pass Congress
Harrison was replaced by
Grover Cleveland as President.
• Cleveland stopped the annexation
b/c he didn’t like the way Hawaii
was taken over.
Cubans Rise in Revolt
– 1895 Cuba revolts
against Spain
• The Cuban
“insurrectos” revolted
against Spanish
overlords on Sugar
plantations.
– Burned everything
Cubans Rise in Revolt
• The US rooted for the Cubans
– REASONS:
1. America loved liberty and independence
2. Yellow Journalism
3. Good for Monroe Doctrine to get rid of another
European nation
4. Cuba was a gateway to Caribbean
–
dreams of Panama Canal
Cubans Rise in Revolt
• Spain sent Gen.
Valeriano “Butcher”
Weyler to stop the revolt.
– He started prison camps
for the insurrectos.
– America’s “yellow press”
ran with this.
– Frederic Remington is
sent by Hearst to draw
pictures.
• “You furnish the
pictures, I’ll furnish
the war.”
Cubans Rise in Revolt
• De Lome letter: letter from Spanish official Dupuy de Lome
criticizing Pres. McKinley.
• U.S.S Maine exploded at night in Havana harbor killing
260 American sailors.
– Cause was a mystery (public thought Spain had done it)
– American public called for war “Remember the Maine”
• McKinley finally gave in and sent message asking for
war to Congress.
• April 11, 1898 Congress voted for war w/ Spain.
• Teller Amendment: Said the US would give Cuba its
freedom after ridding it of Spanish rule.
Dewey’s May Day Victory
• America enters war with confidence and
excitement. Spanish-American War
– Before war is declared Teddy R ordered
Commodore George Dewey to move to
Philippines if war broke out. (Spanish control)
– Dewey carries out orders May 1, 1898
Dewey’s May Day Victory
• America’s 6 ships (new) defeated the 10
Spanish ships (old) easily.
– Dewey won battle but couldn’t take island
with sailors.
• US takes island quickly when foot soldiers
reinforce Dewey’s sailors.
• Now US wants Hawaii as way station in Pacific.
– McKinley and Congress agreed to annex Hawaii on July
7, 1898 (5 years after first attempt)
Confused Invasion of Cuba
• American’s ill prepared for war
– Clothing for fighting in sub-zero temps not Cuba.
• US led by Gen. William Shafter
– Rough Riders: organized by Teddy R.
• Calvary had to fight on foot b/c no plan to get
horses to Cuba.
Confused Invasion of Cuba
• Spanish fleet used narrow harbor
at Santiago to enter Cuba.
• US blockaded the Spanish fleet
in Harbor as Army went ashore
further up the river.
– US forces suffocated the Spanish
forces.
– Destroyed Spanish ships as they
tried to escape.
Confused Invasion of Cuba
• “Splendid Little War” Sec. of State John Hay
• Spain signed an armistice on August 12, 1898.
– 4,000 US soldiers died from battle
– 5,000 die from disease
America’s Course (Curse?) of
Empire
• Peace negotiations held in Paris to “settle”
the war…
– Treaty of Paris
1. Cuba was free and independent (Teller Amend)
–
Stipulations to this: (Later in notes)
2. US gained (1) Puerto Rico, (2) Guam, and (3)
assumed control of Philippines.
America’s Course (Curse?) of
Empire
• Philippines posed biggest problem…
– American Options/Consequences
1. Give back to Spain
–
decades of misrule
2. Let Filipino people run own country.
–
Thought warlords of country would compete and result
in chaos.
3. US takes over islands (McKinley’s choice)
–
–
US would look like imperial bully.
Filipino people didn’t want this (just got rid of Spain)
America’s Course (Curse?) of
Empire
Anti-Imperialists
• Emerged to halt annexation.
•
•
Difference now is that prior
lands were generally N.
America. (Alaska, Hawaii
little pop)
Mark Twain and Andrew
Carnegie were among its
members
Imperialists
• Argued Philippines could
flourish economically.
– Rudyard Kipling wrote
“The White Man’s Burden”:
encouraged US to civilize
Philippines.
Answers Question that had remained: Should Senate accept treaty and
acquire Philippines.
Perplexities in Puerto Rico and
Cuba
• PR was now owned by the US but not a state
or territory.
– Foraker Act: gave it limited elected Gov.
– Full US citizenship given in 1917
– Many improvements (sanitation, transportation, etc.)
– QUESTION:
• Do American laws and rights apply to these lands and
peoples?
– Insular Cases: Supreme Court declared America’s laws and
customs do not necessarily extend to these new lands.
Perplexities in Puerto Rico and
Cuba
•
The Teller Amendment had said the U.S
would leave Cuba to be independent.
– Set up military Gov. and made many
improvements up to that point. (Col. Leonard
Wood)
– US leaves in 1902
•
Platt Amendment:
1. Cuba can’t make treaties US didn’t like
2. Cuba couldn’t take on too much debt (US intervention)
3. Cuba must lease coaling stations to US military.
1. Guantanamo Bay
New Horizons in Two
Hemispheres
•
Results of the “splendid little war”
1. US is a world power (Likely strongest)
•
Nations increased diplomatic headquarters in D.C
2. America became patriotic
3. A strong military was accepted a need
•
Sec of War Elihu Root started a War College
4. The North-South divide seemed to narrow
–
Enemy ceased to be one another and was Spain
5. The Philippines became a thorn in America’s side.
“Little Brown Brothers” in the
Philippines
• Filipinos thought they would get their
freedom like Cuba.
– Felt betrayed by the American’s
• An insurrection began against the
American troops by the Filipinos on Feb 4,
1899
“Little Brown Brothers” in the
Philippines
•
Emilio Aguinaldo was the
leader of the insurrection.
