VCE PHYSICS
STUDENT WORKBOOK
UNIT 1 2013
 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND
RADIATION
 ELECTRICITY
 DETAILED STUDY ONE
Units 1 & 2 Physics - 2013 PLANNER
TERM
1
1
Getting
started
2y
3g
UNIT ONE
5g
6y
7g
Detailed Study One
SAC
1
8y
9g
Electricity
18 Mar
25 Mar
8g
Revision
and MidYear Exam
9y
10g
Motion (continued)
Chapters 3-5
11y
10 Jun
17 Jun
24 Jun
Nuclear Physics and
Radioactivity
Fri 1st Feb
4 Feb
1y
2g
Chapter 1
11 Feb
3y
Electricity (continued)
Chapters 2-3
TERM
2
18 Feb
25 Feb
4g
5y
4 Mar
6g
SAC 3
11 Mar
7y
UNIT TWO
Motion
15 Apr
22 Apr
1g
2y
TERM
3
15 Jul
TERM
4
4y
3g
Motion Continued
Chapters 3-5
22 Jul
1g
2y
Wave-like properties of light
Chapters 6-8
7 Oct
29 Apr
14 Oct
6 May
13 May
20 May
27 May
3 Jun
4y
5g
6y
7g
Detailed Study Two
8y
19 Aug
26 Aug
2 Sept
9 Sept
16 Sept
6y
7g
Early
Commence
ment
8y
9g
10y
11g
11 Nov
18 Nov
25 Nov
2 Dec
9 Dec
16 Dec
SAC
1
29 Jul
5 Aug
12 Aug
3g
4y
Revision
5g
28 Oct
4 Nov
SAC
2
21 Oct
Exams
9g
10y
Wave-like properties of
light
Chapters 6-8
Checklist for Unit One:
Assignment
Homework 1.1
Homework 1.2
Homework 1.3
SAC 1
Homework 2.1
Homework 2.2
SAC 2
Completed?
Assignment
Homework 3.1
Homework 3.2
Homework 3.3
Homework 3.4
Homework 3.5
Homework 3.6
SAC 3
Completed?
SAC 1. My goal is …
To understand:
Finishing all these checkpoints will
have you on course for an “A”. Don’t
be surprised if you go into a SAC only
completing half, and then get a “D”!
o
The Atom
o
Nuclear Radiation
o
Nuclear Decay
o
Half Life
o
Effects of Radiation on Humans
To have practiced answering questions including:
o
Half life
o
Decay chains
o
Effects of radiation on humans
SAC 3. My goal is …
To understand:
o
Electrical Circuits
o
Electrostatics
o
Advanced Electric Circuits
o
Everyday Electricity
To have practiced answering questions including:
o
Calculating resistance, voltage, current and power in circuits
o
Charges, electrons, forces, electric fields and energy in electrostatics
o Calculating energy, power, resistance and current in everyday appliances
Area of Study One: Nuclear Physics and Radiation

The Atom

Nuclear Radiation

Nuclear Decay

Half Life

Effects of Radiation on Humans
The Atom
Three key figures:
1) Democritus:
2) J. J. Thompson:
3) Ernest Rutherford:
Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment
He concluded two things:
1)
2)
Activity: Scale model of an atom
Your teacher wants to make a scale model of an atom for the classroom. We
want to use a tennis ball for the nucleus and marbles will be the orbiting
electrons. If the size of a nucleus is r = 1x10-14m, and the electrons orbit at a
distance of 1 x 10-10m; how far away do my electron marbles have to orbit the
tennis ball?
Extension: How small will the scale model nucleus have to be such that the
entire scale model atom will fit in the classroom?
The atom
Draw the solar system model of the atom:
Name
Charge
Mass (atomic units: a.u.)
Proton
Neutron
Electron
Particles that live in the nucleus are called _____________. Which particles
from the above table are nucleons?
Electromagnetic Force and Nuclear Force

Protons have the same charge, and just like having two magnets with
similar poles, protons repel each other

How does the nucleus stick together?

There is a force called the _____________________

It only works at _______________________________. Adding
neutrons to a nucleus increases the __________________ force
without increasing the ____________________ force.

This is similar to adding a …
Isotopes

Isotopes are atoms of the same element…

Isotopes have …
Example:

Carbon has 3 isotopes: Carbon -12, 13, and 14. All three isotopes have 6
protons.

C-12 has _____ neutrons.

C-13 has _____ neutrons.

C-14 has _____ neutrons.
Describing an atom:
Z
E
A
This is the __________________ for an atom
Questions: Complete the following table
Element
12
6𝐶
No. of protons
No. of neutrons
Name
143
Uranium
85
37𝑅𝑏
53
72
3
1𝐻
Radioisotopes

Sometimes the nucleus of a particular isotope is __________, and it may
undergo a …



Every element heavier than ______________ is radioactive.

Every element heavier than _____________________ has to be
produced artificially.
Nuclear Radiation
Three types of radiation can be emitted in nuclear decay



Symbol
Name
alpha
beta
gamma
Made of
Charge
Mass
Typical Energy
Range in air
Shielded by
Ionizing ability
Speed
Isotopic Symbol
Note: c =
What is an electron volt?


Atoms and electrons often contain very small amounts of energy if
measured in Joules (~10-19J)


It is the energy ____________ gains after being accelerated by _____
Questions

1) Convert into Joules
a) 5eV
b) 1keV
c) 3MeV
d) 0.2keV

2) Convert into eV
a) 3.2x10-19J
b) 6.4x10-14J
c) 10-15J
How is radiation detected?
1)
When it
touches the
anode, it
becomes an
electrical
pulse. The
counter counts
these
electrical
pulses
2)
3)
Nuclear Decay
Decay equations
Example: Polonium-210 decays via alpha emmision. What product is formed?


x= ________. y= _______. z= ________.
Example: Carbon-14 decays via beta emission. Write a decay equation, and find
the product formed.
Note about beta decay:

The product nucleus is called the __________________

Any further decay will lead to a ________________________
Questions: Write equations for the following

