Slide 1
Phonology Review / Ch 2
Step 1: Memorize IPA - practice quiz today - real quiz on
Tuesday (over consonants)!
Phonology is about looking for patterns and arguing your
assessment of those patterns (be clear, orderly and logical)
Course calendar may change depending on you
HW1 due Tues 1/17 – practice for Quiz
Quiz 1 is on Tues 1/17; Quiz 2 on Thurs 1/19
About me, you and this course.
Webpage: web.pdx.edu/~connjc
Slide 2
Phonology Review / Ch 2
Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis
Phonology - the organization of sound system of a language – includes
how sounds vary within contexts, the sequencing and distribution of
sounds, and it is interfaced with other aspects of grammar like syntax and
morphology.
Phonemic distinction - a phonetic difference is meaningful
Phonemes = the minimal units that serve to distinguish words with each
other (p. 20)
Slide 3
Phonology Review / Ch 2
Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis
 Looking for meaningful contrast between sounds
(distinctive sounds, sounds in opposition) = phonemes
 Minimal Pairs - 2 forms with distinct meanings that differ by only 1
segment found in the same position in each form
Like 2 words that rhyme (minimal pairs test for consonants)
 sip and zip show a meaningful difference between the segments [s] and [z]
Because of this minimal pair, we can say for sure that /s/ and /z/ are separate
phonemes
Can also use minimal triplet or for more, minimal set
Slide 4
Phonology Review / Ch 2
Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis
 Minimal pairs is a test used to find phonemes
 Phonemes - segments that contrast with each other in a particular
language belong to separate phonemes
 Can’t always find MP for all phonemes in all environments

only occur in certain
environments in English
Slide 5
Phonology Review / Ch 2
Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis
 When 2 or more sounds never occur in the same environment then they
are in complementary distribution
Phonology Review / Ch 2
Slide 6
Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis
 When 2 or more sounds never occur in the same environment then they
are in complementary distribution
voiceless stop
aspirated voiceless stop
unreleased voiceless stop
Phonology Review / Ch 2
Slide 7
Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis
 Allophones - When two or more segments are phonetically distinct but
phonologically the same (predictable variation).
at the Daily Planet
saving the world
at Darcelle’s
Slide 8
Phonology Review / Ch 2
Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis
 Phonetic representation - shows all allophones and all information
about segments that is phonetically produced
 Phonemic representation - only shows phoneme
Phonemic representation
Phonetic representation
/p/
Phonology Review / Ch 2
Slide 9
Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis
 English – one phoneme /p/ and allophones include [p] and [ph]
Phonemic representation
Phonetic representation
/p/
[p]
[ph]
 Thai – 2 phonemes /p/ and /ph/
Phonemic representation /p/
/ph/
[p]
[ph]
Phonetic representation
Slide 10
Phonology Review / Ch 2
Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis
Complementary Distribution - remember that the phoneme /p/ has 3
allophones:
Environments
Phonetic Environments Examples
# ___
word initial
___ #
word final
s ___
after [s]
___ C
before a consonants
C ___ V between a consonant and a vowel
V ___ V between two vowels
V ___ # word-final after a vowel
C ___ # word-final after a consonant
Slide 11
Phonology Review / Ch 2
Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis
 The component of the grammar that determines the selection of speech
sounds and that governs both the sound patterns and the systematic phonetic
variation found in language.
 Phoneme - the idea of the sound and organizational unit for all its
allophones - in yo’ head
 Allophones - the phonetic realizations of the phoneme in certain phonetic
environments - out yo’ mouth
Slide 12
Phonology Review / Ch 2
Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis
Slide 13
Phonology Review / Ch 2
Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis
Yes - minimal pairs 1-7; 2-8; 3-9; 4-10 so:
Slide 14
Phonology Review / Ch 2
Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis
Phonetic Environments
# ___
word initial
___ #
word final
s ___
after [s]
o ___ e
between [o] and [e]
Phonetic Environments
___ C
before a consonant
C ___ V
between a consonant and a vowel
V ___ V
between two vowels
V ___ #
word-final after a vowel
C ___ #
word-final after a consonant
Slide 15
Phonology Review / Ch 2
Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis
organize
your data
Slide 16
Phonology Review / Ch 2
Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis
Organize your data! = Where does each sound occur? List the
specific immediately preceding sound and the specific immediately
following sound (don’t generalize yet!)
Slide 17
Phonology Review / Ch 2
Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis
Phonetic Environments
# ___
word initial
___ #
word final
s ___
after [s]
o ___ e
between [o] and [e]
Phonetic Environments
___ C
before a consonant
C ___ V
between a consonant and a vowel
V ___ V
between two vowels
V ___ #
word-final after a vowel
C ___ #
word-final after a consonant
Phonology Review / Ch 2
Slide 18
Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis
Organize your data! = Where does each sound occur? List the
specific immediately preceding sound and the specific immediately
following sound (don’t generalize yet!)
before [a], [o],
[e], [o:], word
initially, etc
elsewhere
all before [i]
all before [u]
Slide 19
Phonology Review / Ch 2
Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis
Slide 20
Phonology Review / Ch 2
Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis
•
Underlying representation (UR) - the unpredictable phonological information
represented in a phonemic representation (green folders)
•
Surface representations (PR) - the phonetic representations (manila folders)
•
We use rules (formalized phonological processes) to derive the PR from the UR
Slide 21
Phonology Review / Ch 2
Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis
Slide 22
Phonology Review / Ch 2
Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis
•
The text talks about /eI/ shortening – that the vowel is shorter before voiceless
consonants. See data on p. 22 for more details. Everyone understand this?
