歐盟法與生命對話 第十二單元
Religion and the State in the EU
授課教師：貝克定
東華大學歷史學系
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What do we mean by “religion” in this
case?
Public aspects (political and social policies)
Private aspects (personal beliefs)
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Public religion
– in the UK
In his third effort this week to highlight his own strong faith,
the prime minister 首相 (戴维·卡梅伦) said he wanted to
see a bigger role for religion in Britain as a Christian country
and urged fellow believers to be more confident in spreading
their views.
The prime minister said he wanted to see a bigger role for
religion in Britain as a Christian country and urged fellow
believers to be more confident in spreading their views.
The Guardian 2014.04.17
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 The EU
 Four representative 代表性 states of the EU
- Italy
- England
- Germany
- France
 Background of European religion
 Two states that influence the EU
- Russia
- USA
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The EU
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“EU Guidelines on the promotion and
protection of freedom of religion or belief”
2013.06.24
ICCPR - 1976
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- Not signed by UN representative
- Not ratified by state government
- Ratified but with conditions
- Not a member of the UN
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“EU Guidelines on the promotion and
protection of freedom of religion or belief”
16. Freedom of thought, conscience, religion or
belief applies to all persons equally. It is a
universal human right that needs to be
protected everywhere and for everyone,
regardless of who they are, where they live, and
what they believe or do not believe in.
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8. The Guidelines explain what the international human
rights standards on freedom of religion or belief are, and
give clear political lines to officials of EU institutions
and EU Member States, to be used in contacts with
third countries and with international and civil
society organisations. They also provide officials with
practical guidance on how to seek to prevent violations
of freedom of religion or belief, to analyse cases, and to
react effectively to violations wherever they occur, in
order to promote and protect freedom of
religion or belief in the EU's external action.
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47. EU missions (EU Delegations and Member States
Embassies and Consulates) form a key component in
early warning. EU missions, in co-ordination with any
relevant CSDP missions, will monitor respect for
freedom of religion or belief in third countries
and will identify and report on situations of
concern (including individual cases and systemic
issues), drawing on available sources in and outside the
country, including civil society, so that the EU can take
prompt and appropriate action.
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57. Violations of freedom of religion or
belief will be taken into account by the EU
when deciding on appropriate measures
under human rights clauses in agreements
with third countries, including the possible
suspension of cooperation, notably as
regards financial assistance.
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Has important intentions for human
rights
To date has had little noticeable
effect anywhere
Criticized because sets stricter
standards of religious freedom for
states outside the EU than for member
states
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 “I believe there is a God.” (EU poll, 2005)
- Strong: Poland, Portugal, Italy, Ireland
- Medium: France, England, Scandinavia
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Italy
Christian 77%
 Not religious or not stated 20%
 Islam (2%)
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Catholic church the common cultural
factor in the Italian Peninsula before
unification of Italy in 1866
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 Papal States restricted to the territory of the Vatican City 梵蒂岡城市
in Rome, but Church and State developed agreement under
Mussolini
墨索里尼.
 Italy still the ‘headquarters’ for the Catholic Church
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Remains at the center of Italian
cultural life
- Marriages
- Funerals
- Relationship to personal faith
questionable
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Church Tax
- About 0.8% of income
- Paid to certain Catholic, Protestant,
Orthodox, Jewish, Hindu, or Buddhist
church organizations
- Or to government charity
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England
 Christian 60%
 Not religious or not stated 32%
 Islam 5.0%
 Hindu 1.5%
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 Church of England – historical
- Greater distance from Rome
- 14th c. movement to reform Catholic Church to make it
accessible to common people
- 1538 Church of England separated from Roman Catholic
Church
- Changes back and forth and great persecutions over the next
200 years
- Beliefs and rituals similar to Catholicism
- Movement of Anglican priests to Catholicism in 20th c.
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Church was the beginning of education
- Parish schools
- Universities (until 19th c.)
