Johanna
The official name of Peru is the Republic of Peru.
Peru contains the second largest segment of the Amazon rainforest after Brazil.
The Peruvian Amazon covers 60% of the country.
The large biologically diverse area of Amazon in Peru is home to the most bird species in the world, the third
number of mammals and a very high number of species of butterflies and orchids.
Peru shares borders with Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, Chile and Bolivia.
Modern day Peru has been home to many ancient civilizations, the largest and wealthiest of these was the Inca
empire ruled for over 100 years until the Spanish arrived in the 16th century.
Just under 30 million people live in Peru (29,849,303) as of July 2013.
The capital city of Peru is Lima which is home to more than a quarter of Peru's population.
The Inca Empire was centred around highlands of the Andes mountain range and the civilization's capital city
mountain top citadel Machu Picchu are popular with visiting tourist to this day.
Spanish is the main language in Peru although many also speak the Inca language Quechua. The third official
is Aymara.
The currency of Peru is the Nuevo Sol
The Huascarán National Park in Peru has 27 peaks over 6000 m (19,685 ft) above sea level. The highest of the
Huascarán at 6768 m (22,204 ft).
Peru celebrates its Independence from the Spanish Empire on the 28th and 29th of July. It is known as 'Fiestas
which means 'Patriotic Holidays' or 'National Holidays' in Spanish.
The potato is native to the southern area of what is now modern day Peru.
While Peru remains a poor country it is one of the richest in terms of natural resources. It is one of the world's
producers of gold, silver, copper, lead, iron and zinc and also has reserves of oil and natural gas.
Cuy (Guinea pig) is a traditional meat used in Peruvian meals, it is estimated that 65 million guinea pigs are consumed
country each year.
Pacific Ocean just off Peru’s coast supports one of the world’s most bountiful sources of seafood
Ami Nadav Makev
Machu Picchu was build at the height of the Inca Empire around 1450 but abandoned just over a century later
in 1572 after the Spanish arrival in Peru.
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Archaeologists believe Machu Picchu was constructed for use as a Royal Estate.
Machu Picchu is located 2430 m (7970 ft) above sea level on a ridge between the Huayna Picchu and Machu
Picchu mountains in Peru.
On July 24, 1911, American explorer Hiram Bingham III with the help of Melchor Arteaga, re-discovered
Machu Picchu.
Bingham bought word of the ruins to the outside world. Only locals and a handful of missionaries and
engineers had known of the site's existence.
It is believed Bingham was actually looking for a different 'lost' city, known as Vilcabamba.
Bingham's team excavated an estimated 40,000 artifacts to Yale University for further study including
mummies, ceramics, silver statues, jewellery and bones. Peru has long wanted these artifacts back and an
agreement was recently agreed for the majority of these items to be returned.
Since re-discovery over 30% of Machu Picchu has been reconstructed to give a better idea of how the original
structures looked, restoration continues today.
In 1983, Machu Picchu became an UNESCO World Heritage Site. In 2007 it was voted one of the New Seven
Wonders of the World in a worldwide Internet poll.
The Incas were experts at using a building technique called ashlar in which blocks of stone are cut so precisely
as to fit together tightly without mortar.
The incredible civil engineering techniques of the Incas reduced the affects of frequent earthquakes. Mortarfree walls, Trapezoidal, tilted inward and round corner doors and windows helped protect many of the
buildings from collapsing.
Machu Picchu's construction is amazing considering the Inca's did not use draft animals, iron tools, or the
wheel. It's a mystery how the massive blocks of stone were moved up steep terrain and through dense bush, but
it is generally believed that hundreds of men were used to push the stones up.
Machu Picchu had access to springs for water and enough terraced and irrigated land to grow food for around
four times as many people as ever lived there.
The Machu Picchu site is divided in an urban area and an agricultural area. With an upper town area where
royalty lived and temples built and a lower town area that included workers quarters and warehouses.
The National Flag of Peru integrates three colorful vertical bands with equal
dimensions.In the Peru flag picture the stripes on the left side and right side bands are
tinged with red and the middle stripe is white.
The main difference between the national flag of Peru and its State flag is that the later
contains the emblem of the national coat of arms in the central point of the flag.
The proportion of the Peruvian flag is described as 2:3. The Color of Red signifies the
blood shed for achieving Peruvian independence and the white represents peace.
National ensign (state flag)
The national ensign or state flag (pabellón nacional), used by state institutions, is marked
with the coat of arms of Peru (escudo de armas). It is used during ceremonies in which the
flag is hoisted in the presence of spectators (as opposed to a static, permanent flag). A form
of this flag, the national standard (estandarte nacional) is used indoors by official and
private institutions.
