Do Now!! 
What is matter?
What are elements?
What is the periodic table used for?
Objectives
To list the different elements found in living
things.
To explain what bonds are used for.
To determine the different functions of the
4 macromolecules as well as water in the
body.
Chapter 2
“How Cells Function”
A. Elements and Matter
What is matter?
 Anything that has mass and takes up space
A. Elements and Matter
 i. All living and non-living things can be broken
down into elements.
 ii. Elements: pure substance that cannot be
broken down into other substances by physical
or chemical means.
Periodic Table Information
 Atomic number- tells
us the # of protons
(and electrons)
 Symbol- unique for
each element.
 Atomic Mass- # of
protons plus #
neutrons
6
C
12.02
A. Elements and Matter
 iii. Each element has it’s own set of properties.
Ex: Oxygen
Colorless
Odorless
gas
B. Elements in the body
i.
 Oxygen
 Carbon
 Hydrogen
 Nitrogen
 Calcium
 Phosphorus
 19 others
B. Elements in the body
 ii. Can be found as a pure element or as a
compound.**
 Compound: atoms of 2 or more elements
joined together by chemical bonds.
Ex: H2O (has both elements hydrogen and
oxygen in it)
C. Atoms
Elements are made up of atoms
i. Atom: smallest unit of an element that
still retains the properties of that
element.
C. Atoms
Building blocks of matter
Contain 3 parts
+
Protons: positively charged, contain mass
of 1
Neutrons: no charge, contain mass of 1
-
Electrons: negatively charged,
insignificant mass
Do Now!! 
 What is a compound?
 Give an example
 Name 3 elements found in our body.
 What are the 3 parts of an atom and where
are they located?
Objectives
To define chemical reactions
To compare and contrast endothermic
and exothermic reactions
To illustrate these reactions in a lab
activity
Chemical Reactions
 Why do we need chemical reactions?
 ii. Chemical Reactions: bonds between atoms
are broken or formed to make different
molecules in the body:
Broken bonds: release energy
Formed bonds: store energy
C6H12O6 + O2  CO2 + H2O + ATP (energy)
Reactants
Products
Types of Reactions
Exothermic- releases heat
energy:
o The energy of the
product is LOWER than
the energy of the
reactants.
o Ex:
Types of Reactions (cont.)
Endothermic - absorbs
heat energy
The energy of the
products is HIGHER than
the energy of the
reactants.
Ex:
Objectives
 To identify the essential macromolecules
 To compare and contrast simple and complex
carbohydrates
 To discuss the importance of lipids, proteins
and nucleic acids
Macromolecules
Macro= BIG
4 different macromolecules all
doing a different job in our body!
A. Carbohydrates
Give us energy!!
Made up of C, H, O
A. Carbohydrates (cont.)
 Types of Carbs:
 Simple: sugars like glucose, fructose, galactose
Ex: cookies, candy
Monosaccharides and Disaccharides
 Complex: starches, glycogen, cellulose (fiber)
Ex: potatoes, leafy vegetables
Polysaccharides
Disaccharide
Monosaccharide (glucose)
Polysaccharide
B. Lipids (fats, oils, waxes)
 Store energy, insulation, protection
 Made up of C,H,O
 Contain a glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains
 Fats are hydroPHOBIC- do not dissolve in water.
B. Lipids (fats, oils, waxes)
 Types:
Saturated: solid fat, BAD FOR YOU ,
comes from animals
Ex: lard, butter, fat on steak or
chicken
Unsaturated: liquid, better for you ,
comes from vegetables
Ex: vegetable oil, peanut oil, canola
oil
o Trans: worst type of fat
o Mostly man-made
o Raises bad cholesterol, lowers good
Do Now!! 
What are carbohydrates used in our bodies
for?
Name some examples of foods containing
carbohydrates.
What are lipids used in our bodies for?
Name examples of foods that contain
saturated and unsaturated fats.
Objectives
 To understand why we need protein in our diet.
 To explain the function of nucleic acids in our
bodies.
 To understand how water provides a medium for
chemical reactions in our body.
C. Protein
Growth, repair,
enzymes, transport
Made of C,H,O,N, and
sometimes sulfur
Structure is repeating
amino acids
Body makes some, we
must EAT to get others.
Order of amino acids
tells the protein what
job it has.
