Dr. Randy Harp

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Domestication species
– sus scrofa - wild boar
– sus vittatus - domesticated pig
Factors favorable for swine production
– prolificacy
– conversion of grain and waste to meat
– cash flow is quicker

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Factors unfavorable
– cost of grain
– more sensitive to careless management
– susceptibility to diseases
– fencing or facilities
– labor esp. at farrowing
Future
– competition, human consumption of pork

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Basic diet = corn and soybean meal
Pelleted versus bulk ground meal
Basic nutrients
– Protein
– CHO
– Fat
– Vitamins and minerals
– Water

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 starter pig ration at 10- 40 lbs (18%) grower at 40 - 100/125 lbs (16%) finishing at 125-250 lbs (12-14%) feed efficiency should be around 3:1
3 lbs of feed to - one lb. of wt. gain replacement gilts - 4 lbs/day increase feed 2-3 X during lactation

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Sows & boars are condition dependent do not over feed
Soft Pork - caused by lower melting points in the fat caused by feeding certain feeds:ie too much peanut meal
Trichinosis – trad. garbage fed swine
Pale, Soft, and Exudative Pork

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Purebred: linebreeding, outcrossing
Crossbreeding- hybridization
Company specific
– Commercial industry

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Gestation- 114 days
Estrous – 21 days
Estrus – 2-3 days
Birth weight 2-4 lbs.
Weaning weight 12-15 lbs.
Days at market (250 lbs) - 180

Establishing a herd
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Type and breed size and age of animals to purchase
Health (diseases)
Water quality and availability price selection systems
Environmental control (housing) / EPA waste management

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Types and breeds of swine
Causes for type
– consumer demand
– availability of feeds
– breeding type by breeders
Types
– meat, bacon, lard

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Major purebred breeds
– Hampshire
– Yorkshire
– Duroc
– Spot
– Poland
– Chester White
– Landrace

- 40 World wide
- Only 8 Industry Impact
Four Classifications
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Sire / Carcass Breeds
Maternal Breeds
Minor Breeds
Swine Company Genetics

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 classification by type
– lard, meat, or bacon all US breeds are now meat/lean type
7 major purebreeds vs new and hybrid breeds
Black and Red or sire/Carcass breeds
White or Mother Breeds/Maternal

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Berkshire- black with six white points with erect ears origin- England/ medium frame size probably the best mother of colored breeds
Hampshire- black with white belt origin - Boone County, Kentucky known as the carcass breed

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Developed:
– Berkshire England
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Characteristics:
– Black with erect
– 6 – white points
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Face, legs, tail
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Noted For:
– True Pure Breed
– Highest Pork Quality
Berkshire Gold
- Premium Pork Product

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Hampshire- most popular sire or terminal crosses
Poland China- black with six white points with drooping ears origin- Butler and Warren counties,
Ohio known for their carcass merit and size

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Developed:
– Hampshire Co. England
– Imported in 1825 to Kentucky
– Called “Thin Rinds”
– Major growth in 30’s
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Characteristics:
– Black with a White Belt
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Noted For:
– Carcass Traits
– Heaviest muscled leanest breed

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Spot - Spotted Poland China until 1961 approx. 50 % white and black with drooping ears origin - Indiana from Gloucester Old Spots imported from England
Pietran- known for carcass yield, not qual.
Duroc - Red with drooping ears (light sandy to dark red) known for growth, & hardiness

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Developed:
– Belgium
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Characteristics:
– Spotted
– Double muscled
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Noted For:
– Leanness and muscle
– Below average pork quality

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Developed:
– New Jersey Reds
– Sire named “Duroc”
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Characteristics:
– Red body
– Variation is light to dark
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Noted For:
– Ruggedness / durability
– Feed efficiency
– Rate of Growth

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Yorkshire - white with erect ears
(occasionally black spots on the skin that does not disqualifiy them to be registered) known as the “Mother Breed” due to their prolificacy, milking ability, feed efficiency, and structurally sound origin- England , where it is known as the Large White

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Developed:
– York county England
– Imported in 1830
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Characteristics:
– White with Erect ears
– A large breed
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Noted For:
– Maternal characteristics
– Most carcass oriented of Mother breeds
– “ Dual Purpose ”

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Developed:
– Chester Co Pennsylvania
– Mid 1800’s from White hogs in the area
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Characteristics:
– White body
– More Bone “Rugged design compared to other mother breeds”
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Noted For:
– Maternal characteristics
– Durability
– Meat quality

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Chester White- white with drooping ears origin - Chester and Delaware counties of Pennsylvannia excellent mothering ability, prolific, and adapt well

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American Landrace- white long bodied, level topped, straight snout and lop ears origin- Denmark
Very prolific and may have 16 to 17 pairs of ribs (normal is 13) may have black spots or freckles

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Developed:
– From Danish Landrace
– 1930’s imported
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Characteristics:
– White with Big Droopy ears
– Fine boned
– Distinctively long bodied
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Noted For:
Most Prolific Breed
Largest litter size

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Hereford
Tammworth
OIC - Ohio Improved Chester
Many hybrids for commercial breeding

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Developed:
– To improve the hog being developed by utilizing the positives from the breeds selected
– Greater performance and growth rates from increased hybrid vigor

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Hampshire Yorkshire

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Hampshire Duroc
H D Terminal Boars

Maternal Line
Terminal Line