Jose Miguel :Geography
Peru, in western South America, extends for nearly 1,500 mi (2,414 km) along the Pacific
Ocean. Colombia and Ecuador are to the north, Brazil and Bolivia to the east, and Chile to
the south. Five-sixths the size of Alaska, Peru is divided by the Andes Mountains into three
sharply differentiated zones. To the west is the coastline, much of it arid, extending 50 to
100 mi (80 to 160 km) inland. The mountain area, with peaks over 20,000 ft (6,096 m),
lofty plateaus, and deep valleys, lies centrally. Beyond the mountains to the east is the
heavily forested slope leading to the Amazonian plains.
Ernesto: History
Peru was once part of the great Incan Empire and later the major vice-royalty of Spanish
South America. It was conquered in 1531–1533 by Francisco Pizarro. On July 28, 1821,
Peru proclaimed its independence, but the Spanish were not finally defeated until 1824. For
a hundred years thereafter, revolutions were frequent; a new war was fought with Spain in
1864–1866, and an unsuccessful war was fought with Chile from 1879 to 1883 (the War of
the Pacific).
Stephany:
History
Peru emerged from 20 years of dictatorship
The Maoist guerrilla group Shining Path, or Sendero Luminoso, began their brutal
campaign to overthrow the government in 1980. The military's subsequent crackdown led
to further civilian human rights abuses and disappearances. A smaller rebel group, Tupac
Amaru, also fought against the government. About 69,000 people were killed during the
1980–2000 wars between rebel groups and the government. The deaths were carried out by
the rebels (54%) as well as the military (30%); other militias were responsible for the
remainder.
Francisco
More on Peru from Fact Monster:
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Lima, city, Peru - Lima Lima , city (1990 metropolitan area est. pop. 6,400,000), W
Peru, capital and largest city of ...
Peru, country, South America - Peru Peru , Span. Perú, officially Republic of Peru,
republic (2005 est. pop. 27,926,000), ...
Republic of Peru
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Population (2014 est.): 30,147,935 (growth rate: 0.99%); birth rate: 18.57/1000;
infant mortality rate: 20.21/1000; life expectancy: 73.23
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Capital and largest city (2011 est.): Lima, 9.13 million
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Languages: Spanish 84.1%, Quéchua 13%; Aymara 1.7% (all three official); many
minor Amazonian languages
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Ethnicity/race: Amerindian 45%, mestizo 37%, white 15%, black, Japanese,
Chinese, and other 3%
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Religion: Roman Catholic 81.3%, Evangelical 12.5%, other 3.3%, unspecified or
none 2.9% (2007 est.)
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Literacy rate: 89.6% (2007 est.)
JHONNY
Economic summary: GDP/PPP (2013 est.): $344 billion; per capita $11,100. Real
growth rate:5.1%. Inflation: 2.9%. Unemployment: 3.6% (2012) in metropolitan
Lima; widespread underemployment. Arable land: 2.84%. Agriculture: asparagus,
coffee, cocoa, cotton, sugarcane, rice, potatoes, corn, plantains, grapes, oranges,
pineapples, guavas, bananas, apples, lemons, pears, coca, tomatoes, mangoes,
barley, medicinal plants, palm oil, marigold, onion, wheat, dry beans; poultry, beef,
pork, dairy products; guinea pigs; fish.
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Labor force: 15.90 million (2013 est.); agriculture 6.2%, industry 37.5%, services
56.3% (2013).
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Industries: mining and refining of minerals; steel, metal fabrication; petroleum
extraction and refining, natural gas and natural gas liquefaction; fishing and fish
processing, cement, glass, textiles, clothing, food processing, beer, soft drinks,
rubber, machinery, electrical machinery, chemicals, furniture.
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Natural resources: copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber, fish, iron ore, coal,
phosphate, potash, hydropower, natural gas.
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Exports: $41.48 billion (2013 est.): copper, gold, lead, zinc, tin, iron ore,
molybdenum, silver; crude petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas; coffee,
asparagus and other vegetables, fruit, apparel and textiles, fishmeal, fish, chemicals,
fabricated metal products and machinery, alloys.
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Imports: $42.13 billion (2013 est.): petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals,
plastics, machinery, vehicles, color TV sets, power shovels, front-end loaders,
telephones and telecommunication equipment, iron and steel, wheat, corn, soybean
products, paper, cotton, vaccines and medicines.
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Major trading partners: U.S., China, Canada, Japan, Spain, Chile, Colombia,
Brazil, Ecuador, Argentina, Mexico. (2012).
Francisco
Peruvian Food
Peru is famous throughout South America for its food. As a major fishing
nation, fish is abundant, and prepared with imagination.
The primary ingredients found in nearly every Peruvian dish are rice, potatoes,
chichen, pork, lamb, and fish. Most of these meals include one of the different
kinds of "aji", or Peruvian hot pepper, which mainly are: yellow aji pepper, red
aji pepper, red rocoto pepper
Chicken, pork and lamb were introduced to Peru 500 years ago, when
Spaniards came to America. Other ingredients, like potatoes, were already
being grow in the Peruvian Andes and were taken by the Spaniards back to
Europe.
