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: Biochemistry
:
:B.D.Sc. Dentistry
: All faculty of oral and Dental Medicine departments
Course : Biochemistry Department ( faculty of medicine )
: 1 st year
Prerequisites:.
Credit hours:
Lecture : 60
Practical : 60
Total contact : 120
1.
To provide a clear conceptual picture of the overall organizing principles and fundamental chemical forces that underlie life .
2.
To provide students with a basic understanding of the principles of bioenergetics and enzyme catalysis .
3.
To understand the chemical structures , properties , and biological functions of the molecules with make up living matter .

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4.
To understand the metabolic pathways of different macronutrients , its regulations and
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5.
To understand the role of micronutrients as well the inorganic elements in the maintenance of normal health .
6.
To demonstrate familiarity with a range of laboratory techniques and instrumentation used to identify , quantify and study biochemical substances .
7.
To prepare the dentist for continuing professional growth and provide an understanding of the biochemical basis for future treatment modalities .
A.
By the end of the course the student should be able to :
1.
Explain the structure of an atom , molecules and define isotopes
2.
Know the essential elements required for life .
3.
Discuss the different types of chemical bonds .
4.
Explain the chemical structure of water molecule and discuss the thermal and solvent properties of water .
5.
Explain the terms , dipolar , ionic , hydrophilic , hydrophobic , amphipathic and micelle .
6.
Define the two types of cells .
1.
Explain dissociation of pure water .
2.
Define the terms , acid , base and explain the difference between strong and weak acid or base .
3.
Define PH , give its range in solutions .

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4.
Mention the normal blood pH and mention why it is important to keep it in a narrow range .
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5.
Define a buffer , and discuss its composition and mechanism of action .
6.
List the physiological buffers and show why carbonic acid/Bicarbonate system is the most important buffers in the body .
7.
Classify acid-base disturbances , mention their common causes and describe the role of lung and kidney in adjusting blood pH .
1.
Define the term metabolism and discuss the function of its two types .
2.
Discuss the 3 stages of energy extraction from foodstuffs .
3.
Describe ATP molecule : the energy currency of the cell , and discuss the two levels of its synthesis in the body .
4.
Define the terms : free energy , exergonic and endergonic reactions , metabolic pathway and intermediary metabolites . d)
:
1.
Define enzyme , substrate and classify enzymes according to the international union of biochemistry (1UB) .
2.
Discuss the properties of enzymes
3.
Discuss the role of cofactors and coenzymes in chemical reactions and define the terms : holoenzyme , apoenzyme and prosthetic group.
4.
Explain he mechanism of enzyme action .
5.
Compare the lock-and-key and induced fit models to describe formation of the enzymesubstrate complex .
6.
List factors affecting enzyme activity and perform calculations involving various kinetic parameters , including Km and Vmax .
7.
Compare the effects of different types of inhibitors on enzyme and on their kinetic parameters .

8.
Explain how enzyme activity is regulated (Metabolic regulation by enzymes )
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9.
Define is enzyme and explain its role in clinical diagnosis . e)
:
1.
Describe classifications , structure , properties of monosaccharide's , disaccharides , and polysaccharides and their biological importance .
2.
Describe the structure and classification of glycosaminoglycans , and summarize their medical importance .
3.
Describe how are the carbohydrates digested and absorbed
4.
Describe how glucose is metabolized to energy and how this process is properly regulated according to the body requirements .
5.
Discuss importance of Krebs cycle , its steps and amount of energy liberated
6.
Explain the importance of the alternative pathways for glucose metabolism and how defects in these pathways lead to disease .
7.
Describe how glucose is stored as glycogen and how it is produced by glycogenolysis .
8.
Describe how glucose can be synthesized from non-carbohydrate sources and how this process id regulated .
9.
Describe the role of different organs and hormones in the regulation of the blood glucose level and the causes of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia .
10.
Discuss diabetes mellitus , its causes, diagnosis and the associated metabolic disturbances.
1.
Describe the classifications , structure and properties of the amino acids and the nature of the bonds linking them in the proteins .
2.
Describe the classifications , structure , conformation and properties of the pro-teins.
3.
Define the four basic structural levels of polypeptides , describe the major forces that control their structure , and demonstrate the clinical significance of proper protein structure .

