Chapter 1
Organization of the Body
Slide 1
Science and Society
• Science involves logical inquiry based on
experimentation

Hypothesis—idea or principle to be tested in
experiments

Experiment—series of tests of a hypothesis;
a controlled experiment eliminates biases or
outside influences
Slide 2
• Theory
• Law
• process of science - active and changing
• affected by culture and culture is affected by
society
Slide 3
Slide 4
Anatomy and Physiology
• Anatomy—science of the structure of an
organism and the relationship of its parts
• Gross anatomy
• Microscopic anatomy

Cytology—study of cells

Histology—study of tissues
Slide 5
Anatomy and Physiology
• Developmental anatomy
• Pathological anatomy
• Systemic anatomy
Slide 6
Anatomy and Physiology
• Physiology—science of the functions of
organisms;

subdivisions named according to
• Organism involved
• Organizational level—molecular or cellular physiology
• Systemic function
Slide 7
Language of Science and Medicine
• Latin or Greek word parts
Slide 8
Language of Science and Medicine
• Terminologia anatomica

Official list of anatomical terms

Terms listed in Latin, English, and by number
• Physiology terms do not have an official list
but follow the same principles as
Terminologia Anatomica
Slide 9
Characteristics of Life
• General criterion - describe life

Autopoiesis - self-organized and self-maintaining

Cell theory - made of one or more cells
Slide 10
Characteristics of Life
• Characteristics of life considered most
important in humans:

Responsiveness

Absorption

Conductivity

Secretion

Growth

Excretion

Respiration

Circulation

Digestion

Reproduction
Slide 11
Characteristics of Life
• Metabolism
Slide 12
Levels of Organization
• Chemical level—basis for life

Organization of chemical structures separates
living material from nonliving material

Organization of atoms, molecules, and
macromolecules results in living matter—a gel
called cytoplasm
Slide 13
Levels of Organization
• Organelle level

Chemical structures organized to form organelles
that perform individual functions

functions of the organelles that allow the cell to
live

Dozens of organelles identified
Slide 14
Levels of Organization
• Cellular level

Cells—smallest and most numerous units possess / exhibit characteristics of life

Cell—nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm within a
limiting membrane

Cells differentiate
Slide 15
Levels of Organization
• Tissue level

Tissue—an organization of similar cells specialized to
perform a certain function

Tissue cells surrounded by nonliving matrix

Four major tissue types:
• Epithelial tissue
• Connective tissue
• Muscle tissue
• Nervous tissue
Slide 16
Levels of Organization
• Organ level

Organ—organization of several different kinds of
tissues to perform a special function

Organs represent discrete and functionally
complex operational units

Each organ has a unique size, shape, appearance,
and placement in the body
Slide 17
Levels of Organization
• System level

Systems—most complex organizational units of
the body

System level involves
• Support and movement
• Communication, control, and integration
• Transportation and defense
• Respiration, nutrition, and excretion
• Reproduction and development
Slide 18
Levels of Organization
• Organism level

The living human organism is greater than the
sum of its parts

All of the components
Slide 19
Levels of Organization
Slide 20
Homeostasis
• Walter B. Cannon
• Homeostasis is the term used to describe the
relatively constant states
Slide 21
Homeostasis
• “set point” in an acceptable or normal range
• Examples of homeostasis:

Temperature regulation

Regulation of blood carbon dioxide level

Regulation of blood glucose level
Slide 22
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
• Devices for maintaining or restoring
homeostasis by self-regulation through
feedback control loops
• Basic components of control mechanisms
 Sensor
mechanism
 Integrating,
 Effector
or control, center
mechanism
 Feedback
Slide 23
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
• Negative feedback control systems

Are inhibitory

Stabilize physiological variables

Produce an action that is opposite to the change
that activated the system
Slide 24
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
• Positive feedback control systems

Are stimulatory

Amplify or reinforce the change that is occurring

Tend to produce destabilizing effects and disrupt
homeostasis

Bring specific body functions to swift completion
Slide 25
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
• Levels of control

Intracellular control

Intrinsic control (autoregulation)

Extrinsic control
Slide 26
Anatomical Position
• Reference position
• Body erect with arms at sides and palms
forward
• Head and feet pointing forward
Slide 27
Anatomical Position
• Bilateral symmetry

Ipsilateral structures

Contralateral
Slide 28
Body Cavities
• Ventral body cavity

Thoracic cavity
• Right and left pleural cavities
• Mediastinum

Abdominopelvic cavity
• Abdominal cavity
• Pelvic cavity
Slide 29
Body Cavities
• Dorsal body cavity

Cranial cavity

Spinal cavity
Slide 30
Body Regions
• Axial subdivision

Head

Neck

Torso, or trunk, and its subdivisions
Slide 31
Body Regions
• Appendicular subdivision

Upper extremity and subdivisions

Lower extremity and subdivisions
Slide 32
Body Regions
• Abdominal regions

Right hypochondriac region

Epigastric region

Left hypochondriac region

Right lumbar region

Umbilical region

Left lumbar region

Right iliac (inguinal) region

Hypogastric region

Left iliac (inguinal) region
Slide 33
Body Regions
• Abdominopelvic quadrants

Right upper quadrant

Left upper quadrant

Right lower quadrant

Left lower quadrant
Slide 34
Terms Used in Describing Body Structure
• Directional terms

Superior

Lateral

Inferior

Proximal

Anterior (ventral)

Distal

Posterior (dorsal)

Superficial

Medial

Deep
Slide 35
Terms Used in Describing Body Structure
• Terms related to organs

Lumen (luminal) - inner open space of a tubular organ

Central - towards the middle

Peripheral - towards the outside

Medullary (medulla) - the inner layer

Cortical (cortex) - the outer layer

Apical (apex) - the point or tip

Basal (base) - the base or bottom
Slide 36
Body Planes and Sections
Slide 37
Body Planes and Sections
• There are three major planes, which lie at
right angles to each other:

Sagittal
• midsagittal or median sagittal

Frontal (coronal)

Transverse (horizontal) plane
Slide 38
Interaction of Structure and Function
• Complementarity of structure and function
• Anatomical structures - designed to perform
specific functions
Slide 39
Body Type and Disease
• Somatotype
• Endomorph

“Apple-shaped” endomorph

“Pear-shaped” endomorph
• Mesomorph
• Ectomorph
Slide 40
Mechanisms of disease

Pathogenic organism

Tumors/cancer

Physical and chemical

Malnutrition

Autoimmunity

Inflammation

degeneration
Slide 41
Disease Terminology
• Pathology
• Idiopathic - disease with
• Diagnosis
undetermined cause
• Symptoms
• Communicable - can be
• Syndrome - collection of
signs and symptoms
• Acute - intense and short
• Chronic
passed on
• Pathogenesis - pattern
of disease development
• Epidemiology - study of
occurance of disease
Slide 42
Medical imaging
• Radiography
• Computed tomography
• Magnetic resonance imaging
• Ultrasonography
Slide 43
Cycle of Life:
Life Span Considerations
• Structure and function of body undergo
changes over the early years (developmental
processes) and late years (aging processes)
• Infancy and old age are periods of time when
the body functions least well
Slide 44
Cycle of Life:
Life Span Considerations
• Young adulthood is period of greatest
homeostatic efficiency
• Atrophy
Slide 45