Today more than 200 varieties of potato can be found in the Lake Titicaca
area. They range in color from purple to blue, from yellow to brown. Sizes and
textures vary as well. Some are smalls as nuts; others can be as large as
oranges.
Following are some of the dishes and foods that can found in Peru.
1. Ceviche
The icy Humboldt Current that flows through the Pacific Ocean just off Peru’s coast
supports one of the world’s most bountiful sources of seafood. If Peru had an
official national dish, it would probably be this preparation of raw fish marinated in
citrus juice. The acid in the fruit “cooks” the fish, giving it a delicate flavor and
slightly chewy consistency. The dish is usually spiced with red onion and aji
pepper, and served (typically at lunch) with sweet potato or choclo,
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Cuy
Causa
Lomo Saltado
Aji de Gallina
Traditional Peruvian Clothing
Clothing in Peru is richly steeped in tradition. Even in modern times, traditional customs are woven
into the fabric of today's Peruvian clothing. Here are some fascinating facts on Peruvian traditional
clothing.
Features of Traditional Peruvian Clothing
Most traditional clothing has geometric patterns and vibrant colors. Dresses, skirts, tunics,
blankets, and ponchos are the main clothes that are still traditional.
For over a thousand years, men and women both have used these designs.
Traditional Materials and Styles
The wool of the Alpaca, which is native to Peru, is still used today in keeping with tradition on
making Peruvian clothing.
Along with Peruvian traditions, traditional Spanish and other modern day influences are now being
mixed in.
Traditional Peruvian clothing generally reflects what village a man or woman comes from.
Head and Shoulders Portrait of a Smiling Uros Indian
Woman, Lake Titcaca, Peru
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For some, white beads adorn the Sanq'apa straps - straps that secure the hats and are woven very
delicately and carefully. These hats are called Monteras.
Traditional Shoulder Cloths in Peru Native Dress
Another item of traditional Peruvian dress that may identify a woman's village is a Lliclla. This is a
shoulder cloth that is hand woven, rectangular, and is fastened in the front. A pin that is hand
decorated, or a Tupu, secures it. In modern times, a safety pin is now being used.
Along with the shoulder cloth is a K'eperina or a rectangular carrying cloth that is bigger. It is used
to carry goods and kids secured inside on a person's back. Then it is tied in the front.
Local Indian Women with Domestic Llamas near Cusco
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Another rectangular cloth, Unkuna, is smaller can carry a snack or some food like coca, corn, or
fruit.
Traditional Peruvian Skirts in Peru Native Dress
Traditional skirts worn by many of the Andean women are called Polleras. They are colorful and
are made from Bayeta or wool cloth and are hand woven.
A lot of times skirts are layered and three or four maybe worn at one time. At festival times up to
fifteen could be tied around a woman's waist.
Handmade and colorful Puyto is used for the trim of the skirts. Another name for Polleras is
Melkkhay.
Traditional Peruvian Dress for Women - Jackets, Sweaters, Sandals
In the Ausangate region a Juyuna, or wool jacket, is decorated with white buttons and has front
panels. They are usually worn inside out and have elaborate decorations.
The jacket is worn under their shoulder cloths. Also, a sweater that is synthetic and tight fitting in
shades of green, yellow, and pink is worn under the jacket.
Local Indian Women with Domestic Llamas, Sacsayhuaman, Cusco
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Ajotas are sandals for the feet and are made from truck tires that are recycled. Both men and
women both wear these as they are so cheap to make.
Distinctive Traditional Clothing of the Peruvian Man
In Peruvian men's clothing, the main traditional item is the poncho. Ponchos are hand woven.
The Peruvian Man's Poncho
Just like a woman and her hat, a man's poncho resembles his village. Most poncho's are red and
each will have its own pattern to show the man's district identity.
Some villages still wear ponchos every day. But, for men, this traditional item of clothing is now
more commonly used for weddings, festivals, village meetings, and more.
The Peruvian Man's Hat
Traditional Peruvian Clothing
Chullo
Men's hats are usually Sombreros (literally, shade-makers) and are worn over a chullo. The Chullos
are hats with ear flaps and are knitted and handmade and can be worn without a sombrero. The
Chullo is a distinctive feature in Peruvian photos of the high Andes.
A father will hand knit and give a Chullo traditionally to his child.
There also are Centillo, or hat bands that are hand decorated on the Sombrero.
Traditional Clothing in Today's Peru
Yes, clothing in Peru is steeped in rich traditions. Even in modern times, traditional customs are
woven into the fabric of today.
Enjoy seeing the men, women, and children still wearing their colorful and distinctive traditional
Peruvian clothing on your trip to Peru!