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4.
Describe how are the proteins digested and absorbed and how may defects in these processes may lead to disease .
5.
Summarize the metabolic pathways (steps and regulatory mechanisms ) of pro-teins , determine the importance of their compartmentalization and explain the basic concepts which govern it .
6.
Describe the overall metabolism of nitrogen as well as the states of positive balance , negative balance and equilibrium of nitrogen .
7.
Describe the different mechanisms by which amino acids are deaminated and the fate of the products of deamination .
8.
Explain the effect of hormones on protein metabolism .
9.
Describe how the nonessential amino acids are synthesized by humans and how are active amines and other important metabolites formed from amino acid .
1.
Describe the classifications , structure , properties and important derivatives of different lipids present in the body ( simple lipids , conjugated lipids and de-rived lipids ) and describe their biological role .
2.
Describe how the lipids are digested and absorbed .
3.
Summarize the metabolic pathways ( steps and regulatory mechanisms ) of lipids , determine the importance of their compartmentalization and explain the basic concepts which govern it .
4.
List ketene bodies and mention their sources and importance .
5.
Discuss classification of plasma lipoproteins and their role in lipid transport .
6.
Identify the relation between the metabolism of cholesterol and plasma lipoproteins with the relationship of this to the development of atherosclerosis .
7.
Explain the role of liver in lipid metabolism .

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1.
Describe the function of water-soluble vitamins , their biochemical importance and deficiency manifestations .
2.
Describe the structure and function of lipid-soluble vitamins : their biochemical importance and deficiency .
3.
Describe the metabolism of the major minerals and trace elements and their functions .
4.
Describe the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus and factors controlling their levels .
5.
Describe metabolism of fluorine .
B.
By the end of the course the student should be able to :
1.
Point out the clinical significance of some enzyme reactions and kinetics .
2.
Interpret symptoms , signs and biochemical laboratory findings of some metabolic disorders .
3.
Diagnose the type of abnormality of pathological glucose tolerance curve .
4.
Point-out the etiology of metabolic disturbance in a given case study report .
C.
By the end of the course the student should be able to :
1.
Identify laboratory reagents and instruments used in biochemistry laboratory .
2.
Identify the physical and chemical characters of normal .
3.
Perform chemical tests to detect abnormal constituents of urine .
4.
Estimate serum levels of glucose , total proteins , albumin , cholesterol , creatinine and uric acid by colorimetric methods .
5.
Assess glucose tolerance by glucose tolerance test .
D.
By the end of the course the student should be able to :

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1.
Work effectively in group in lab .
2.
Manage time and resources and set priorities .
3.
Respects the role of staff and co-staff members regardless of degree or occupation .
4.
Locate and utilize biochemical resources and data from the internet .
3-
Week
No.
Topics
Introduction to biochemistry
No. of
Hours lecturer
8
2
Tutorial/ practical
6
Acid base balance
Introduction of metabolism
Enzymes
Carbohydrates metabolism
TCA cycle
10
2
15
32
4
2
6
14
2 2
6
9
18
Proteins and amino acids metabolism 6
16 10
Lipids metabolism 10 15
25
Vitamins and minerals
10 10
4Teaching &learning methods
1.
Lectures : one lecture/week two hours each between 9.00 am and 12 pm according to the current time table in lecture hall I .
2.
The students are divided into small groups , each group has a 2 hrs practical class once per week .

5Student Assessment Methods
1.
Written examination : to assess knowledge , understanding and intellectual skills .
2.
Oral examination : to assess knowledge , understanding , attitude and general skills .
3.
Practical examination : to assess practical skills , intellectual and general skills .
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Assessment 1,2,3 and 4 are held at nearly equal intervals during the academic year .
They include MCQ and short essay questions . the 10% semester work is calculated from these exams.
Assessment 5 : final examination at the end of the academic year ( June ) for all students . it includes written exam (short and long essay questions ) , oral exam and practical exam .
Course work:
Final written exam: 60 %
Final practical exam: 20 %
Oral examination : 10 %
Semester work: 10%
Simulation:
Total : 100%
Note of some lectures ( hard copies or computer presentations )
Notes on the laboratory practical work .

1.
Harper's illustrated biochemistry : 26 th edition by Murray R.; Granner D; Mayes P and
Rodwell V. Lange Medical books / Mc Graw-Hill companies New York , 2003.
2.
Text book of biochemistry with clinical correlations 5 th Ed , Devlin TM Ed.Wiley-Liss New
York , 2002.
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Lippincott's reviews of biochemistry , 3 rd edition by Champe PC, Harvey RA, Ferrier DR, Lippincott
William & Wilkins London,2005.
Medical biochemistry resources: http://www.medlib.iupui.edu/ref/biochem.htm
1.
Board : is available in the lecture hall at school of dentistry .
2.
Data show : is available in the lecture hall at school dentistry .
3.
Laboratory : laboratory facilities to perform the required experiments are available in the biochemistry lab , faculty of medicine .