- Records of births, marriages, deaths
Remained in control after separation from Rome
-Until the mid-19th c, you needed to be a member
of the C of E to teach at Ox-Bridge
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 Church of England – today
- Queen (or king) remains the head of the Church
- Creates difficulty for a divorced man to become king
- Retains 26 bishops in House of Lords
- Part of the “cultural landscape”
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Westminster Abbey 西敏寺
- Built 1250-1500
- Coronation / burial place of English / British kings
- Graves or memorials to authors, artists, scientists,
nobility, etc.
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 St Paul’s Cathedral 聖保羅座堂
- Built 1710 following Great Fire of London
- Survived bombing in WWII
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The Church as State Theater
Royal weddings
Coronations 加冕禮
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 David Cameron: Happy Vaisakhi Day to Sikhs 錫克教徒
"I want to send my best wishes to everyone celebrating
Vaisakhi this year. This is a hugely important time for Sikhs
across Britain and around the world, for them to come
together with friends and family to celebrate the birth of the
faith.
160 years ago, the first Sikh arrived in Britain. Since then,
Sikhs have more than made their mark here -- in business,
in public services, in sport, culture, charity and beyond.
Vaisakhi gives us a chance to celebrate that immense
contribution and to share the success stories of British
Sikhs.”
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Ireland
- 90% of primary schools 小學 run by Catholic
Church
- Religion integrated into all classes
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Germany
Christian 50%
Not religious or not stated 44%
Other 3%
Islam 2%
Attend church more than once a year (1998)
- Western Germany 41%
- Eastern Germany 12%
ipsos_mori_briefing_pack
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Recent News
In Germany, Chancellor Angela Merkel surprised
many with her declaration of her private faith. A
Lutheran minister's daughter who grew up under
communism, she said in November 2012: "I am
a member of the evangelical church. I believe
in God and religion is also my constant
companion."
The Economist 22.04.2014
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Holy Roman Empire 聖羅馬帝國
- Many small states that elected an
emperor with little real power
- Emperor originally crowned by the
Pope
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Reformation
- Began even before Luther in Eastern
Europe
- Lack of strong central authority permitted
Reformation to spread more quickly
- After Luther some states in the Holy Roman
Empire (especially the south) remained
Catholic
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 30 Years War 1616-1648
- Began as religious conflict – more than 200 states in
the HRE could choose their religion
- Led to dynastic conflict between Bourbons (France)
and Hapsburgs (Spain and HRE)
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Church Tax (unless you officially leave your
church)
- About 8-9% of an individual’s total tax
- About 70% of Church revenues
Dresden Frauenkirche 德勒斯登聖母教堂
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- Built as Protestant church, 1740
- Destroyed in WWII
- Rebuilt 2000 with funds from the Dresden Bank and
private individuals
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France
 Christianity (45%)
 No religion or not stated 45%
 Other religions (6%)
 Islam (3%)
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Laïcité
- Secularization of the government
- Separation of Church and State
- Concealing State intervention in religion
- Concept begun during French Revolution –
religion outlawed, churches put to other uses,
priests returned to secular life
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2004 – law forbidding students (or teachers)
from wearing a symbol of their religious
affiliation.
- Neutrally worded, but understood as
restriction on Muslim girls wearing
headscarves.
- Government employees also may not
wear religious headgear
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Paris Panthéon 先賢祠
- Begun as a church, 1750
- After French Revolution, changed to burial place
for French philosophers (Voltaire), authors (Hugo),
scientists (Curie), artists
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The international context for religion
and the state in the EU
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Russia
- Repression of the Orthodox Church during the
Soviet Union
- Strong state support of the Orthodox Church
under Putin
- Strong support for Putin, especially from the
Russian Patriarch 總教主
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 Who took Patriarch Kirill’s $30,000 watch?
“The church apologized for the deception on Thursday
and restored the original photo to the site, but not before
Patriarch Kirill weighed in, insisting in an interview with
a Russian journalist - that he had never worn the watch,
and that any photos showing him wearing it must have
been doctored to put the watch on his wrist.”