1) Uranium-238 decays via alpha emission

2) Francium-222 decays via beta emission

3) Polonium-214 decays via alpha emission

4) Carbon-12 emits gamma radiation

5) A new element is formed by adding a neutron to U-238
Half Life




Activity is a measure:


Questions
1) a) From the following graph, estimate the half life of the sample.
Half life =
b) Using this half-life, estimate at what time the sample will have an activity of
100 kBq
2) A hospital keeps a sample of Iodine-131 (I-131) for use in radiation therapy.
It is noted that the activity of the sample has reduced by 75% in 17 days. What
is the half life of I-131?
3) Carbon-14 is a radioisotope that is useful in obtaining the age of carbon
containing materials (such as wood) up to about 50’000 years. Carbon-14 is a
naturally occurring radioisotope that plants will absorb from the atmosphere,
along with the non-radioactive isotopes carbon-13 and carbon-12. After the
plant dies, it stops absorbing carbon, and the carbon-14 within the plant decays
away. Carbon-14 decays through beta decay with a half-life of 5730 years.
A team of archaeologists have discovered the remains of what looks to be a
fire-pit used by primitive homo sapiens. They measure the amount of carbon-14
in samples taken from the fire-pit and find the measured ratio of carbon-14 to
be approximately 6.25% of the ratio of atmospheric carbon-14.
a) Approximately how many half-lives have elapsed since this sample was alive?
b) Approximately how old is the sample?
4)
Explain the joke…
Effects of Radiation on Humans

Isn’t always a bad thing! Has many uses





But in large quantities it can be harmful…
Which radiation is the most harmful?

___________ radiation has the highest ionizing ability.

Ionizing: The radiation removes electrons from atoms in our cells/DNA.
This causes the cells/DNA to mutate/die.

However, alpha radiation is also …


However…
What type of radiation are these Fukishima workers being protected against?
How do you know?
Measuring radiation doses
Absorbed Dose:

The absorbed dose is the amount of radiation energy that has been
absorbed per kilogram.


Units:
Dose Equivalent

Different forms of radiation have different ionising abilities, and so
cause varying amounts of damage to humans.

As each type of radiation can affect tissue differently, the _______
_______________ is used compare accurately radiation effects.


Units:
Radiation
Quality Factor
Effective Dose

eg. A person’s lungs would be more likely to develop cancer than the liver if they
were both given the same amount of radiation.


W=

Σ=
Body Part
Ovaries/testes
Bone Marrow
Colon
Lung
Stomach
Bladder
Breast
Liver
Oesophagus
Thyroid
Rest of body
Total
Effects of radiation
Short Term:



Long Term:


Weighting (W)
Questions

An 80kg tourist absorbs a gamma radiation dose of 200μGy during a
return flight to England. Calculate the amount of radiation energy
absorbed

Calculate the dose equivalent that has been received

During a medical procedure a patient receives a dose of gamma radiation.
The organs which are affected include a bladder (5000Sv) and the
ovaries (3000 Sv). Calculate the effective dose of radiation to which this
woman has been exposed
Area of Study Two: Electricity

Electrical Circuits

Electrostatics

Advanced Electric Circuits

Everyday Electricity
Electrical Circuits



Electrical Symbols:
Device
Wires crossed
(not joined)
Symbol
Device
Cell
Wires joined
Battery of cells
Resistor
AC supply
Resistor
Ammeter
Filament Lamp
Voltmeter
Diode
DC Supply
Earth or ground
Switch
Symbol
Draw:
A) Two 1.5V cells connected to a lightbulb, and a switch
B) A heating element (a resistor) connected to an AC power supply with a switch
Are the following circuits different?

Just because there are corners in a circuit diagram, doesn’t mean there
has to be corners in the real circuit.

This brings some confusion. Circuits that may appear __________ as
diagrams, may actually be _____________.

These are called _______________.

Which of the following are equivalent circuits? Why
Ohm’s Law

Ohm’s Law…

V=

V=
Units:

I=
Units:

R=
Units:

________________ obey Ohm’s Law


_________________________________________. Their resistance
is not constant

Called ______________________________.

Examples of Ohmic Conductors:

Example of non-Ohmic Conductors:
Questions:
1) A resistor draws a current of 1mA and has a voltage across it of 8V. Find
the resistance
2) What current does a 1000Ω light bulb draw from a 24V power supply
3) You have an Ohmic resistor, which draws 75mA when connected to 12V
power supply. You decrease the voltage to 5V, what current do you expect
it to draw?
4) Which has more resistance?
a. Fuse wire or power lines?
b. Copper wire or Iron wire?
The more resistance something has, the less current can go through it

Resistance in a wire depends on:
1)
2)
3)

𝑅=

ρ=
Unit: Ωm

L=
Unit: m

A=
Unit: m2
Example

Normal household wire has a diameter of 1.8mm, and is made from copper
(ρ =1.7x10-8). What is the resistance of a 10m long section?
Questions
1) A 100m long section of telegraph wiring has a diameter of 3.6mm and a
resistivity of 2.8x10-8 Ωm. What is the resistance?
2) You have to design a household’s wiring system. Name three ways you
could decrease the resistance as much as possible.
3) Why don’t all electricians try and use really thick wire all the time?
Electrical Power

Power is …

Power =


Questions
1) A bulb is connected to a 12V supply and draws 0.875A, what power is it
using?
2) A toaster connected to the 240V mains supply uses 1kW of power. What
current does it draw?
3) Which of the three identical bulbs in the picture shown is using the most
power?
4) Which of these two bulbs (connected to different power supplies) is the
brightest? Bulb 1 connected to 10V supply draws 0.8A of current. Bulb 2
connected to a 15V supply draws 0.4A.
5) A 50Ω heating unit is connected to a 20V power supply. What power does
it use?
Electrical Energy


𝐸=


kWh is another unit of energy (Note it isn’t power!).

1kWh =
What is electricity?




1e- =

How many electrons in 1 C?

What is current?


𝐼=

What is voltage?


