Development of Limnology
Early Days : focus on description of physical, chemical and biological aspects of lakes
Between WWI and WWII
Post WWII

First textbook on limnology in 1901 by A. Forel ,
30 yr of research on Lac L
man
Lakes as integrated units

Stephan Forbes
--1872, was named director of the new State Laboratory of
Natural History in 1877
--Illinois Natural History
Survey
--Lake as a Microcosm
**Discussion and exercise to follow

In 1865 the head of the Vatican Navy, Commander A. Cialdi, found reference to use of a “dish” to measure transparency
Engaged professor P.A. Secchi to conduct observations aboard the Papal
Steam Sloop L’ Immacolata Concezione (Immaculate Conception).
Secchi spent< month at sea and found that depth of visibility depended, among many other variables, on the size of the disk (bigger is better) and its color.
Red portion of the light spectrum is rapidly absorbed in water; while greens and blues persist much deeper, so something contrasting with these hues remains visible.
Secchi’s unusual name will forever be associated with this durable oceanographic tool.
http://www.bayjournal.com/article.cfm?article=860

AE Birge (1851-1950); U. Wisconsin
--Importance of small algae
--University Dean & administrator
--Did much limnological work after retirement, collecting at Trout Lake at 85yrs
--Worked with Juday on Lake Mendota
Robert Pennak, who completed his graduate work at Wisconsin and now is emeritus professor at the
University of Colorado, relates a story of how Birge admonished him, after a
Model A car they were using had been turned on its side by slippery road conditions,
" … dammit Pennak, put it back on its wheels, the survey must go on!" (Beckel,
1987).

C. Wesenberg-Lund: Founding scientist of Biological
Station Lunz (Austria) Institute for Limnology. Founded
1904 and recently closed http://www.bsl.oeaw.ac.at/english/e_institute.htm

Sven Ekman and dredge ~1911

Development of Limnology
Early Days: focus on description of physical, chemical and biological aspects of lakes
Between WWI and WWII: Quantification of material and energy flux and rates of production
Europe - lake classification
North America – classification & system aggregates
Japan
Post WWII

August Friedrich Thienemann (1882 - 1960) trained at
Innsbruck, Heidelberg, and Greifswald
1917 appointed director of the Hydrobiological Anstalt at
Plön, directed the Max-PlanckInstitut für Limnologie in Plön for
40 years.
Nutrient cycling and foodweb structure
Using chironomids as indicators to characterize systems

Einar Christian Leonard Naumann (1891 - 1934)
Trained at University of Lund, Sweden
Coined use of terms:
Oligotrophic
Mesotrophic
Eutrophic

Edward Birge and Chancey Juday
Founders of academic limnology
Multidisciplinary collaborations
Instrument development
Studied range of lake types & sizes
Autotrophic vs. Allotrophic lakes
Recognized gradients of many factors
Quantatiave but lacked hypothesis testing or tests of statistical significance
Founders of Wisconsin ‘dynasty’ in NA limnology

R. A. Fisher
--1890: Born in London.
.
--1919: Started work as a statistician at Rothamsted
Experimental Station .
1933: Chair of Eugenics at University College, London.
.
1962: Died Adelaide, South Australia.
http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/~lloyd/tildeImages/People/Fisher.RA/

G. Evelyn Hutchinson (1903-1991), an English born, South
African raised American Zoologist (Yale U.)
Opposite approach to Birge and Juday, mathematical modeling

Phylogeny and Biogeography of
Hutchinsonia: G. E. Hutchinson's
Influence Through His Doctoral
Students
Alan J. Kohn
Limnology and Oceanography ,
Vol. 16, No. 2, G. Evelyn
Hutchinson Celebratory Issue.
(Mar., 1971), pp. 173-176.

Bridgeman
Culver
Kling

Raymond L. Lindeman (1915 – 1942)
--published just six articles, described shortly after his death by
G. E. Hutchinson as "one of the most creative and generous minds yet to devote itself to ecological science," last paper, "The Trophic-Dynamic
Aspect of Ecology," —published posthumously foundational papers in ecology, general analysis of ecological succession in terms of energy flow through the ecosystem

Contrast:
1. European and Wisconsin approaches of classifying lakes and searching for pattern among systems
2. Hutchinson-Lindeman approach of attempting to explain function through appreciation of aggregated components (trophic levels)
What are the advantages and disadvantages of each approach?
Is one or the other a “better” way to do science?

