2008 Study Guide for Chapter 19, Protists
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General Characteristics of protists
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Animal-like protists: heterotrophs
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– Protozoa
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 4 phyla
 Characteristics
– Movement, contractile vacuole
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– Any light sensory adaptations
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– Body plan characteristics
– Any with shells—what shell is made of
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General life cycle of plasmodium\relate to malaria
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Fungus-like protists
– Spores
– Some aboeboid-like movement
– heterotrophs
Plant-Like protists
Unicellular
Phytoplankton
plankton
base of food chain, oxygen
dinoflagellates
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Red tides/neurotoxins/algae bloom
Euglena—mixotroph
Oxygen and food importance (base of aquatic food chain)
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Multicellular algae--seawead
–
Names of 3 phylum
–
Main pigments in each
–
Which is most like land plants and why
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Cold\warm water; deep water?; any used commercially
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MISC. TERMINOLOGY:
Heterotroph
Autotroph
mixotroph
Contractile vacuole
Eyespot
Spore
Malaria
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–
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plasmodium
Female Anopholes mosquito
Red tides. Dinoflagellates, algae bloom
Symbiont—termite & symbiont protist
HETEROTROPHIC PROTISTS
CHAPTER 19 PROTISTS
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Major groups
– Characteristics
– Ecological Niches
– Human Diseases
Major source of oxygen!!!
What is a protist?
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Eukaryotes
 Unicellular and multicellular
 **The only kingdom of eukaryotes with
both autotrophs and heterotrophs
 Most diverse of all kingdoms
 Mostly aquatic
Protist Variety

Animal-like—Protozoa
 Plant-like—Algae
 Fungus like-Water molds and Slime Molds
Evolutionary Relationships
Ancestors of
– Fungi
 Animalia
And
– Plant
 Kingdoms
Animal-lik
Protozoa
HETEROTROPHIC
PROTISTS
The Plant-like are Autotrophic
Protists
Homework-due Wednesday
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19.1: #2,4,5
 19.3: #1
 19.2: #1
Protozoa animal-like protists“FIRST ANIMALS”
 65,
000 KINDS
 Predators or Parasites
 A few cause disease in humans
 Categorized Based On Type of Locomotion
 4 main groups
4
Protozoa Groups (Phyla):
1. Rhizopoda (sarcodina)
(pseudopods)
2. Zoomastigina (flagellated)
3. Ciliophora (cilliates)
4. Sporozoa (Complex life cycle)
Phylum Rhizopoda
(sarcodina)
 Amoebas
 Mostly marine
 Asexual reproduction
 Heterotrophs
 pseudopods
Amoeba
2 groups of amoebas have
shells
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Marine
 Extend pseudopods through shells
1. Foraminiferans
– Calcium carbonate shells
– Foraminiferan tests build up and
– form limestone or chalk
– (e.g. White Cliffs of Dover)
White Cliffs of Dover
2.
Phylum Zoomastigina
Movement
flagella
Whip
from side to side
Some parasites, some helpful
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Trichonympha : symbiont in termite gut,
digests cellulose
Covered with flagella.
3. Phylum Ciliophora
 Cilia:
 Short,
hair-like structures
– movement, feeding
 Cilia-beat
in synchronized fashion
Example: Paramecium
 Multinucleated
Oral Groove
Gullet
Anal Pore
-Contractile vacuole
Paramecium
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Reproduction
– Usually asexually-divide crosswise
– Also sexual via Conjugation; exchange genetic
material., separate, then each divides in two
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Low food supply or poor environmental conditions
4. Phylum Sporozoa
Produce
spores
Parasites
Complex life cycle
Adults have no form of movement
Diseases Caused by Sporozoans
Malaria--Plasmodium
Toxoplasmosis
Malarial organism:
Plasmodium
 Transmitted
by FEMALE Anopheles mosquito.
Complex
life cycle:
2 hosts
Sexual reproduction in mosquito
– Lives part in humans (mammals)
Asexual reproduction-in mammalsspores
Transmission of
Plasmodium & life cycle
19.2 Algae: Plant-like Protists
Single-celled and Multi-celled
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All are Photosynthetic
– Some Unicellular- planktonic
– Some Multicellular- 3 phyla –The Seaweeds
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All Contain chlorophyll—as well as other
photosynthetic pigments used to classify
Multicellular
Phylum Euglenophyta
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UNIQUE--Both plant and
animal-like characteristics-may be heterotrophic –

Photosynthesis
– chloroplasts
– Photosensitive Eyespot

Contractile vacuole
 Flagella
 freshwater
Single-celled algae :
The phytoplankton

Drift on/in waters
– Shelled:
 The Diatoms and Dinoflagellates
– No shells—single-celled Chlorophyta
Dinoflagellates
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Cell walls – thick cellulose plates
2
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flagella
Most marine
 Some produce toxins-neurotoxin
 Red tides
Phylum Chlorophyta
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Single-celled green algae
 Ancestors of all land plants
 Freshwater and marine
 Fur of slow moving animals– tree sloths
 Chlorophyll A & B; cellulose, starch
Multicellular algae--Seaweed

Accessory pigments distinguish them
 Structure
– Thallus—the body
– Holdfast( anchor)
Multicellular green algae1. Phylum Chlorophyta
Most like true plants:
Like land plants- they have: cellulose,
starch, chlorophyll A & B
2. Phylum Rhodophyta
Phychobilin pigment
deep water
– Uses:
– 1.Carageenan from cell wall
–Used as Food thickener and
stabilizer
2.sushi wrapper (Nori)
3.Phylum Phaeophyta
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Brown algae
– Marine; cold water
like Pacific Ocean
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Fucoxanthin-brown
pigment
 Kelp-largest (Pacific)
 Sargasum ( common
in Atlantic)
Fungus-Like Protists

Reproduce by spores
 heterotrophic
Water Molds
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Also cause disease in fish
B. Downy Mildew
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Many plant diseases
 Irish potato famine
– Blight 0f 1840’s