𝑉=
Questions
1. How many electrons make up a charge of 1μC?
2. A) A hairdryer draws a current of 1.6A. What charge flows through the
hair dryer every second?
B) How many electrons flow through the hairdryer in 1 minute?
𝐸
3. Use the formulae 𝑉 = 𝑞 and 𝐼 =
𝑞
𝑡
, and substitute into P=VI, and simplify
Electrostatics



Law of conservation of charges: ____________________________
To make some negative charge you have to start with neutral atoms and
split into an equal negative charge (electrons) and positive charge
(remaining ion)

Like charges __________

Unlike charges ___________________

An ___________ of electrons on something gives it a ______________
charge

_______________ of electrons on something gives it a ____________
charge
Van de Graff Generator
How does it work?
Conductors and Insulators

Conductors:

Insulators:
Coulomb’s Law

What caused the Al can to roll?


𝐹=

k=


Example: Two charges, with a charge equal to 1μC, are held 2m apart from each
other. What is the force each charge exerts on each other?
Examiners like to ask proportionality questions with Coulomb’ law

Eg. Two charges, each with a charge of q, are positioned a set distance
apart from each other. If the distance is doubled, how does the force
change?
Questions
1) A - 1μC and 6 μC are separated by 20cm. Calculate the force.
2) Two 1μC are separated by an unknown distance and experience a force of
3N. Calculate the distance separating the two charges.
3) A charge of q, and another of 2q are separated by a distance x. If the
charge on the second is doubled to 4q, and the distance between them
halves to x/2, how does the force change?
Electric Fields

The electrostatic force is invisible. However, as scientists, we have added
lines around charges to help visualise this force

Called ______________________________

Shows where a ________________ charge would fly off to if we
dropped it into the field

A ____________ charge would head in the _____________________.

Where lines are ____________________, the field is ____________.

Where lines are ____________________, the field is ____________.
Field lines around a positive charge
Field lines around a negative charge
Some more complicated fields…

𝐹=

E=
. Units:
Questions
1) Some small charged spheres are to be placed in an electric field which
points downwards and has a strength of 5000NC-1. What force would be
experienced by a charge of +5 μC and -0.6 μC ?
2) Draw the electric field you would expect around the three charges below
-q
+q
-q
3) Draw the electric field you would expect around the two charges below
+q
-2q
Advanced Electric Circuits
Draw two different ways you could place two bulbs in a circuit with a battery
Kirchhoff’s Laws

Law 1:

Law: “

Analogy

What this means:

Law 2:

Law:

Analogy:

What this means:
Resistors in Series

𝑅𝑇 =

Eg Total resistance in the circuit?
6Ω

2Ω
3Ω
𝑅𝑇 =
Resistors in Parallel


1
𝑅𝑇
1
𝑅𝑇
=
=

𝑅𝑇 =

The total resistance in a parallel circuit is always ____________than
the ___________________.

Sometimes examiners ask for the equivalent resistance (it’s the same
thing as total resistance)
Questions:

Find the equivalent resistance of the following circuits:
1)
2Ω
1Ω
3Ω
2)
3Ω
4Ω
Total resistance in hard circuits!

Rules:

:
12Ω
1Ω
6Ω
Questions
3Ω
3)
4Ω
6Ω
4)
5)
5Ω
12Ω
5Ω
3Ω
3Ω
3Ω
10Ω
6Ω
2Ω
6)
3Ω
3Ω
6Ω
7) Draw a circuit with three resistors that has a total resistance of 5Ω.
8) Draw the above circuit differently.
9) Using a 1Ω, 2Ω, 3Ω, 4Ω and 5Ω resistor draw a circuit with total
resistance = 6Ω
One last note about voltage and current in circuits…

The total VOLTAGE in a circuit is set by the _________________.

However, the CURRENT drawn from this battery depends __________
_________________________________________
P.O.E.
Draw two circuit diagrams with two bulbs (series and parallel)

Which circuit will draw more current? ______________________________
Can you explain why? __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Circuit
Measured Voltage
Series
Parallel
Measured Current
Which circuit uses the most power? ________________________________
___________________________________________________________
Describe to someone else why one of the circuits draws more current: _______
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
Internal Resistance

Resistance within the powerpack/battery. Uses some of the voltage up!

Voltage without bulb =

Voltage measured with bulb =

Current =

Voltage used in internal resistance

Internal Resistance =
Other sources of EMF

EMF =


________ efficient

_________ per square meter of sunlight energy


Everyday Electricity

We have only been dealing with DC electricity (_______________)

Household electricity is ______ (___________________)

Why?


Power lines have a low resistance, but because electricity has to travel a
large distance, this becomes an issue, and much power could be lost


Current wants to flow from ___________ to ____________ just like it
flows from __________ to __________ in a battery.

Why do we have an earth wire?

Imagine a fault in your toaster that touched the active wire to the
casing. Then you touched the casing!

Electric Shocks

Our muscles move when they get small electrical shocks sent from our
brain.

Above __________ of electric current, and _____________________.

A shock across the heart of ____________
for _________ = ______________________
Pracs – Unit One
Index:
Radiation and Nuclear Physics

Detecting Radiation

Decay chain

Half Life
Electricity

Simple Circuits and Ohm’s Law

Price of Electricity

Electrostatics

Series and Parallel Circuits

Which bulb is the brightest? (Report)

Electromagnets and bells
EXPT: DETECTING RADIATION
Aim
Materials
To investigate 2 different methods of detecting radiation: The Geiger
counter and a cloud chamber.
Part 1: Geiger Counter (Demo)
1. Your teacher will use the Geiger counter to attempt to detect
radiation from an alpha source, a beta source and a gamma source.
Write down your observations for the three sources:
Alpha …………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..