Development of Limnology
Early Days: focus on description of physical, chemical and biological aspects of lakes
Between WWI and WWII: Quantification of material and energy flux and rates of production
Europe - lake classification
North America – classification & system aggregates
Japan
Post WWII: Ecosystem perspective

H. T. Odum (1924 – 2002),
Founded The Center for Wetlands at the
University of Florida, 1973
A founder of ecosystem science

Founder and original director of
Experimental Lakes Area
ELA Research
1968 and 1975- Eutrophication (pollution by excess nutrients), whole ecosystem studies.
1976 and 1992- lake acidification and the impacts of acid rain,
From 1993 through 2003, impacts of reservoir creation and associated flooding

Many researchers looking at larger spatial and temporal scales
Whole lake manipulations
Long time series

U. Wisconsin
A. Hasler
(1976)
J. Kitchell
J. Magnuson
S. Carpenter

Trout Lake area LTER
Mendota data support occurrence of global warming

Past presidents of the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography
Debbie Bronk (2010-2012)
Carlos Duarte (2008-2010)
Sybil Seitzinger (2006-2008)
Jonathan Cole (2004-06)
Peter Jumars (2002-04)
William M. Lewis (2000-02)
Thomas C. Malone (1998-00)
Diane M. McKnight (1996-98)
Nancy H. Marcus (1994-96)
John T. Lehman (1992-94) (resigned 6/94)
Trevor Platt (1990-92)
Claire L. Schelske (1988-90)
Richard T. Barber (1986-88)
John E. Hobbie (1984-86)
Larry R. Pomeroy (1983-84)
David Schindler (1982-83)
Richard W. Eppley (1981-82)
Robert G. Wetzel (1980-81)
Patrick L. Parker (1979-80)
Robert L. Smith (1978-79)
George W. Saunders, Jr. (1977-78)
Gene E. Likens (1976-77)
Richard C. Dugdale (1975-76)
Edward S. Deevey, Jr. (1974-75)
James H. Carpenter (1973-74)
George H. Lauff (1972-73)
I. Eugene Wallen (1971-72)
Clifford H. Mortimer (1970-71)
Timothy R. Parsons (1969-70)
F. Ronald Hayes (1968-69)
Charles R. Goldman (1967-68)
Frank F. Hooper (1966-67)
Maurice Rattray, Jr. (1965-66)
Gerald W. Prescott (1964-65)
John C. Ayres (1963-64)
Robert W. Pennak (1962-63)
Gordon A. Riley (1961-62)
W. Thomas Edmondson (1960-61)
Bostwick H. Ketchum (1959-60)
William E. Ricker (1958-59)
Dale F. Leipper (1957-58)
David C. Chandler (1956-57)
Alfred C. Redfield (1955-56)
David G. Frey (1954-55)
Thurlow C. Nelson (1953-54)
Frederick E.J. Fry (1952-53)
Richard H. Fleming (1951-52)
Carl L. Hubbs (1950-51)
Arthur D. Hasler (1949-50)
Claude E. Zobell (1948-49)
G. Evelyn Hutchinson (1947-48)
Donald S. Rawson (1946-47)
Paul S. Welch (1946-46)
George L. Clarke (1942-1946)
Raymond C. Osburn (1941-42)
William J.K. Harkness (1940-41)
Lewis H. Tiffany (1939-40)
Robert E. Coker (1938-39)
James G. Needham (1937-38)
Chancey Juday (1935-37)

Mary Power : control of primary production and river food webs
--John and Margaret Gompertz Chair in
Integrative Biology, 2002-2007, Berkley
--G. Evelyn Hutchinson Medal, American
Society of Limnology and Oceanography, summer 2005
--Past President, American Society of
Naturalists, 2005 http://www.amnat.org/

Bobbi Peckarsky : mechanisms, consequences and evolution of predatorprey, consumer-resource, and competitive interactions
Professor Emeritus, Cornell University
Honorary Fellow, University of Wisconsin,

Carla E. Cáceres
Associate Professor, University of Illinois
--2003-2008 Presidential Early Career
Award for Scientists and Engineers
(PECASE)
--1999. R. L. Lindeman Award for the outstanding paper written by a young aquatic scientist, American Society of
Limnology and Oceanography.

Hank Bart ; Professor & Director, Tulane
University Museum of Natural History diversity of North American fishes; systematics, taxonomy, community ecology and life history

http://www.limnology.org/index.shtml

Discussion of Lake a Microcosm
What are entomostraca?
Forbes found entomostraca in large lakes to be
“inferior in numbers, in size and robustness, and in reproductive power”
He concluded this was “doubtless due to the relative scarcity of food”
On what evidence did he base this conclusion?
Propose and alternative hypothesis.
How would you test it?