Uros (Urus) Woman Grinding Corn, Islas Flotantes, Reed Islands,
Lake Titicaca, Peru
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Read more: http://www.inside-peru.com/traditional-peruvian-clothing.html#ixzz3GKipfnYW
A llama looks out over the ancient ruins of Machu Picchu, Peru.
Photograph by Mattias Klum
Map
Llama Range
Size relative to a 6-ft (2-m) man:
The llama is a South American relative of the camel, though the llama does not have a
hump. These sturdy creatures are domestic animals used by the peoples of the Andes
Mountains. (Their wild relatives are guanacos and vicuñas). Native peoples have used
llamas as pack animals for centuries. Typically, they are saddled with loads of 50 to 75
pounds (23 to 34 kilograms). Under such weight they can cover up to 20 miles (32
kilometers) in a single day. Pack trains of llamas, which can include several hundred
animals, move large amounts of goods over even the very rough terrain of the Andes.
Llamas are willing pack animals but only to a point. An overloaded llama will simply
refuse to move. These animals often lie down on the ground and they may spit, hiss, or
even kick at their owners until their burden is lessened.
Llamas graze on grass and, like cows, regurgitate their food and chew it as cud. They
chomp on such wads for some time before swallowing them for complete digestion. Llamas
can survive by eating many different kinds of plants, and they need little water. These
attributes make them durable and dependable even in sparse mountainous terrain.
Llamas contribute much more than transportation to the human communities in which they
live. Leather is made from their hides, and their wool is crafted into ropes, rugs, and
fabrics. Llama excrement is dried and burned for fuel. Even in death, llamas can serve their
human owners—some people slaughter them and eat their meat.
The lake is located at the northern end of the endorheic Altiplano basin high in the Andes
on the border of Peru and Bolivia. The western part of the lake lies within the Puno Region
of Peru, and the eastern side is located in the Bolivian La Paz Department.
For the archaeological site in the Cusco Region, Peru, see Titiqaqa (Cusco).
Titicaca (in the hispanicized spelling) or Titiqaqa (Quechua) is a lake in the Andes on the
border of Peru and Bolivia. By volume of water, it is the largest lake in South America.[2][3]
Lake Maracaibo has a larger surface area, but it is considered to be a large brackish bay due
to its direct connection with the sea.
It is often called the highest navigable lake in the world, with a surface elevation of 3,812
metres (12,507 ft).[4][5] Although this refers to navigation by large boats, it is generally
considered to mean commercial craft. For many years the largest vessel afloat on the lake
was the 2,200-ton, 79-metre (259 ft) SS Ollanta. Today the largest vessel is probably the
similarly sized, but broader, train barge/float Manco Capac, operated by PeruRail (berthed,
as of 17 June 2013, at 15°50′11″S 70°00′53″W, across the pier from the Ollanta). At least
two dozen bodies of water around the world are at higher elevations, but all are much
smaller and shallower.[6]
Map of Lake Titicaca
Since 2000 Lake Titicaca has experienced constantly receding water levels. Between April
and November 2009 alone the water level dropped by 81 cm (32 in), reaching the lowest
level since 1949. This drop is caused by shortened rainy seasons and the melting of glaciers
feeding the tributaries of the lake.[13][14] Water pollution is also an increasing concern
because cities in the Titicaca watershed grow, sometimes outpacing solid waste and sewage
treatment infrastructure.[15
The National Flag of Peru integrates three colorful vertical bands with equal
dimensions.In the Peru flag picture the stripes on the left side and right side bands are
tinged with red and the middle stripe is white.
The main difference between the national flag of Peru and its State flag is that the later
contains the emblem of the national coat of arms in the central point of the flag.
The proportion of the Peruvian flag is described as 2:3. The Color of Red signifies the
blood shed for achieving Peruvian independence and the white represents peace.
National ensign (state flag)
The national ensign or state flag (pabellón nacional), used by state institutions, is marked
with the coat of arms of Peru (escudo de armas). It is used during ceremonies in which the
flag is hoisted in the presence of spectators (as opposed to a static, permanent flag). A form
of this flag, the national standard (estandarte nacional) is used indoors by official and
private institutions.
KEVIN
The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization established on 24 October
1945 to promote international co-operation. A replacement for the ineffective League of
Nations, the organization was created following the Second World War to prevent another
such conflict. At its founding, the UN had 51 member states; there are now 193. The UN
Headquarters is situated in Manhattan, New York City and enjoys extraterritoriality.
Further main offices are situated in Geneva, Nairobi and Vienna. The organization is
financed by assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states. Its objectives
include maintaining international peace and security, promoting human rights, fostering
social and economic development, protecting the environment, and providing humanitarian
aid in cases of famine, natural disaster, and armed conflict.
.