HUM 2461
Study Guide
SFC Spring 2014
What is Baroque?
 Period of artistic style.
 Exaggerated motion. Easily interpreted detail to
produce drama, tension, exuberance, and
grandeur in sculpture, painting, architecture,
literature, dance, and music.
 1600 and continuing throughout the 17th
century, and into the early 18th century is
identified today as Baroque painting.
Baroque Style – Church (2)
 This style was encouraged by the Roman
Catholic Church.
 Arts should communicate religious themes
in direct and emotional involvement.
 New rhetorical and theatrical fashion.
 Express the triumph of the Catholic Church
and the absolutist state.
 Exploration of form: light/shadow and
dramatic intensity.
Baroque Style (3)
 Baroque art was meant to evoke emotion
and passion instead of the calm rationality
that had been prized during the Renaissance.
 As opposed to Renaissance art, which
usually showed the moment before an event
took place, Baroque artists chose the most
dramatic point, the moment when the action was
occurring.
How many Spanish Viceroyalties
were in Spanish America?
1. New Spain (Mexico D.F. as the capital of North
America)
2. Peru (Lima as the capital of South America
[Ecuador, Perú, Bolivia])
3. Nueva Granada (Central America, Venezuela, and
Colombia)
4. Río de la Plata (Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay)
5. New France (Canada, Quebec, Acadia/Cajuns
[Louisiana])
6. Brazil
Where in Latin America, Baroque or
“lo barraco” has better
representation?
1. Viceroyalty of New Spain
 Baroque in Mexico
2. Viceroyalty of Peru
 Baroque in Peru
What is Latin American Baroque or
“lo barraco”?
How is “lo barroco” in Mexico?
 In Mexico the Baroque period ushers in a
burst of color with polychrome plasterwork, red
volcanic stone mixed with white limestone, and
colorfully glazed tile work (azulejos) and ceramic
pottery. The effect is that of exaggerated
extremes mixed with organic sensuality.
 During the 17th century we find mistilineal
shapes (curves and straight forms), three-lobed
arches in architecture, and even inverted
pyramids for pilasters.
Lo Barroco in Mexico (2)
 Mexican baroque humanities demonstrate a profusion
of adornment, complicated façades, abundant foliage,
plaster darts, crossings, coiling, scrolls, and conical
shapes mixed with traditional shapes.
 American Baroque developed as a style of stucco
decoration.
 The term horror vacui is well suited to the Mexican
Baroque: Lorenzo Rodríguez (1704-1774), Mexico's
greatest architect. He became the originator of the
elaborate ultra-Baroque style known as Mexican
Churrigueresque.
Who is the best artist in
Mexico?
 Lorenzo Rodríguez (1704-1774), Mexico's greatest
architect. He became the originator of the elaborate
ultra-Baroque style known as Mexican Churrigueresque.
Lorenzo Rodríguez
Stela H, COPAN
Main writers during “lo barroco” in
Mexico.
 In Mexican Baroque Literature, three figures stand
out: Bernardo de Balbuena (1561-1627), Carlos
Siguenza y Góngora (1645-1700), and Sor Juana Inés
de la Cruz (1648-1695).
Main artists during “lo barroco” in
Mexico.
 In Mexican Baroque Painting, two figures stand out:
Juan Correa (1646–1716) was a Mexican painter of
mixed Moorish or African, Indian and Spanish
heritage.
 And Miguel Cabrera (1695-1768), during his lifetime,
he was recognized as the greatest painter in all of
New Spain (México).
Juan Correa
Miguel Cabrera
Miguel Cabrera
Best sculpture of “lo barroco” in
Mexico.
 In Mexican Baroque Sculpture and Painter, one
figure stands out: José de Ibarra (1688–1756).
He was a student of painter Juan Correa.
Many of his pieces are preserved in Mexican
museums and the Metropolitan Cathedral in
Mexico City. He was one of the most prolific
painters of his day, producing mainly religious
paintings for the cathedrals of Mexico.
How is divided “lo barroco” in
Perú?
1. Architecture:
I.
Andean Hybrid Baroque or Mestizo Style
(mostly in the Andean cities)
II.
Lo barroco in Cusco
III.