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 Religion and the government in Eastern Europe
Orthodox Easter 復活節 messages from patriarchs 大公
宗主教 in Kiev 基輔 and Moscow:
The head of Ukraine's Orthodox Church Patriarch
Filaret accused Russia of "aggression" and "evil".
Russian Church Patriarch Kirill asked God to end "the
designs of those who want to destroy Holy Russia".
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America
- Separation of Church and State is
one of the founding principles of the
USA
- Since the initial separation, Christianity
has had increasing influence on US
politics, especially since the 1950’s
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Swearing oath of office
Swearing to tell the truth in court
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National Prayer Breakfast
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C Street Center, Washington DC
- Residence for conservative Senators and
Representatives
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 Creationism
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 5th Grade Textbook for Louisiana state schools
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Americans’ understanding of Christianity
12% believe Joan of Arc 聖女貞德 was Noah’s 諾亞 wife. (Joan of
Ark 挪亞方舟)
40 % can name more than four of the Ten Commandments 十誡.
50% know any of the four authors of the Gospels 福音.
75% believe the Bible teaches that, "God helps those who help
themselves." (Ben Franklin, not the Bible)
Source: Harpers, August 2005
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Strong interaction between Religion
and the state in other areas of the
world
Israel and Palestine (Zionists vs. Palestinians)
Middle East (local Islamic peoples vs. Western)
India (Hindu nationalists vs. Christians and
Moslems)
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Israel
Binyamin Netanyahu 納 坦 雅 胡 will push
ahead with a rare change to Israel's basic laws
(which amount to the country's constitution) to
insist Israel is "the nation state of one people
only – the Jewish people – and of no other
people".
The Guardian 2014.05.04
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The End
Questions?
Comments? What do you think about this?
What effect does religion have on government
in Taiwan?
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In his third effort
this week to …
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The guardian / David Cameron: I am evangelical about Christian faith, Rowena Mason
http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/apr/16/david-cameron-evangelical-about-christian-faith
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。瀏覽日期：2014/06/25。
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You Tube / Happy Easter: Message from David Cameron
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z5bVh97sCOk
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。瀏覽日期 : 2014/08/21。
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Free Speech Debate / Article 19: freedom of expression anchored in international law
http://freespeechdebate.com/en/discuss/article-19-freedom-of-expression-anchored-in-international-law/
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。瀏覽日期：2014/05/12。
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Europa Augsburg / Europakarte
http://www.europa.augsburg.de/index.php?id=21262
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。瀏覽日期 : 2014/5/4。
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Wikimedia commons / Europe belief in god, Veikk0.ma
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Wikimedia commons / Italian-unification, Artemka
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Italian-unification.gif
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Wikimedia commons / Vatican City at Large, Sébastien Bertrand
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Wikimedia commons / Vatican City map EN, Thoroe
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Wikimedia commons / Source: Picture taken and postprocessed by Hans Musil.; Author: Hans Musil
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Wikimedia commons / Westminster-Abbey, Σπάρτακος
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Wikimedia commons / St Pauls Cathedral in 1896, Unknown
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:St_Pauls_Cathedral_in_1896.JPG
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Wikimedia commons / St pauls altar, Donelson
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地球圖輯隊/ Royal Wedding, Dave Thompson
http://world.yam.com/post.php?id=63
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Wikimedia commons / Source: Transferred from el.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:Badseed using CommonsHelper; Author: Jules Eugène Lenepveu
(1819-1898). Original uploader was Leopoldos at el.Wikipedia
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Charles-vii-courronement-_Panth%C3%A9on_III.jpg
本作品屬公共領域之著作。瀏覽日期：2014/08/21。
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I want to send my best
wishes to everyone …
You Tube / Happy Easter: Message from David Cameron
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NkWmuAknHZI
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。瀏覽日期 : 2014/5/12。
You Tube / Happy Easter: Message from David Cameron
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NkWmuAknHZI
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。瀏覽日期 : 2014/5/12。
Wikimedia commons / Map Thirty Years War-en, Historicair
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Map_Thirty_Years_War-en.svg
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Mygermanexpert / Unknown
http://blog.mygermanexpert.com/2013/06/10-Facts-about-German-Church-Tax.html
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Wikimedia commons / Canaletto (I) 006, DIRECTMEDIA
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Wikimedia commons / Pantheon P1190526, David.Monniaux
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St Laurenceludlow / General History
http://www.stlaurences.org.uk/history-and-virtual-tour/general-history
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Wikimedia commons / Source: http://eng.kremlin.ru/events/chronicle/2007/05/128998.shtml; Author: Kremlin.ru
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The New York Times Company / $30,000 Watch Vanishes Up Church Leader’s Sleeve
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/06/world/europe/in-russia-a-watch-vanishes-up-orthodox-leaders-sleeve.html?_r=0
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。瀏覽日期 : 2014/5/12。
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Wikimedia commons / Source: http://archive.premier.gov.ru/eng/premier/albums/33221.html#photo=35393; Author: Press service of the government of Russia.