Clear plastic Cup
Felt
Plastercine/Blutak
Iso-propanol
Dry Ice
Aluminium Oven tray
(disposable)
Geiger Counter
Radioactive Sources
Safety
Beta …………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Gamma ……………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2. Your teacher will now attempt to block the three radiation sources
with a piece of paper, a sheet of aluminium and a sheet of lead. First
make a prediction:
Follow teacher’s instructions if
coming into contact with
radioactive materials.
Dry ice
Iso-propanol
What will stop:
Alpha: ………………………………………………………………..
Beta: ………………………………………………………………….
Gamma: …………………………………………………………….
3. Write down your observations
Alpha
Beta
Gamma
Paper
Aluminium
Lead
4. The teacher will now take apart a smoke detector. What happens when the Geiger counter is
brought near? __________________________________________________________________
5. How might we figure out what type of radiation is being emitted? _____________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
6. How does a smoke detector work? ______________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Part 2: Make a cloud chamber
Method
1. Collect a plastic cup, felt, and scissors, plastercine/blue tack, oven tray.
2. Cut a circle in the felt, such that it will fit snuggly in the bottom of the cup. Attach the felt to the
bottom of the cup with plastercine/blue tack
3. Soak the felt with iso-propanol, such that it is damp, but not dripping.
4. Cut a circle in your oven tray, such that it is slightly bigger than the top of the cup, and plastercine
your cup upside down to this piece of metal.
5. Place your cloud chamber, with the metal facing down on top of a layer of dry ice
Draw you observation:
Bring a known radiation source close to the cloud chamber and describe what you see.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Place a magnet near your cloud chamber and describe any changes you see to the vapour trails
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Describe where most of the radiation visible in the cloud chamber is coming from:
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
ACTIVITY: DECAY CHAINS
Aim
To investigate the transmutation of atoms.
Part 1: Marshmallow Decay Chain
Materials
8 Pink and 8 White Marshmallows
per group
Laptops
1. Pink Marshmallows are protons and white marshmallows are
neutrons.
2. Take 6 protons and 6 neutrons and place together. Look up on the
period table to find the name of this nucleus.
Name: ______________________
Safety
Don’t choke on your
marshmallow…
3. Alpha particles are Helium nuclei. Make a separate alpha particle.
4. Some scientists have made new nuclei by bombarding atoms with
alpha particles. Make your alpha particle and C-12 nuclei stick together.
Look up in the period table what nucleus you have formed
Name: ______________________
5. Heavier elements like Uranium are radioactive. The spontaneous emission of an alpha particle is
called alpha decay. Remove an alpha particle from your nucleus and write down the decay equation
for this decay. You may eat your alpha particle.
_________________________________________________________________________________
6. Isotopes of an element have a different number of neutrons. Add two neutrons to your nucleus.
What isotope have you formed?
Name: ________________________
7. Carbon-14 is a radioisotope and it undergoes beta decay. Change one neutron to a proton. What
is the name of the new nucleus you have created.
Name: ________________________
8. Some heavy radioactive nuclei such as Ca-252 will undergo spontaneous nucleur fission, producing
two nuclei of approximately the same size. Split your nucleus in two and write down the two
products that you have created.
Product One: _______________________ Product Two: ________________________________
Part Two: Decay Chain
1. Visit http://spice.duit.uwa.edu.au/samples/ast0197/
2. Click on U-238. It decays via alpha emission. Click and drag to its possible product. The program
will tell you if you are right or not. Keep decaying down until you get to a stable isotope.
3. Start another decay series at Am-241 and follow its decay series to a stable isotope. Copy down
both of your decay series on the table below.
Protons
Neutrons
81
148
147
146
145
144
143
142
141
140
139
138
137
136
135
134
133
132
131
130
129
128
127
126
125
124
123
122
Tl-209
Tl-208
Tl-207
Tl-206
Tl-205
Tl-204
Tl-203
82
Pb-214
Pb-213
Pb-212
Pb-211
Pb-210
Pb-209
Pb-208
Pb-207
Pb-206
Pb-205
Pb-204
83
Bi-215
Bi-214
Bi-213
Bi-212
Bi-211
Bi-210
Bi-209
Bi-208
Bi-207
84
Po-218
Po-217
Po-216
Po-215
Po-214
Po-213
Po-212
Po-211
Po-210
85
At-219
At-218
At-217
At-216
At-215
At-214
At-213
At-212
At-211
At-210
86
Rn-222
Rn-221
Rn-220
Rn-219
Rn-218
87
Fr-223
Fr-222
Fr-221
88
Ra-229
Ra-228
Ra-227
Ra-226
Ra-225
Ra-224
Ra-223
Ra-222
89
Ac-229
Ac-228
Ac-227
Ac-226
Ac-225
Ac-224
90
Th-237
Th-236
Th-235
Th-234
Th-233
Th-232
Th-231
Th-230
Th-229
Th-228
Th-227
Th-226
91
Pa-237
Pa-236
Pa-235
Pa-234
Pa-233
Pa-232
Pa-231
Pa-230
92
U-240
U-239
U-238
U-237
U-236
U-235
U-234
U-233
U-232
U-231
U-230
93
Np-237
Np-238
Np-239
Np-240
Np-241
94
Pu-242
Pu-241
Pu-240
Pu-239
Pu-238
95
Am-241
ACTIVITY: HALF LIFE
Aim
Materials
To investigate the transmutation of atoms.
2 dice each
The decay of Unobtainium-280
1. Unobtainium-280 (Unb-280) decays via alpha decay. It decays every
time a 6 is rolled. A roll of the dice represents 1 hour
Safety
No real safety concerns.
2. Each person has two dice and represents two Unobtainium atoms.
Time
Atoms remaining
Draw a graph of your results with time on the x-axis
A different isotope of Unobtainium (Unb-282) also decays via alpha decay, but here an atom of Unb282 will decay if an even number is rolled on a dice. Each roll represents 1 second.
Time
Atoms remaining
Draw a graph of your results with time on the x-axis
Use your results to predict the half-life of Unb-280 and Unb-282
Unb-280:__________________________ Unb-282:_________________________________
Why is it that we can not predict when a specific single atom might decay, but when we have
millions and millions of atoms, we can accurately say when half of them have decayed?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
EXPT: SIMPLE CIRCUITS and OHM’S LAW
Aim
Materials
To build a simple working electrical circuit. Measure current for
different voltages and graph results
Method
1. Take equipment listed to the right back to your desk
2. Plug in your power pack. Turn on at the wall, and turn voltage to
10V.
3. Set up the following circuit. Turn on your power pack to see if it
works





