ELEMENT OF AERONAUTICS
AE-36
PARTS OF AEROPLANE
THE IMPORTANT PARTS OF AN AROPLANE
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WINGS
FUSELAGE
EMPENNAGE
LANDING GEARS
CONTROL SURFACE
ENGINES
PARTS OF AEROPLANE
AIRCRAFT : CLASSIFICATION AND PARTS
1. CLASSIFICATION BY CONFIGURATION
• POSITION OF THE WING
– LOW WING
– MID WING
– HIGH WING
• NUMBER OF WINGS
– MONO PLANE
– BI PLANE
– TRI PLANE
• SHAPE OF THE WINGS
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DELTA WING
DIAMOND WING
SWEPT WING
GULL SHAPED WING
• POSITION OF THE WINGS
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CONVENTIONAL WING
NO TAIL OR TAILESS
HORIZONTAL TAIL LOCATED AOVE THE VERTICAL TAIL
CANARD TYPE
AIRCRAFT : CLASSIFICATION AND PARTS
2. LOCATION AND TYPE OF LANDING GEAR
– RETRACTABLE
– NON RETRACTABLE
– TAIL WHEEL
– NOSE WHEEL
AIRCRAFT : CLASSIFICATION AND PARTS
3.
CLASSIFICATION BY POWER PLANTS
A. POWER PLANT TYPES
• PISTON ENGINE
• TURBO PROP
• TURBO SHAFT
• TURBO JET
• TURBO FAN
• ROCKET
B. NUMBER OF ENGINES
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SINGLE ENGINE
TWO ENGINE
MULTI ENGINE
C. LOCATION OF THE ENGINES
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NOSE
FUSELAGE
JET ENGINE SUBMERGED IN WING
PYLON MOUNTING
AIRCRAFT : CLASSIFICATION AND PARTS
4. TYPES OF FUSELAGE
– ROUND
– SQUARE
– OVAL
AIRCRAFT : CLASSIFICATION AND PARTS
5. CLASSIFICATION BY PURPOSE
A. CIVIL
B. CARGO
C. MILITARY
I.
BOMBERS
II. FIGHTERS
III. INTERCEPTORS
FLIGHT CONTROL SURFACE
 PRIMARY GROUP
• AILERON
• ELEVATOR
• RUDDER
 SECONDARY GROUP
• TRIM TAB
• SPRING TAB
 AUXILIARY GROUP
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WING FLAPS
SPOILERS
SPEED BRAKES
LEADING EDGE FLAP
SLOTS
AILERON
• Longitudinal axis extends lengthwise from the nose through the
tail. Movement about the longitudinal axis is called roll. Roll is
controlled by the ailerons.
ELEVATOR
• Lateral axis extends crosswise from wingtip through wingtip.
Movement about the lateral axis is called pitch. Pitch is controlled
by the elevator.
RUDDER
• Vertical axis passes vertically through the center of gravity (when
the aircraft is in level flight). Movement about the vertical axis is
called yaw. Yaw is controlled by the rudder.
AIRCRAFT ENGINES
DIFFERENT TYPES OF AIRCRAFT ENGINES ARE
 PROPELLER WITH PISTON ENGINE
 JET ENGINE
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TURBOPROP
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TURBOFAN
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TURBOJET
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RAMJET
 ROCKET ENGINE
TURBOPROP
PUSHER
TURBOFAN
TURBOJET
TURBOJET WITH AFTERBURNER
ROCKET ENGINE
LIQUID FUEL
SOLID FUEL
AIRFOIL
AN AIRFOIL IS A SURFACE DESIGNED TO OBTAIN A
DESIRABLE REACTION FROM THE AIR THROUGH
WHICH IT MOVES
AIRFOIL GEOMETRY
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CHORD LINE
MEAN CAMBER LINE
ANGLE OF ATTACK
ANGLE OF INCIDENCE
FOUR FORCES OF FLIGHT
DRAG
• DRAG IS THE RESOLVED COMPONENT OF
THE COMPLETE AERODYNAMIC FORCE
WHICH IS PARALLEL TO THE FLIGHT
DIRECTION (OR RELATIVE ONCOMING
AIRFLOW).
• IT MUST ALWAYS ACT TO OPPOSE THE
DIRECTION OF MOTION.
• IT IS THE UNDESIRABLE COMPONENT OF
THE AERODYNAMIC FORCE WHILE LIFT IS
THE DESIRABLE COMPONENT
TYPES OF DRAG
DRAG POLAR
TOPICS TO BE COVERED
•Why should we study properties of
atmosphere?
•Variation of Temperature with Altitude
• Variation of Pressure with Altitude
•Variation of Density with Altitude
•Tables of Standard Atmosphere
Why should we study
Atmospheric Properties
• Engineers design flight vehicles, turbine
engines and rockets that will operate at various
altitudes.
• They can not design these unless the
atmospheric characteristics are not known.
• For example,
CL 
L
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2
V S
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What is a standard
atmosphere?
• Weather conditions vary around the globe,
from day to day.
• Taking all these variations into design is
impractical.
• A standard atmosphere is therefore defined,
that relates fight tests, wind tunnel tests and
general airplane design to a common
reference.
• This common reference is called a
“standard” atmosphere.
Powered Controls
May take one of two basic forms:
• Servo-assisted
– Hydraulic pressure transmitted to servo actuator
which assists mechanical linkage to move
surface.
– Linkage still available if power is lost but system
then very heavy to operate.
• Fully power-operated
– Control signals transmitted hydraulically,
electrically (fly-by-wire) or optically (fly-by-light).
AIRCRAFT INSTRUMENTS
INTRODUCTION
• HISTORY
– THE VERY FIRST AIRCRAFT HAD LITTLE TO NO
FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS
– ALL WEATHER FLYING WAS RISKY
– NAVIGATION DEPENDED ON PILOT’S ABILITY TO
USE LANDMARKS
AIRCRAFT INSTRUMENTS
• FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS
• ENGINE INSTRUMENTS
• NAVIGATION AND COMMUNICATION
INSTRUMENTS
THE COMMON FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS
– ALTIMETER
– AIRSPEED INDICATOR
– VERTICAL SPEED INDICATOR
– HEADING INDICATOR
– ATTITUDE INDICATOR (“ARTIFICIAL
HORIZON”)
– TURN COORDINATOR
AIRCRAFT CONSTRUCTION
TRUSS
MONOCOQUE
SEMI MONOCOQUE
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