Spanish Baroque (coast of Ecuador and
Peru)
2. Painting
 Cusco
How is European Baroque Style different to
Renaissance?
 Baroque art was meant to evoke emotion
and passion instead of the calm rationality
that had been prized during the Renaissance.
 As opposed to Renaissance art, which
usually showed the moment before an event
took place, Baroque artists chose the most
dramatic point, the moment when the action was
occurring.
How is “lo barroco” in the
architecture of the viceroyalty of
Peru?
I.
Andean Hybrid Baroque or Mestizo
Style (mostly outside of Lima)
 Began in Arequipa in the 1660s.
 The style represents the geographic
location (local fauna and flora)
 Horror vacui style
 Main representant is the Church of the
Company of Jesuits (Arequipa)
Main characteristic of the façade: is
figurative
 Figuras parlantes--that emerge from scrolling vines
that scholars have compared to centipede bodies.
 Creatures disgorge cactus flowers, pomegranates,
tobacco-like leaves, cantuta scrolls, and
moustachioed monster masks with vines emerging
from their mouths.
 Just inside these serpentine cornucopias is an
eight-link chain containing four-and eight-petal
rosettes and crowned with a shell.
The top of the façade
“The lowest part of
the panel frames a
double-handled vase
of scrolling flowers
inhabited by four
small songbirds. The
relatively plain
doorway has rosette
voussoirs and a
scrolling, corbel-like
keystone, common
throughout the
southern Andes"
(pp. 52-53).
How is “lo barroco” in Cusco?
We find layering and syncretism in the Peruvian
humanities during this period.
Built on two levels, figuratively and architecturally:
1. Inca stone walls were used on the bottom.
2. On top Spanish style architecture.
1. The lower half, then, gives a sense of heaviness,
darkness, and solidity.
2. Above the stone foundations one finds typical
Spanish windows with ornamental wrought-iron
bars, and on the roof curved red Spanish tiles.
Barroco in Cusco
How is “lo barroco” on the coast?
II.
Spanish Baroque (Lima)
 Sculptors and carvers imported from Spain
(Andalusia).
 Finest wood carving on church choir and
balconies.
How is ‘lo barroco’ in art?
The main representant is Cuzco
School of Art
Escuela Cusqueña de Arte
Cuzco School of Art /
Escuela Cuzqueña de Arte
 It was a Roman Catholic artistic tradition based in
Cusco during the Colonial period, in the 16th,
17th and 18th centuries.
 Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador.
 It is considered the first artistic center that
systematically taught European artistic techniques
in the Americas.
 The Cusqueña paintings were a form of religious
art whose main purpose was didactic.
Cuzco School of Art /
Escuela Cuzqueña de Arte
 Incas already had their universities and own artists
during the Inca Empire.
 The Spanish, who aimed to convert the Incas to
Catholicism, sent a group of religious artists to Cusco.
 These artists formed a school for Quechua people and
mestizos, teaching them western style ways of
drawing and oil painting.
 The designation "Cusqueña," however, is not limited
to the city of Cusco or to indigenous artists, as
Spanish creoles participated in the tradition as well.
Who were the main painters in
Cuzco School of Art?
1. Diego Quispe Tito
2. Created anonymously because
of Pre-Columbian traditions that
define art as communal.
3. Marcos Zapata
4. Luis Riaño
Characteristics of Cuzqueño Art
School
 Adapted their topics to depict their native flora
and fauna as a backdrop in their works.
 Use religious subjects from Catholic religion.
 Predominance of red, yellow and earth colors.
 They are also remarkable for their lavish use of
gold leaf, especially with images of the Virgin
Mary.
 Warrior angels became a popular motif in
Cusqueña paintings.
Virgin of Carmen
Saving Souls in
Purgatory,
by
Diego Quispe Tito
Christ calling St. Peter and St. Andrew, from a series of Signs of
the Zodiac by Diego Quispe Tito
Marcos
Zapata
What is Renaissance?
 Age of Enlightenment or Age of Reason.
 It’s the period of European history at the end
of the Middle Ages and the rise of the modern
world.
 It’s a cultural rebirth from the 14th through
the middle of the 17th centuries.