Power pack
Wire x 4
Ammeters
Multimeters
12V bulb
Safety
Electrical Safety
4. Change the voltage and write down your observation
Observation: __________________________________________________
5. We want to place an ammeter in the circuit to measure the amps. Ammeters are connected in
series. Place the ammeter in the circuit as shown below
A
6. Set your multimeter up to read DC Voltage. You teacher will help you. Voltage is measured across
a load. Set you voltmeter to measure across the bulb as shown below
A
V
7. Change your multimeter between 0 – 12V, and measure the voltage and current every 2V. Make
sure you read the right units off both the ammeter and voltmeter (ask your teacher if you are
unsure)
Current
Voltage
8. Graph your results below (with current on the x-axis, voltage on the y-axis)
9. Calculate the gradient of your graph
Gradient =
Activity: The Price of Electricity
Aim
Materials


To investigate the cost of running everyday electrical items.
Method



According to my electricity bill, electricity costs about 20c per kWh
1. Find the cost of electricity per J:

2. a) Investigate a microwave. How much power can it use?
Microwave
AA batteries (still in the
packet)
Kettle
Access to solar panel info
Watts Clever power
meters.
iphone charger
Safety
No real concerns
b) Calculate the cost of heating a meal in the microwave for 5 minutes
3) a) Investigate a packet of 1.5V AA batteries. What voltage are these batteries?
b) How many “milli-amp-hours” does each battery contain?
[Milli-amp-hours, means how many hours it would run, if you were drawing 1mA]
c) Multiply the number of milli-amp-hours by 3.6 to find “amp-seconds”
d) Find the energy in the battery from the formula E = V x I x t
e) Using this, and the price of electricity per J, how much should a battery cost?
4) a) How much power does a kettle use?
b) Calculate the cost of boiling a jug of water (it takes 3 minutes)
5) a) Find the power that the solar panels on the roof of the science block are harnessing
b) Assuming that the sun shines for an average of 5hours a day (this takes into account rainy days),
how much money are we saving by using our own solar panels?
6) a) An iphone charger left plugged in to the wall will still some power. Use a “Watts Clever” power
meter to measure how much energy is used when an iphone charger is plugged into the wall socket.
b) How much does this cost, if it is left plugged in all year?
Author’s Note: After writing this prac and working out all the values for myself, I raced around my
house unplugging all our iphone chargers and laptops…
EXPT: ELECTROSTATICS
Aim
To investigate the properties of charged insulators and their effect on
other objects
Method
1. Charge one of the rods (or a balloon) by rubbing it with one of the
cloths.
2. Investigate what happens when you bring the charged rod close to
small bits of ripped up paper
Observation: ___________________________________________
Materials






Plastic rods
Balloons
Wool/cloth
Stand and clamp
String
Al Can
Safety
No real concerns
3. Investigate what happens when you bring the charged rod close to a
horizontally suspended rod
Observation: ___________________________________________
4. Investigate what happens when you bring the charged rod close to a thin stream of running water
Observation: __________________________________________________
5. Investigate what happens when you bring the charged balloon close to an Aluminium can.
Observation: __________________________________________________
6. Investigate what happens when you bring the charged balloon close to another balloon.
Observation: __________________________________________________
Explain you observations for four of the experiments above
Small bits of paper: _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Horizontal Rod:
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Thin stream of water: _______________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Al can: ___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
EXPT: SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUITS
Aim
Materials
To build a series and parallel circuit and compare electrical properties
between the two.
Method
1. Take equipment listed to the right back to your desk





Power pack
Wire x 6
Ammeters
Multimeters
12V bulb
Safety
2. Plug in your power pack. Turn on at the wall, and turn voltage to
10V.
Electrical Safety
Part One: Series
3. Set up the following circuit. Turn on your power pack to see if it
works
A
B
C
4. Insert an ammeter into the circuit at points A, B and C. Record the current
Current at point A ______________________
Current at point B ______________________
Current at point C ______________________
Observation/Conclusion: __________________________________________________
5. With a multimeter measure the potential difference between the points A and B, B and C, and A
and C
Voltage between point A and B ______________________
Voltage between point B and C ______________________
Voltage between point A and C ______________________
Observation/Conclusion: __________________________________________________
Part Two: Parallel
6. Set up the following parallel circuit.
A
F
B
D
C
E
7. Insert an ammeter into the circuit at points A, B and C. Record the current
Current at point A ______________________
Current at point B ______________________
Current at point C ______________________
Current at point D ______________________
Current at point E ______________________
Current at point F ______________________
Observation/Conclusion: __________________________________________________
8. With a multimeter measure the potential difference between the points A and F, B and C, and D and E
Voltage between point A and F ______________________
Voltage between point B and C ______________________
Voltage between point D and E ______________________
Observation/Conclusion: __________________________________________________
9. Which bulbs were brightest: The bulbs in the series or parallel circuit? Why?
10. Sum up the rule for voltage around a series and parallel circuit in one sentence
11. Sum up the rule for current around a series or parallel circuit in one sentence
EXPT: WHICH BULB IS THE BRIGHTEST?
Aim
Materials
To investigate, build and calculate the circuit diagram below in order to
prove which bulb is the brightest.
THIS EXPERIMENT REQUIRES A REPORT HANDED IN. Your report should
have the following format:
1)
2)
3)
4)
Aim
Circuit Diagram
A description as to which bulb is the brightest.
Proof as to which bulb is the brightest.