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_and_Patriarch_Kirill_of_Moscow.jpeg
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“The church
apologized for the
deception on Thursday
and restored …
The New York Times Company / $30,000 Watch Vanishes Up Church Leader’s Sleeve / Michael Schwirtz
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/06/world/europe/in-russia-a-watch-vanishes-up-orthodox-leaders-sleeve.html?_r=0
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。瀏覽日期 : 2014/5/12。
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Wikimedia commons / Source: White House (P012113SH-0578). Uploaded by odder. Author: White House/Sonya Hebert
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Wikimedia commons / Source: http://www.whitehouse.gov/; Author: Pete Souza, White House photographer
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_National_Prayer_Breakfast_20090205.jpg
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flickr / A tour of the Creation Museum in Petersburg, KY in July 2011. It's science, or something like that, David Berkowitz
https://www.flickr.com/photos/davidberkowitz/6009861293/
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flickr / A tour of the Creation Museum in Petersburg, KY in July 2011. It's science, or something like that, David Berkowitz
https://www.flickr.com/photos/davidberkowitz/6009861293/
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Wikimedia commons / Source: File:Views on Evolution.jpg; New Scientist Magazine, 19 April 2008, Vol. 198, No.2652, page 31: "Evolution myths: It doesn't
matter if people don't grasp evolution“; New Scientist Magazine, 19 August 2006, Vol. 191, No.2565, page 11: "Why doesn't America believe in evolution?“;
Author: Pbroks13 (talk)
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Views_on_Evolution.svg
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Wikimedia commons / Håkan Henriksson (Narking)
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Filaret-2008-08-19.jpg
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Disinfomation / Louisiana Middle School Textbooks On Dinosaurs, Earth, Creation
http://disinfo.com/2012/11/louisiana-middle-school-textbooks-on-dinosaurs-earth-creation/
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。瀏覽日期 : 2014/5/12。
In Germany,
Chancellor Angela
Merkel surprised
many with her …
Copyright © The Economist Newspaper Limited 2014. / Europe, religion and politics Old world wars Apr 22nd 2014, 17:48 by B.C.
http://www.economist.com/blogs/erasmus/2014/04/europe-religion-and-politics
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Orthodox Easter
messages from …
BBC / Ukraine unrest: Orthodox Easter messages show divide
www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-27093029
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12% believe Joan of
Arc…
harpers / The Christian paradox - How a faithful nation gets Jesus wrong, Bill McKibben
http://harpers.org/archive/2005/08/the-christian-paradox/
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。瀏覽日期：2014/06/25。
Binyamin
Netanyahu will push
ahead …
The guardian / Netanyahu pushes to define Israel as nation state of Jewish people only, Peter Beaumont
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/04/binyamin-netanyahu-israel-jewish-state
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用。瀏覽日期：2014/06/25。