 It’s the humanistic revival of classical forms
such as art, architecture and music.
Characteristics of
Renaissance
1. Growing split between secular and
religious powers.
2. Knowledge began to be democratized.
3. Individuals began to assert their private
right to seek and achieve personal glory
and fame.
Characteristics of
Cuzco School of Art
1. Used bright colors and distorted (Mannerist
style), dramatic images
2. Predominance of red, yellow and earth colors.
3. Remarkable for their lavish use of gold leaf,
especially with images of the Virgin Mary.
4. Warrior angels became a popular motif in
Cusqueña paintings.
Characteristics of ‘lo barroco’ in
literature
 Extreme decoration
 Subtle conceits (clever plays on words): language is
“slippery ground”
 Maximum culture (knowledge, all the reading of
humanities)
 Extreme respect to the authority
 Pessimism
 Metaphor “a sea of troubles”
 Stark opposites (light//dark)
 Veras and burlas
METAPHOR
 A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that
ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate
another, thus making an implicit comparison, as in "a sea
of troubles" or "All the world's a stage" (Shakespeare).
Inca Garcilaso de la Vega
(16th century)
Inca Garcilaso de la Vega
(16th century)
 Is he Medieval or Renaissance? He is Renaissance
His original name was Gómez Suárez de Figueroa
but his nickname was El Inca
He was born in Cusco, 12 April 1539 and died in Spain, 23
April 1616
He was a Chronicler and writer
What is the Dilemma of inca Garcilaso?
He was from two different worlds:
He was born of Spanish aristocratic and royal Inca roots in
Cusco, Peru.
 He was the illegitimate son of Spanish captain and
conquistador Sebastián Garcilaso de la Vega y Vargas (d.
1559).
 And Garcilaso's mother was the Inca princess Palla
Chimpu Ocllo (Isabel Suárez Chimpu Ocllo), descended
from Inca nobility, daughter of Túpac Huallpa and
granddaughter of the powerful Inca Tupac Yupanqui.
What was his position in the new world
(Spain)?
 First bilingual writer (Quechua & Spanish)
 First educated indigenous, but he was “The Other”
 Nobility did not help much in Spain.
 Ambassador of the Inca Empire.
 Need of teaching Spaniards about Inca culture
throughout writing.
 In spite of being a man, he did not have a position
in the Spanish patriarchal society (just like women).
Why did he choose literature in stead of other
artistic expression?
 Because of his dilemma  heritage from two
powerful worlds:
 Inca Empire
 The new country Spain.
 Because of his participation in one of the
many revolts against the Crown in Cusco:
 His father (Spanish captain and conquistador
Sebastián Garcilaso de la Vega y Vargas) was
dishonorable discharged by the Crown.
What did he write?
 La Florida del Inca (Lisbón, 1605)
 Comentarios reales de los Incas (Lisbón,
1609/1616) /
The Royal
Commentaries of the Incas (English
translation, 1961)
Where and when La Florida del Inca was
written?
•
In Lisbón, in1605
 What is it about?
• It’s an account of Hernando de Soto's
expedition and journey of Florida.
Where and when Comentarios reales de los
Incas was written?
•
Lisbón, 1609/1616
 What is it about?
 It’s a “relación” that informs about the Inca
culture (it’s history, arts and architecture, and
religion)
Why is Comentarios reales de los Incas
important?
 Because the book is a relación, a letter of appeal to the
Council of the Indies to have his father’s name cleared
and Garcialso’s petition granted.
 It’s an exemplary history of the two sides of his family.
 Comentarios reales de los Incas is divided in two parts:
 1st part tells the story of the Inca emperors from he claims
descend on his mother’s side. Published 1609.
 2nd part narrates the history of the conquest of Perú by the
Spaniards. Published 1616.
Why do we say that Comentarios reales de los
Incas is “barroco”?
 It’s “barroco” because he gives details
account of names and dates that in the
end it is the legal rhetoric that
dismantles the other and predominate
the Inca’s discourse.
Sor juana inés de la cruz
(17th century)
Sor juana inés de la cruz
(17th century)
 Is she Medieval or Renaissance? She is Renaisssance
 Her original name was Juana de Asbaje y Ramírez
 but her nickname was Sor Juana
 She was born in Mexico: San Miguel Neplanta in Nov.