D. Nucleic Acids
 Holds genetic information!!
 Made up of C,O,H,N,P
 Structure is repeating nucleotides
D. Nucleic Acids
Types:
DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid (the blueprints for
our cells)
RNA: ribonucleic acid (helps take the
blueprints and make protein)
E. Water
Chemical reactions take place in water!!
Known as the “universal solvent” because it
dissolves things.
Ex: lemonade, kool aid, etc.
Made up of 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen
E. Water
Makes up 70% of your body mass
Cannot dissolve lipids (fats):
 Our cell membranes are made up of
lipids
WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT??
Do Now!! 
What are the four macromolecules?
What functions do proteins have?
What are they made up of?
Objectives
To define and give an example of an
enzyme
To discuss the role of enzymes and why
they’re important
To observe an enzymatic reaction
between catalase and hydrogen
peroxide
What you should know about
enzymes!
Type of Enzyme
Substrate
-Specialized proteins
that act as
“catalyst” (speeds
up a reaction)
- Usually end in
“ase”
-Not consumed in
the reaction
-They are reused!
Product
Protease
Protein
Amino Acid
Lipase
Fats
Fatty Acid
Lactase
Lactose
Glucose
Amylase
Carbohydrates
Glucose
Pepsin
Protein
Amino Acid
What do they do?
o Lower the activation energy needed!!
o Activation energy barrier is like a wall between two
parts of a pond.
o If an enzyme lowers the wall, more frogs have
enough energy to reach the other side.
How do they work?
A substrate fits in the active
site of an enzyme:
Specific to one kind of
substrate
Lock and key model
This forms an enzyme
substrate complex.
They then break or form
bonds.
Do Now!! 
What is the difference between a catalyst
and an enzyme?
What is a substrate?
What is the enzyme-substrate complex?
Denaturing Enzymes
 Enzymes have specific
optimal conditions:
 Temperature
 pH
 If those conditions change,
enzyme is permanently
damaged:
 Denatured!
 Cannot do its job
How do they work?
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTUm-75-PL4
Enzymes in liver..
 In our cells, hydrogen peroxide is produced as byproduct:
Poisonous
Would kill cells if not broken down or removed right
away
Catalase: breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water
and oxygen
Catalase
2H2O2
2H2O + O2
So ponder this…
What happens if we mix liver (a
source of catalase) with hydrogen
peroxide???
Do Now!! 
 What is an enzyme substrate complex?
 Explain what denaturing an enzyme means.
 Give 2 factors that will denature an enzyme.
Do Now!! 
What was the enzyme in the liver lab?
What was the substrate?
What does pH measure?
Acids and Bases
 pH scale: measures how acidic or basic a solution is
Acids: pH less than 7
Closer to 0, stronger the acid
Bases: pH more than 7
Closer to 14, stronger the base
Neutral: pH of 7
Neutralization Reaction
 Chemical reaction in which an acid reacts with a base
to form water and salt:
 Neutralizes!
Ex:
HCl + NaOH
(Acid)
(Base)
H2O + NaCl
(Water)
(Salt)
Let’s talk about catalase…
Optimum temperature: about 37ºC (98.6ºF)
Let’s talk about catalase…
Optimum pH: around 7.0-8.0
Do Now!! 
 What are the 4 macromolecules of life?
 What do we get from carbohydrates?
 What makes up proteins?
Objectives
Complete periodic table review sheet
Discuss the importance of lipids and
nucleic acids
To complete a macromolecule
webquest
Do Now!! 
How many neutrons does carbon have?
How many protons does chlorine have?
How many electrons does hydrogen
have?
Explain to the person next to you how
you determine the number of neutrons!
Objectives
To complete Biochemistry WebQuest.
To finish notes on macromolecules.
To run our experiments!!! 
Solutions
o Solution- Mixture of a solute dissolved
in a solvent
Solute- substance that is dissolved
Solvent- substance that the solute dissolved in.
Ex. Hot chocolate (Water and Coco Powder)
Mixtures
Heterogeneous
Homogeneous
What is the difference?
Mixtures
Homogeneous- has a uniform
composition throughout (a.k.a
solutions).
Heterogeneous- components remain
distinct.
Do Now!! 
What is an enzyme?
What does an enzyme act on?
Why does an enzyme have a
specific shape?