Power pack
Wire x 6
Ammeters
Multimeters
12V bulb x 3
Safety
Electrical Safety
Notes:

You may type up, or hand write your report.
Hints: After building the circuit, measure the following coltages and
currents:







Voltage across bulb A:_______________________
Voltage across bulb B: _______________________
Voltage across bulb C: _______________________
Voltage across power pack: _______________________
Current at point (1): _______________________
Current at point (2): _______________________
Current at point (3): _______________________
For Part 4) Use these values above, as well as the formula for Power
and Kirchhoff’s Laws, to work out the power in each bulb.
1
3
A
C
2
B
EXPT: ELECTROMAGNETS, BELLS AND BOMBS
Aim
To build an electromagnet, and with it make an electrical bell, a steady
hand game, and if time persists, an alarm clock/bomb timer
Materials



Iron nail x 2
Power pack
Wire



Method
Part One: Electromagnet and Bell
Crocodile clip wire
Metal strip
Retort stand and clamps
1. Make an electromagnet by winding your wire tightly around your
nail.
2. Set up the bell like the diagram shown below (and the demonstration
at the front of the room)
Safety
Electrical Safety
Clamps
Electromagnet
Metal Strip
Nail
Retort Stand
3. It may not be so obvious on the diagram above, but there is a small gap between the electromagnet nail, and the
metal sheet. The metal sheet is resting lightly on the other nail.
4. The bell works in the following manner. The electromagnet is turned on, and receives a current. This attracts the
metal sheet up, and it bends away from the bottom nail. As soon as it no longer touches the bottom nail, it will
disconnect the circuit, turn off the electromagnet, and fall back down. This repeats the process all over again
5. Can you figure out how to connect up the bell to make it work?
6. Draw a circuit diagram of your working bell
Part Two: Steady Hand Game
1. With the fencing wire, create a game, such that if your metal loop touches the edges, the bell goes off
2. Can you add in a light as well?
3. Draw a circuit diagram of your steady hand game. You can label your bell as:
B
Part Three: Alarm Clock (Extension)
By wrapping aluminium foil around the hands of a clock, can you create an alarm that goes off at midnight?
Describe how you did it: ____________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
Skills for Physics 1
Scientific Notation
Dealing with very big or small numbers using the scientific method
Set One
1 )What is (in non scientific notation)
a) 102
b)100
c)104
d)10-2
c)6 x 10-2
d)7 x 10-4
c) 100000
d) 0.1
c) 0.06
d) 0.007
e)10-4
2) Therefore, what is (in scientific notation)
a) 2 x 102
b)5 x 104
3) Write these as powers of ten
a) 100
b) 1000
e) 0.01
4) Put into scientific notation
a) 200
b) 4000
5) Change out of scientific notation.
a) 2.5 x 102
b)5.3 x 104
c)1.1 x 10-2
6) Put into scientific notation.
a) 450
b) 1200
c)13
d)0.061
Set Two
1) Without a calculator, put these into scientific notation:
a) 234
b) 20700
c) 65
d) 564000
2) Without a calculator, put these into scientific notation:
a) 0.003
b) 0.3004
c) 0.000910
d) 0.0024
c) 1 x 103
d) 9.0009 x 105
c) 5.0 x 10-1
d) 8.401 x 10-3
3) Change out of scientific notation
a) 3.5 x 106
b) 4.03 x 104
4) Change out of scientific notation
a) 3.4 x 10-2
b) 3.004 x 10-4
5) Using your calculator, evaluate the following and keep the answers in scientific notation
a) 40 x 354
b) 345 / 1245
e) 45 x 3104 / 3345201
c) 91 x 10003
6) Evaluate the following and write the answers in BOTH scientific notation and as standard number:
a) 4.5 x 102 x 1.3 x 10-3
d) 452
b) 4.5 x 102 ÷ 1.3 x 103
c) 5.0 x 104 x 1.3 x 102
d) 7.4 x 102 ÷ 4.9 x 10-2
Set Three
1) Without a calculator, put these into scientific notation:
a) 89
b) 50400
c) 2501
d) 80000
2) Without a calculator, put these into scientific notation:
a) 0.0056
b) 0.11
c) 0.0008
d) 0.0305
3) Change out of scientific notation
a) 7.6 x 103
d) 8.314 x 100
b) 1.00 x 104
c) 5.34 x 105
4) Change out of scientific notation
a) 4.6 x 10-1
b) 4.074 x 10-3
c) 2.0 x 10-2
d) 3.9 x 10-4
5) Using your calculator, evaluate the following and keep the answers in scientific notation
a) 604 x 235
b) 41 ÷ 4141
e) 22 x 345 ÷ 400559
c) 1000 x 100
6) Evaluate the following and write the answers in BOTH scientific notation and as standard number:
a) 3.14 x 102 x 9.9 x 10-3
b) 9.1 x 101 ÷ 6.74 x 104
c) 3.0 x 104 x 1.0 x 101
d) 5.4 x 102 ÷ 5.2 x 10-3
d) 143
Skills for Physics 2
Algebra 1: Bedmas
Brackets, Exponential, Division, Multiplication, Addition, Subtraction

()
x2

/

Eg 6 + 2 x3 vs (6+2) x 3
Set One
Evaluate the following (without a calculator)
1) 7+3x4
2) 6x2+1x3
3) 6/3+3
4) 6/(3+3)
5) 62 + 4
6) (6+4)
7) (7+3)x4
8) (7+3)x(6+4)
9) 7+3x6+4
10) 3x(6+4)2 – 1000/5
Set Two
Evaluate the following (without a calculator)
1)
5+5
5
2)
52 +5
5
3)
(5+5)2
5
4) 5 + 5 ÷ 5 − 5
5)
2
6
2
+3
6) 3 × 2 + 6 + 4 × 6 ÷ 2 − 12 × 2
7)
1
(20 −
2
12)2
8) 21 ÷ 3 + 7
9) 21 ÷ (3 + 7)
x