12th, 1651 and died in April 17th, 1695.
 She was a writer and poet.
Two main contributions
1. Against the role of church. Expressed in prose,
mainly.
1. Against patriarchal societies. Expressed in poetry.
What is her most important literary work?
 Her defense (letter) "Respuesta a Sor Filotea” (Reply to Sister
Philothea) is a maverick work outlining the logical sense of
women’s education more than 200 years before Virginia
Woolf ’s “A Room of One’s Own.”
 In her poetry, “You Men” and “First Dream” (1692) pointed
out how women were mistreated by men and society.
What is “Respuesta a Sor Filotea” about?
It is an answer to Francisco Aguiar y Seijas,
Archbishop of Mexico,
defending herself from the friar who published
an authorized letter written by Sor Juana.
What consequences Sor Juana had to face for her
writings?
 Attention from the Inquisition.
 Sor Juana was forced to stop writing and to give up
her books.
 All her books were burned.
Who wrote:
Hombres
necios que
acusáis
a la mujer
sin razón,
sin ver que
sois la
ocasión
de lo mismo
que culpáis:?
Silly, you men-so very adept
at wrongly faulting womankind,
not seeing you're alone to blame
for faults you plant in woman's mind.
(English version)
Answer: Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz.
When do we use the term
“dream vision”?
DREAM ALLEGORY
 When we are talking about a narration where the narrator
falls asleep and dreams the events of the narrated tale or story.
 The story is often a kind of allegory  a tour of some
marvelous realm.
 Sor Juana takes this allegory and disguise it in the same way
Dante Alighieri did with The Divine Comedy (c. 1320).
 The dream vision was much favored by medieval poets, most
of them influenced by the 13th century, such as Roman de la
rose by the French poets Guillaume de Lorris and Jean de
Meung.
What is First Dream about?
Primero sueño
 It’s Sor Juana’s most celebrated work.
 It’s written in Silva (a poetic form combining verses of 7 and 11
syllables)
 It describes through the form of a dream the soul's rising
toward knowledge, employing extensively Sor Juana's
knowledge of the sciences.
 The poem is baroque style, yet seems to foreshadow the
Enlightenment in its scientifically oriented worldview.
What do you think el Inca Garcilaso
and
Sor Juana have in common?
 Illustrated foreigners (Spanish Americans).
 Belong to the Renaissance period, but live under a
ruled society (Spain in México).
 Educated writers.
 No position in the patriarchal world.
What is the name of the artistic movement
from the late18th century?
It’s Neoclassicism
When did “neoclassicism”
take place in Latin America?
 In 1750, until 1810
What is “neoclassicism” about?
 Neoclassicism is a move away from Iberian cultural
and Barroco styles and ideas.
 Neoclassicism is related to the idea of independence.
Which are the characteristics of
L.A. neoclassicism?
 Imitation of French elements of art and ideology.
 "Neoclassical Latin America" favored
independence.
 The highest degree of neoclassical influence
occurred in Mexico and Brazil.
 Intelligentsia began to go beyond a strict base in
reason and rationalism toward “sentimentalism”.
 Instead of thinking about the world as a
mechanism, they began to venerate nature and its
organic processes.
Who is the most well-known artist from
Mexican neoclassicism?
 Sculptor: Manuel Tolsá.
Cupola and one of
the façades of the
church Jesús María
Manuel
Tolsá
Manuel tolsá
Characteristics of L.A. neoclassicism in
literature:
1. Literature is no longer confined in a priori academic
and intellectual rules.
2. It is no longer either a rhetorical exercise or a frivolous
entertainment.
3. Writers become independent professionals who feel
responsible for improving the welfare of all mankind.
4. Writers try to become akin to poet-priests.
Main L.A. writers in “neoclassicism”
 José Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi (México,
1776-1827)
 Andrés Bello (Venezuela, 1781-1865).
Who wrote Gramática de la lengua castellana destinada al uso de
los americanos in 1847?
The Venezuelan writer Andrés Bello
Name the Artistic Movements from the
beginning of the 20th century
Romanticism
(1825-1875)
What is L.A. Romanticism about?
