AP Government Exam Morning
Crash Session
www.misterfitz.net
5-11-13
What you are up against…
Some tips…
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Multiple Choice:
Read each question carefully. Don’t fall for the distractors
Bubble as you go!
FRQS:
Define, Identify and Explain
Give examples even if not asked
No intro, thesis or conclusion
If it asks you to choose TWO of the following, choose ALL
THREE for insurance
5. Demarcate your FRQs (A, B, C and so forth) this makes the
reader happy
6. Answer the questions in the order you know them
Constitution
Interest
Groups and
Policy-making
Civil
Liberties and
Civil Rights
Bureaucracy
Congress
Federalism
The “Big XII”
Public
Opinion &
Political
Participation
Political
Parties
Judiciary
Campaigns
and Elections
Presidency
Media
Question #1
Congress and the Bureaucracy
Question #2
Congress, Political
Participation and
Civil Rights
Question #3
Judicial, legislative and executive branches
Question #4
Elections, media, interest groups
I. Constitution (5-15%)
• Locke and natural rights
• Shays
• “Miracle at
Philadelphia”
• Factions and Federalist
10
• Madisonian Model
• Tyranny of the majority
• Great compromise
• Ratification debates
• Necessary and Proper
clause (“elastic”)
• Commerce Clause
• 10th Amendment
• Theories of democratic
gov’t:
– Pluralism
– Hyper pluralism
– Elite theory
II. Federalism (5-15%)
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Dual federalism
Fiscal federalism
Supremacy clause
Block grants
Categorical grants
Grants-in-aid
Gibbons v. Ogden (1823)
U.S. v. Lopez (1995)
Mandates
ADA (1990)
• McCulloch v. Maryland
(1819)
• Devolution (New
federalism)
• Welfare Reform Act (1996)
• “Laboratories of
Democracy”
• Inequality?
III. Civil Liberties and Civil Rights (5-15%)
• 14th Amendment
– Equal protection clause
– Due process clause
• Incorporation Doctrine
(Selective)
• Free exercise vs.
establishment clause
MUST KNOW Civil Lib cases:
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Schenck v. U.S. (1919)
Gitlow v. New York (1925)
Near v. Minnesota (1935)
Miller v. California (1973)
Texas v. Johnson (1989)
New York Times v. U.S. (1971)
Engel v. Vitale (1962)
Lemon v. Kurzman (1971)
Mapp v. Ohio (1961)
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)
Roe v. Wade (1973)
“2nd Tier Cases”
LESS likely to appear
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Oregon v. Smith (1990)
Reynolds v. U.S. (1878)
Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)
Gregg v. Georgia (1976)
New York Times v. Sullivan
(1964)
• Tinker v. Des Moines (1969)
III. Civil Liberties and Civil Rights (5-15%)
14th Amendment
• Discrimination– Strict scrutiny
– Intermediate scrutiny
– Rational basis
Key Civil Rights Cases
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Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Korematsu v. U.S. (1944)
Brown v. Board (1954)
Baker v. Carr (1963)
Wesberry v. Sanders (1964)
Craig v. Boren (1976)
UC Davis v. Bakke (1979)
IV. Public Opinion & Political Participation
5-15%
• Political socialization
– Role of family
– Role of Education
• Political efficacy
• Equality of opportunity vs.
results
• Mistrust of government
• Polls and Random Digit
Dialing (RDD)
• Reapportionment
• Sunbelt
• Forms of political participation
• Unconventional forms of
participation
• (think time energy and
knowledge)
IV. Public Opinion & Political Participation
(5-15%)
• Who votes and for whom?
– Blacks? Hispanics? Jews? Catholics? Evangelicals
Progressives? Conservatives?
IV. Public Opinion & Political Participation
(5-15%)
Geographically…
– Rural? Urban? Northeast? Rustbelt? Sunbelt? South?
IV. Public Opinion & Political Participation
5-15%
• Suffrage Amendments
– 15th, 17th,19th, 24th, 26th
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Open vs. Closed primaries
Blanket primaries
Voter fatigue
Straight ticket voting
Motor Voter Law (1993)
V. Political Parties
(5-15%)
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Linkage institutions
Party-in-the-electorate
Party-in-government
Party as an organization
Party realignment
Critical elections
–1828, 1860,
1896, 1932,
1968
• Gerrymandering
• Role of third parties
US
• Promotes
stability
• Nearly
impossible
for 3rd
parties to
break-in
THEM (Europe)
VI. Campaigns and Elections (5-15%)
VI. Campaigns and Elections
(5-15%)
• Primary vs. general
elections
• “Money, momentum
and media”
• “Die-hard Diane” vs.
“Donnie Don’t-Care”
• Caucus
• Direct primaries
• Role of the convention
• Gender gap
VS.