–
•
He had fought for America against Spain
America’s Response
1. “Water Cure” = cooperation
2. Prison camps (like “Weyler in
Cuba)
3. Attacking people who just wanted
freedom
“Little Brown Brothers” in the
Philippines
• US gained upper
hand in 1901
– Sent William H. Taft
to be the civil governor
of the Philippines.
• Called the natives his
“Little Brown Brothers”.
– His relations with
the natives was
generally very good.
“Little Brown Brothers” in the
Philippines
•
Taft’s policy = “benevolent assimilation”
–
Use of kindness to civilize the people (Slow)
–
SUCCESS of TAFT:
1. Infrastructure improved (roads, sanitation, etc)
2. Trade increased, mainly sugar (Americans/Philippines)
3. Schools (Built and staffed)
•
Filipinos still want FREEDOM!
•
July 4, 1946 after WWII
Hinging the Open Door in China
•
Japan defeated China in 1894-1895
– Europe slices China into “spheres of
influence”
•
•
•
European nations controlled trade rights in cities
EX: Britain controlled Hong Kong (despised)
America’s Concerns
1. Missionaries concerned over access
2. American business worried of losing
markets.
Hinging the Open Door in China
• Sec. of State John Hay
– Open Door Policy: says spheres of influence
should be dropped and Chinese cities should
be open to all nations for business.
• Europe was not interested in losing their markets
Hinging the Open Door in China
• Boxer Rebellion: Chinese rose up to oust/kill
foreigners who controlled their cities.
• 200 foreigners/thousands of Chinese Christians killed
– Europe and US crush Chinese uprising.
• Chinese have to pay $333 million in damages
– $24.5 million to US (Give $18 million to Chinese students in
America)
– Open Door Policy reissued
• Accepted and China’s borders were to be respected an its
cities open to trade to all.
Imperialism or Bryanism in 1900
• William Jennings Bryan v. William
McKinley (1900 Election)
– Bryan toured the nation again
– McKinley stayed at home
• Teddy R (VP) campaigned the country.
• McKinley wins re-election easily
TR: Brandisher of the Big Stick
• McKinley is shot 6
months after election
– TR becomes the youngest
president ever at age 42.
– “Speak softly and carry a
big stick”
• He is not silent
• Believe the president
should lead, and he did.
• Considered the first
modern president.
Building the Panama Canal
•
America wanted a canal across Central
America
–
REASONS:
1. Would boost business in Latin America
2. Would make the US navy even stronger (Mobility)
–
BARRIERS:
•
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty- Treaty signed w/ Britain which
said the US could not control an isthmus route alone.
(1850)
–
Hay-Pauncefote Treaty 1901: Gave US ok to work alone
Building the Panama Canal
• Where should the canal be?
– 1st choice = Nicaragua
– 2nd Choice = Panama
• French company (Philippe Bunau-Varilla) had
failed at their attempt.
• Price of canal holdings went from $109 Million to
$40 Million (Congress agrees to try)
• PROBLEM: Panama was part of Colombia
Building the Panama Canal
•
US Addresses the Problem:
1. T.R tries to lease land (Senate rejects deal)
2. Bunau-Varilla incites a Panamanian riot on Nov, 3
1901: (US offshore for assistance)
–
Revolution is success
3. T.R recognizes Panama as independent and the
Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty is signed.
–
Leased canal to US for $10 Million and $250,000/year for
10 mile wide canal strip.
–
Beginning of Bad Relations with Latin America for US
Building the Panama Canal
• Construction began in 1904
• Obstacle #1: Sanitation
– Col. William C. Gorgas helped drain swamps and
eradicate mosquitoes/disease.
• Obstacle #2: Size of Project
– Col. George Washington Goethals engineered the
task.
• Completed in 1914
• Cost: $400 Million
TR’s Perversion of the Monroe
Doctrine
• Roosevelt is in a tight spot when many
Latin American nations default on their
loans to European Nations.
– OPTIONS:
• Let European leaders collect and violate Monroe
Doctrine
• Allow delinquency of payments
– CHOICE:
• Roosevelt Corollary: An addition to the Monroe
Doctrine.
TR’s Perversion of the Monroe
Doctrine
• Roosevelt Corollary:
– The U.S would intervene in Latin America and
collect debts for Europe. (World Police)
• Addition was that not only will Europe not intervene
but the US would intervene on their behalf.
• Latin American nations did not appreciate
Roosevelt's “Big Stick” Policy
TR’s Perversion of the Monroe
Doctrine
Roosevelt on the World Stage
• TR gets his start on international stage in 1904.
(Russia and Japan go to war)
– Dispute over the Manchuria area
• Both nations wanted the Sakhalin islands.
• Japan calls for TR to be peace negotiator
– Ironic that the War Hawk is going to negotiate peace
– Treaty negotiate at Portsmouth, NH 1905
– Both Russia and Japan left unhappy with result of treaty
but war was over.
– TR would be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize 1906
Japanese Laborers in California
• “yellow peril” engulfed California in early
1900s with a flood of Japanese immigrants
– Only 3%
• In 1906 the San Francisco School Board
segregated Chinese, Japanese and Korean
students.
• Roosevelt mediated the “Gentlemen’s
Agreement”
– School board would stop segregation
– Japan would stop emigration of laborers to California
Japanese Laborers in California
• Roosevelt ordered the “Great White
Fleet” on a diplomatic good-will tour
around the world.
– Really to show US is not scared of
Japan/military muscle.
– Root-Takahira agreement: signed by US
and Japan.
• Both nations promised to respect one another’s
territorial boundaries and honor China’s Open
Door Policy.