 It was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement between
1825 and 1875.
 It was also a revolt against aristocratic social and political
norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the
scientific rationalization of nature.
 In Latin America this movement was fairly derivative from
European Romanticism, but this period also shows a late
continuation of Neoclassical tendencies with elements
imported especially from England and France.
Characteristics of Romanticism:
1. A focus on the individual.
2. A dedication to personal and political liberty and
freedom.
3. Passion in terms of emotions and the expression of
individuality that may include suffering.
4. Appreciation for and treatment of new subject
matters in art and ideas that include extremes such as
the sublime or the ideal on the one hand and the
ugly or grotesque on the other hand.
Name the most important artistic
movement from the 20th century:
Modernismo
(1875-1916)
What is Modernismo in
L.A. literature?
It’s a recapitulation and blending of three
European currents: Romanticism,
Symbolism and especially Parnassianism.
Inner passions, visions, harmonies and
rhythms are expressed in a rich, highly
stylized verbal music.
Characteristics of Modernismo:
 Cultural maturity.
 Internationalism.
 Pride in Latin American identity.
 Exoticism more than during romanticism.
 Blend of European ---isms such romanticism, symbolism,
parnassianism, et cetera.
 Voluntad de estilo  individualism.
 Modernists try to show their stylin’
Name two main writers in
Modernismo
 José Martí (Cuba)
 1882 Ismaelillo
 Beginning of modernismo
 Rubén Darío (Nicaragua)
 1888  Azul
 1916 (end of modernismo)
When did Modernismo begin?
In 1875 with the Cuban poet
and thinker José Martí.
When do we say Modernismo ends?
When the Nicaraguan writer,
Rubén Darío dies (1916)
Who is called
the “Father of modernismo”?
José Martí
Who published in 1891 the article
“Nuestra América / Our America”?
José Martí. He published it in La Revista
Ilustrada. It’s a magazine.
When did Rubén Darío
publish his poetry book Azul?
 In1888, his first major publication, Azul, which
contains both prose and poetry, situated him as a poet
of the first magnitude, and his reputation spread
throughout Latin American and Europe.
José Martí
“Father of the Modernismo”
Rubén darío
“End of Modernismo”
Brazilian Music
(20th CENTURY)
Pre-Modernismo 1902 – 1922:
Transitional Period with various different authors and styles:
Simbolism, realism, naturalism
Regionalism, politics, new proposals
 Augusto dos Anjos
 Euclides da Cunha,
 Monteiro Lobato,
 Lima Barreto
When Modernismo start
in Brazil?
Modernismo starts in 1922
with the “A Semana de
Arte
Moderna” / Week of
Modern Art.
Who are the Grupo dos Cinco
(the Group of Five)?
They are the poets and painters that
participated in the Week of Modern Art:
1. Mário de Andrade.
2. Oswald de Andrade.
3. Menotti del Picchia.
4. Tarsila do Amaral.
5. Anita Malfatti.
Who is Oswald de Andrade?
He is the main Brazilian intellectual during
Modernism in Brazil.
In 1928, he wrote a very influential
manifesto called “O manifesto
antropófago”/The Cannibal Manifesto
What is O manifesto antropófago/The
Cannibal Manifesto about?
• Its argument is that Brazil's history of "cannibalizing"
other cultures is its greatest strength, while playing on the
modernists' primitivism interest in cannibalism as an
alleged tribal rite.
Cannibalism becomes a way for Brazil to assert itself
against European post-colonial cultural domination.
What is the manifesto’s iconic
line?
"Tupi or not Tupi: that is the question."
Who is this person?
It’s Oswaldo
de Andrade
Who is this person?
 He is Heitor Villa-Lobos.
Who is Heitor Villa-Lobos?
He is a very influential Modernist
composer during Modernism in Brazil.
He is very influential in “A Grupo dos
Cinco” / Group of the Five
 He combines Indigenous melodic and
rhythmic elements with Western classical
music.
Main Brazilian Music styles
in the 20th century
I.