+

-
6×106
10) 3×103
Skills for Physics 3
Algebra 2: The equation
When answering questions in physics, we need to do everything in the correct order, so we can get full marks! That
order is:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Write out the equation (with the symbols – not the numbers yet)
Rearrange the equation if necessary
Substitute the numbers in
Dont forget the units!
Calculate the answer (and don’t forget the units again!)
For example: Given that the speed of a car is 10ms-1, and it travels for 20s, how far does it travel?
1) Write out the equation
𝑠=
𝑑
𝑡
2) Rearrange if necessary
𝑑
𝑡
×𝑡 ×𝑡
𝑠×𝑡 =𝑑
𝑠=
3) Substitute the numbers in:
𝑑 = 10 × 20
4) Don’t forget the units!
𝑑 = 10𝑚𝑠 −1 × 20𝑠
5) Calculate the answer (don’t forget the units)
𝑑 = 200𝑚
Set One:
1) If the resistance of a lightbulb is 200Ω, and the current flowing through it is 0.1A, what is the voltage (V=IR)
2) What is the speed of a car that travels 1200m in 40 seconds? (s=dt)
3) If the voltage measured across a lightbulb is 12V and the current flowing through it is 0.001A, what is the
resistance (V = IR)
Set Two
1
1) Kinetic Energy is given by the formula = 2 𝑚𝑣 2 . Given a car is moving at 10ms-1 and It has a mass of 500kg,
what is the kinetic energy of the car
2) Power of a light bulb is P=VI. Given the voltage is 240V and the current is 0.4A, what is the power?
3) Work is equal to force time distance (W = Fd). Given the work of a man pushing a box is 500J, and the
distance is 10m, what is the force he is exerting?
Skills for Physics 4
Algebra 3 – Rearranging simple equations.
Given equations, such as s= d/t, we are often asked to calculate distance or time instead of speed. Now, we could
either: remember all three equations (s=d/t, d = st, t = d/s) or remember the formula triangle, or we could just
remember one formula (s=d/t) and learn how to rearrange formulas. In the long run this last option is by far the
easiest!
Let’s practice some simple rearranging. I like to think of the equation as balance. As long as I do the same thing to
both sides of the equation, the equation will stay balanced. For example:
𝑥+2=5
+10
+ 10
𝑥 + 12 = 15
This is still a valid equation! Adding ten to both sides wasn’t very helpful, but it still kept the equation balanced. Can
you figure out what x is equal to? X = 3, again, you can find this from both equations.
But we needed to do something to the above equation that was helpful. Like isolating the x by itself. Let’s do that by
subtracting 2 from both sides
𝑥+2=5
−2
−2
𝑥=3
Now that was helpful! Lets now try a harder one, where multiplication is involved.
5𝑥 = 15
If your smart you might see that x must equal 3 in this case. Again we can do what ever we like to the equation as
long as we do it to both sides
5𝑥 = 15
×2
×2
10𝑥 = 30
The equation is still balanced (the solution is still x=3), but multiplying by 2 wasn’t that helpful. Again, let’s think
what we have to do to isolate the x. At the moment its multiplied by 5, so lets divide it by 5
5𝑥 = 15
÷5
÷5
𝑥=3
Rearranging equations with algebra in them, we go through exactly the same process. That is
1) Figure out the letter you want to get by itself
2) Do whatever you want to an equation, as long as you do the same to both sides!
For example: What is the formula for speed, given that 𝑑 = 𝑠𝑡?
𝑑 = 𝑠𝑡
÷𝑡
÷𝑡
𝑑
=𝑠
𝑡
Set One:
Rearrange these equations to find the symbol indicated in brackets.
1) (d) 𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑
2) (t) 𝑑 = 𝑠𝑡
3) (V) 𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼
𝐹
𝑚
4) (F) 𝑎 =
5) (v) 𝜌 = 𝑚𝑣
Set Two:
1) (t) 𝑠 =
𝑑
𝑡
1
2) (t) 𝑑 = 2 𝑔𝑡 2
1
3) (m) 𝐸 = 2 𝑚𝑣 2
4) (R) 𝑃 =
𝑉2
𝑅
5) (a) 𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑑
Skills for Physics 5
Unit prefixes
Sometimes length measurements are made in metres (m). Sometimes they are made in centimetres (cm),
millimetres, (mm), nanometres (nm) or kilometres (km). The words before the metres in all of these units are called
prefixes
Prefixes can be used with any other unit. They are used because it is makes more sense to talk about 3mm instead of
0.003m.
The following table has the standard prefixes that we will use. The first column is the name. The second is the
symbol. The third column is its value. The fourth column is also its value (but in scientific notation). Units means the
unit, but without any prefix, eg grams or metres or amps.
Prefix Name
Mega
Kilo
Unit
Milli
Micro
Nano
Symbol
M
k
Value
1’000’000
1’000
1
0.001
0.000001
0.000000001
m
µ
n
Value
106
103
1
10-3
10-6
10-9
The “Value” columns tell us how this prefix relates to the unit.
Eg, when talking about “milli”  1 milli metre = 0.001m
 1 mega metre = 106 m or 1’000’000
You have to remember the golden rule with prefixes:
Use the formula ×
𝒘𝒂𝒏𝒕
𝒈𝒐𝒕
For example. Change 3km to m.
So we WANT km, and we have GOT the unit. From the table 1km = 1000m
3 ×
𝑤𝑎𝑛𝑡
1000
=3×
= 3000𝑚
𝑔𝑜𝑡
1
Example: Change 5m to millimetres.
We WANT mm,, we have GOT m. From the table 1mm = 0.001m
5𝑚 × 0.001 = 5000𝑚𝑚
Set One
Change these prefixes to the units asked.
1) 4km to metres
2) 4.3km to metres
3) 0.67km to metres
4) 190km to metres
5) 55mm to metres
6) 65300 µm to metres