Phonology Review / Ch 2
Slide 23
Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis
•
We use rules (formalized phonological processes) to derive the PR from the UR
•
Phonological rules are:
•
language specific – not all languages follow the same rules (not all langs have
shorter vowels before voiceless consonants)
•
Productive – extend to novel cases – If new word create in Eng, vake, would
follow shortening rule
•
Give rise to well-formedness intuitions – violations are sensed intuitively
•
Untaught – not something we learn through direct instruction, but rather
intuitively
•
Form part of unconscious knowledge – these are rules we follow but don’t
know we follow – why we don’t necessarily know that there is a shorter vowel
before voiceless consonants
Slide 24
Phonology Review / Ch 2
Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis
•
Basically, based on the distribution of sounds, we can say that these sounds are in
complementary distribution. All of the allophones except 1 will be predictable
(they will occur in a predictable environment – usually due to assimilation or
something like that). The 1 allophone that is NOT predictable we call elsewhere.
This way, we can use that as the phoneme (the least predictable allophone) and
write a rule do derive other allophones.
Slide 25
Phonology Review / Ch 2
Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis
•
Think about Japanese data – we could say that one of the affricates is the phoneme,
and we would have to write a very messy rule to predict where its allophone of [t]
would occur!
•
We are going backwards from the data and based on the distribution and patterning
of sounds, we are theorizing that certain sounds are organized under 1 unit (a
phoneme) and there are rules to predict its occurrence
Slide 26
Phonology Review / Ch 2
Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis
•
Formalizing phonological rules: the first step is to be able to state in prose and use
a simplified features system
•
Look at the data for /l/ in Eng on p. 25 (below too). Everyone understand the
analysis?
Slide 27
Phonology Review / Ch 2
Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis
•
Now we can come up with rules to derive the non-elsewhere allophones. See list
of rules on p. 29 and below
•
Note that some use ___ # to indicate word final while text uses ___ ]word
Slide 28
Phonology Review / Ch 2
Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis
•
Now look at derivations on p. 30 (below). Need to run all possible /l/ instances
through all rules to make sure that the rule applies when it does and it doesn’t apply
incorrectly
Phonology Review / Ch 2
Slide 29
Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis
•
Minimal pair vs. near minimal pair.
Minimal Pair
sip and zip show a meaningful
difference between the segments
[s] and [z]
•
Near Minimal Pair
author and either show a meaningful
difference between the segments
However, if we are trying to find allophones of 1 phoneme, then a near minimal
pair could include words where the 2 sounds in question are just in the same
environment but not necessarily a minimal pair – like tether and pleasure
Slide 30
Phonology Review / Ch 2
Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis
•
It is due to phonology and organization of sounds that can differ between languages
rather than the sounds themselves. Compare Spanish and English.
Slide 31
Phonology Review / Ch 2
Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis
•
It is due to phonology and organization of sounds that can differ between languages
rather than the sounds themselves. Compare Spanish and English.
Slide 32
Phonology Review / Ch 2
Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis
•
It is due to phonology and organization of sounds that can differ between languages
rather than the sounds themselves. Compare Spanish and English.
•
Looking at the 4 sounds involved – here are how they are phonetically related.
Slide 33
Phonology Review / Ch 2
Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis
•
It is due to phonology and organization of sounds that can differ between languages
rather than the sounds themselves. Compare Spanish and English.
•
Looking at the 4 sounds involved – here are how they are phonologically different
in the 2 languages.
Slide 34
Phonology Review / Ch 2
Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis
•
Massai data - we notice that there can be complementary distribution identified for
3 sounds belonging to 1 phoneme for 3 different phonemes. Notice that the same
rule can be applied to all the different allophones and that this is a more general
process due to natural classes.
Slide 35
Phonology Review / Ch 2
Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis
•
Natural class of sounds is defined as any complete set of sounds in a given
language that share the same value for a feature or set of features. (p. 43) Note that
it needs to be all sounds possible for that language – they will usually behave the
same (share phonological rules).
Phonology Review / Ch 2
Slide 36
Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis
•
Minimal pair vs. near minimal pair.
Minimal Pair
sip and zip show a meaningful
difference between the segments
[s] and [z]
•
Near Minimal Pair
author and either show a meaningful
difference between the segments
However, if we are trying to find allophones of 1 phoneme, then a near minimal
pair could include words where the 2 sounds in question are just in the same
environment but not necessarily a minimal pair – like tether and pleasure
Slide 37
•
Phonology Review / Ch 2
Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis
Practice with Phonemic analysis in class exercises - groups
Slide 38
•
Phonology Review / Ch 2
Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis
Practice with Phonemic analysis in class exercises - groups
Slide 39
•
Added slide!
Phonology Review / Ch 2
Ch2 – Phonemic Analysis
Slide 40
Phonology Review / Ch 2
[fo nEkst taIm]:
•Keep on Ch 2 /Start Ch 3
•Remember Quizzes on IPA next week and HW1
due on Tuesday!