Big Band Era (Carmen Miranda)
II. Bossa-nova (Vinicius, Tom, and
João) – Jazz enters Brazil
III. Música popular brasileira
(Tropicalía)
Important Brazilian Musicians
in 20th century
1. Carmen Miranda*
2. Garoto (Anibal Augusto Sardinha)*
3. Vinicius de Moraes
4. Vinicius De Moraes
5. Tom Jobim
6. João Gilberto
7. Tropicalismo (Gilberto Gil, Caetano Veloso, Tom Zé,
Gal Costa, Os Mutantes)
8. Vanessa da Mata
Who is this
person?
Carmen
Miranda
Why Carmen Miranda
is important in Brazilian music?
 Because during the 1930s and 1950s she introduces
in the United States and the world Brazilian music
such as samba.
 She also brought to the States Brazilian musicians
for her performances and the musical exchange
started.
 She created the stereotype of what a Latin
American woman from Brazil and Central America
is like.
Why Anibal Augusto “Garoto” Sardinha is
important?
 He is one of the first musicians that gets in contact
with American music. Gets several Oscar’s nomination
for his music in the film “Gone with the Wind”
 In the United States played with Benny Goodman and
Ella Fitzgerald. Jazz music influenced on “Garoto”.
 1948  Comes back to Brazil, bringing with him new
sounds from the United States.
Who is this person?
He is a musician,
composer, poet and
playwright. His name
is Vinícius de Moraes.
Why Vinícius de Moraes is important?
 Because he introduces samba music in the Brazilian musical
canon with his play Orfeu da Conceição (1956).
 He brings Afro-Brazilian music into the Arts.
 Samba was a popular music not accepted by the canon. With
his play and the release of the adaptation of his play into
movie Orfeo Negro (1959), samba becomes national music.
 Co-wrote the second most recorded pop song of all time:
Garota de Ipanema (1960) with fellow Bossa Nova legend,
Tom Jobim.
 He composed together with Toquiño: Só Danço Samba
 He composed: Canto de Ossanha
Who is Tom Jobim?
 He was a primary force
behind the creation of the
bossa nova style (Jazz and
Brazilian music).
 Innovator in the use of
sophisticated harmonic
structures in popular
song.
Who is JoÃo Gilberto?
 Guitarist, singer and
songwriter. He limited to
the singer and his guitar.
 He is a prominent voice
in bossa-nova.
What is Tropicalía/Tropicalismo
Movement?
 Tropicalia is one of the most significant cultural
movements in Brazil encompassing music, film, visual art
and theatre.
 The singer and actress Carmen Miranda, is considered the
pioneer of the movement, that would win fitness and
strength only in the 1960.
Who are the founders of
Tropicalía/Tropicalismo Movement?
 Gilberto Gil and Caetano Veloso, founders of the
Tropicalia movement (1968).
What is the Tropicália ou Panis et
Circencis ?
 It’s the album that the founders
released in 1968 as Manifesto of their
movement.
Who is Vanessa da Matta?
 A female Brazilian singer.
 She released her third album, titled Sim (2007). Her album
won the Latin Grammy Award (2007) Best Contemporary
Brazilian Pop Album.
 “Boa Sorte/Good Luck", a duet with American singer Ben
Harper, and "Amado", both became number-one hits in
Brazil.
From HW#6
 (Q.8) Study the material in St. Augustine #7 including what is in the
embedded link. We will return to José Martí and contemporary Cuba
later in this class, but, for now, and in the context of St. Augustine, please
speculate on why the professor-author of this textbook would focus on
the particular aspect of St. Augustine at this point in the semester.
Answer:
http://dept.sfcollege.edu/HFL/hum2461/slidelectures/florida/sanagust
in/SAgustinPages/SAgustPage07.htm
 Because we are talking about José Martí, and the concept of “One
Spanish America” (consolidation of a continent that shares the same
language). Remember that Florida was part of Spain, so that is the reason
why Martí comes several times to Florida and also gives his speech from
the United States. Remember that United States took Florida and North
of Mexico in the 19th century (In 1819, by terms of the Adams-Onís Treaty,
Spain ceded Florida to the United States). The ideals of Neoclassicism (late
18th century), Romanticism (beginning of 19th century) and Modernism
(until 1916) are alive during these centuries.