Change these units to the prefixes asked
1) 3400m to km
2) 0.04m to mm
3) 290m to km
4) 67m to mm
5) 0.00704m to mm
6) 0.00000056m to µm
Set Two
Change these prefixes to the units asked
1) 120mA to A
2) 3.4kΩ to Ω
3) 65kg to g
4) 53000µm to m
5) 45keV to eV
Change these units to the prefixes asked
1) 45000J to MJ
2) 0.00000065m to nm
3) 800W to kW
4) 0.02s to ms
5) 500000eV to keV
Conceptual Understanding Procedures (Monash University)
Physics Unit One and Two
Physical Constants and Useful Formulae
Physical Constants and Prefixes:
Speed of light: 𝑐 = 3 × 108 𝑚𝑠 −1
𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 = 1.6 × 10−19 𝐶
Acceleration due to gravity: 𝑎 = −9.8𝑚𝑠 −2
Radiation
Alpha
Beta
Gamma
Mega
kilo
centi
milli
micro
nano
Mega
Quality Factor
20
1
1
M
k
c
m
μ
n
M
106
103
10-2
10-3
10-6
10-9
106
Useful Formulae:
Nuclear and Radiation:
Absorbed Dose
𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑜𝑠𝑒 =
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝐷𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡
= 𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑜𝑠𝑒
× 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐷𝑜𝑠𝑒 = Σ(𝐷𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 × 𝑊)
Dose Equivalent
Effective Dose
Electricity
Ohm’s Law
𝑞
𝑡
𝐸
𝑉 =
𝑞
𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅
Power
𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼
Electric Charge
Electric Work
𝐼 =
Electrical Energy
𝐸 = 𝑃𝑡
Resistors in series
𝑅𝑇 (𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠) = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2
+⋯
1
1
1
(𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙) =
+
𝑅𝑇
𝑅1 𝑅2
+⋯
Resistors in parallel
Motion
Constant Velocity
Constant Acceleration
Equations of motion
for constant
acceleration
Equations of motion
for constant
acceleration
Equations of motion
for constant
acceleration
Equations of motion
for constant
acceleration
Newton’s 2nd Law
Δ𝑥
Δ𝑡
Δ𝑣
𝑎=
Δ𝑡
𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡
Potential Energy
1
𝐸𝐾 = 𝑚𝑣 2
2
𝐸𝑃 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
Mechanical Work
𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑
𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑥
Power
1
𝑥 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2
2
Momentum
𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣
Impulse
𝐼 = 𝐹Δ𝑡 = Δ𝑝
𝑣=
𝑥=
𝑢+𝑣
𝑡
2
Kinetic Energy
𝑃=
𝐸
𝑡
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎
Waves
Wave equation
𝑣 = 𝑓𝜆
Snell’s Law
𝑛1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1 = 𝑛2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2
Periodic table of the elements
1
H
1.0
2
He
4.0
Hydrogen
Helium
3
Li
6.9
4
Be
9.0
79
Au
197.0
Lithium
Beryllium
11
Na
23.0
12
Mg
24.3
Sodium
Magnesium
19
K
39.1
20
Ca
40.1
21
Sc
44.9
22
Ti
47.9
23
V
50.9
24
Cr
52.0
25
Mn
54.9
26
Fe
55.9
27
Co
58.9
28
Ni
58.7
29
Cu
63.6
30
Zn
65.4
Potassium
Calcium
Scandium
Titanium
Vanadium
Chromium
Manganese
Iron
Cobalt
Nickel
Copper
37
Rb
85.5
38
Sr
87.6
39
Y
88.9
40
Zr
91.2
41
Nb
92.9
42
Mo
95.9
43
Tc
98.1
44
Ru
101.1
45
Rh
102.9
46
Pd
106.4
47
Ag
107.9
Rubidium
Strontium
Yttrium
Zirconium
Niobium
Molybdenum
Technetium
Ruthenium
Rhodium
Palladium
55
Cs
132.9
56
Ba
137.3
57
La
138.9
72
Hf
178.5
73
Ta
180.9
74
W
183.8
75
Re
186.2
76
Os
190.2
77
Ir
192.2
78
Pt
195.1
Caesium
Barium
Lanthanum
Hafnium
Tantalum
Tungsten
Rhenium
Osmium
Iridium
87
Fr
(223)
88
Ra
(226)
89
Ac
(227)
104
Rf
(267)
105
Db
(268)
106
Sg
(269)
107
Bh
(270)
108
Hs
(269)
109
Mt
(278)
Francium
Radium
Actinium
Rutherfordium
Dubnium
Seaborgium
Bohrium
Hassium
Meitnerium
atomic number
relative atomic mass
Gold
symbol of element
5
B
10.8
6
C
12.0
7
N
14.0
8
O
16.0
9
F
19.0
10
Ne
20.1
name of element
Boron
Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Fluorine
Neon
13
Al
27.0
14
Si
28.1
15
P
31.0
16
S
32.1
17
Cl
35.5
18
Ar
39.9
Aluminium
Silicon
Phosphorus
Sulfur
Chlorine
Argon
31
Ga
69.7
32
Ge
72.6
33
As
74.9
34
Se
79.0
35
Br
79.9
36
Kr
83.8
Zinc
Gallium
Germanium
Arsenic
Selenium
Bromine
Krypton
48
Cd
112.4
49
In
114.8
50
Sn
118.7
51
Sb
121.8
52
Te
127.6
53
I
126.9
54
Xe
131.3
Silver
Cadmium
Indium
Tin
Antimony
Tellurium
Iodine
Xenon
79
Au
197.0
80
Hg
200.6
81
Tl
204.4
82
Pb
207.2
83
Bi
209.0
84
Po
(209)
85
At
(210)
86
Rn
(222)
Platinum
Gold
Mercury
Thallium
Lead
Bismuth
Polonium
Astatine
Radon
110
Ds
(281)
111
Rg
(281)
112
Cn
(285)
113
Uut
(286)
114
Fl
(289)
115
Uup
(288)
116
Lv
(293)
117
Uus
(294)
118
Uuo
(294)
Darmstadtium
Roentgenium
Copernicium
Ununtrium
Flerovium
Ununpentium
Livermorium
Ununseptium
Ununoctium
58
Ce
140.1
59
Pr
140.9
60
Nd
144.2
61
Pm
(145)
62
Sm
150.3
63
Eu
152.0
64
Gd
157.2
65
Tb
158.9
66
Dy
162.5
67
Ho
164.9
68
Er
167.3
69
Tm
168.9
70
Yb
173.0
71
Lu
175.0
Cerium
Praseodymium
Neodymium
Promethium
Samarium
Europium
Gadolinium
Terbium
Dysprosium
Holmium
Erbium
Thulium
Ytterbium
Lutetium
90
Th
232.0
91
Pa
231.0
92
U
238.0
93
Np
(237.1)
94
Pu
(244)
95
Am
(243)
96
Cm
(247)
97
Bk
(247)
98
Cf
(251)
99
Es
(252)
100
Fm
(257)
101
Md
(258)
102
No
(259)
103
Lr
(262)
Thorium
Protactinium
Uranium
Neptunium
Plutonium
Americium
Curium
Berkelium
Californium
Einsteinium
Fermium
Mendelevium
Nobelium
Lawrencium