PRIMARY VOTERS
GENERAL ELECTION VOTERS
VI. Campaigns and Elections
(5-15%)
• Super Tuesday
• Frontloading
• McGovern-Fraser
Commission
• Superdelegates
• PACS
• FECA (1974)
– FEC
– Matching funds
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BCRA (2002)
Hard $
Soft $
527 groups
Buckley v. Valeo (1976)
Citizens United v. FEC
(2010)
VII. Media (5-15%)
• Functions:
– Gatekeeper
– Watchdog
– Scorekeeper
• Trial balloons
• Scripted events
• Paid media vs. free
media
• Broadcasting vs.
narrowcasting
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Selective attention
Horse-race journalism
Agenda-setting
Soundbites
Role of Vietnam and
Watergate
VIII. Presidency (20-30%)
• Seven Roles– Chief of State
– Chief Executive
– Commander-in Chief
– Chief Diplomat
– Chief Legislator
– Chief of the Party
– Guardian of the
Economy
• 22nd and 25th Amendments
• War Powers Resolution
(1973)
– 24 hour notification
– 60/90 day to remove troops
• Vetoes– Regular veto
– Pocket-veto
– Line-item
• Role of the Cabinet
• Executive privilege
• Executive orders
• Executive agreements
VIII. Presidency (20-30%)
• Office of the VP
– “Balancing the Ticket”
• Bully Pulpit
• Agenda-setter
• Role of divided
government
• Pardons and reprieves
• National Security
Council (1947)
• OMB
IX. Judiciary (20-30%)
• Fed. 78 and the role of the
Judiciary
• Judicial activism vs. judicial
restraint
• Original intent
• Marbury v. Madison (1803)
• Judicial review
• Collegial court concept
• Warren Court (1954-1969)
• Dual court system
• Trial courts
• Original jurisdiction
• Appellate jurisdiction
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District courts
Circuit Courts of Appeal
Justiciable disputes
Standing to sue
Class action lawsuits
“Rule of Four”
Majority opinion
Concurring opinion
Dissenting opinion
Solicitor General “10th
Justice”
• Political questions
IX. Judiciary (20-30%)
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Statutory construction
Judicial implementation
Precedent
Senatorial courtesy
Appointment process
“Litmus test”
Vetting process
Amicus curiae briefs
Stare decisis
Writ of certiorari
X. Congress (20-30%)…Hope you’re sitting down
• Coffee pot (House) vs.
the Saucer (Senate)
• Bicameralism
• Enumerated powers
• Know your checks and
balances
• Legislative process
• Legislative oversight
• Implied powers
(Necessary and Proper
Clause)
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Commerce clause
Reapportionment
Gerrymandering
CBO
GAO
Models of
representation– Delegate
– Trustee
– Politico
Return
Legislative Process (what the ?...)
SENATE
HOUSE
X. Congress (20-30%)…Hope you’re sitting down
• Incumbency advantage
1. Name recognition
2. Casework
3. Party ID
4. Franking privilege
5. Access to $$$
6. Political “pork”
7. Position-taking
8. Weak opponents
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Safe seats
Open seats
Credit claiming
Speaker of the House
Pres. Pro Tempore
(Senate)
• Majority Leader
(Senate)
• Minority Leader (H/S)
X. Congress (20-30%)…Hope you’re sitting down
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Whips
Caucuses
Logrolling
Filibuster (Senate only)
Holds (Senate only)
Cloture (Senate only)
Discharge petition
(House only)
“Christmas Tree” bills
Policy riders
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Gridlock
Legislative veto
Seniority system
Standing committees
Conference committees
House
– Rules
– Ways and Means
• Senate
– Judiciary
– Foreign Relations
XI. Interest Groups & Policy-Making (5-15%)
• Interest groups vs.
political parties
• Pluralism vs.
hyperpluralism vs. elite
theory
• Solidary benefits
• Material benefits
• Lobbying
• Electioneering
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“Going public”
Litigation
Class action lawsuits
Free-rider problem
Size of groups
First Amendment
protection
Iron Triangles vs. Issue Networks
SELF-INTEREST
XI. Interest Groups & Policy-Making (5-15%)
• Policy-making process:
1. Agenda-setting (who sets it?)
3. Implementation (Fed bureaucracy)
2. Policy formulation
4. Evaluation
XI. Interest Groups & Policy-Making (5-15%)
• Monetary vs. Fiscal Policy
– Monetary (FED)
– Fiscal (President and Congress)
– Keynesianism vs. Supply-side
• The Budget
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Debt vs. deficit
Entitlements
Uncontrollable spending
Discretionary spending
• Popularity of programs
• Role of the following in the budget process:
– President, OMB, Agencies, Cong. Committees, Interest Groups
XII. Bureaucracy (5-15%)
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Civil Service
Pendleton Act
Criticisms of the Bureaucracy?
How Congress controls the Bureaucracy
How the President controls the Bureaucracy
How the Courts control the Bureaucracy
Structure of the Bureaucracy
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Cabinet level agencies (15)…loyalty to the pres?
Independent regulatory agencies
Government corporations
Independent Executive Agencies
Some final thoughts
• I will post the keys on my website tonight:
www.misterfitz.net
• All review podcasts are up if you need to
review a concept
• 7:30 Tuesday morning in the small gym- Don’t
be Late!
• Good luck!
Return
Return
Madisonian Model
Return
Dual vs. Cooperative Federalism
Return
Incorporation Doctrine
Gitlow v. New York (1925)
Road to the White House
Iowa then New Hampshire
“Last Man Standing”
Now who starts to pay attention?
IA and NH are now insignificant
Return
Consequences?
Campaign Finance Simplified
Return
“Big Tex” (private citizen)
Soft $
Limits?
Quimby for America
(PAC)Private citizens
May contribute directly
(Must report to FEC)
(Must report to FEC)
Americans for
Quimby (527)
Private citizens
May NOT contribute
directly or coordinate
with
(Does NOT have to report to
FEC)