Napoleon’s Report Card
Kirk Herman
Pre-IB History 10
Ms. Ripley
28 April 2008
Napoleon's Report
Card
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Outline
1793
1800
Milit
ary
Tacti
cs
Polit
ical
Endea
vors
Lead
ershi
p of
the
1801
1808
18091815
Final
Grade
B
A
C
B
A
A
C
B
C
A
A
A
"The main thing about Napoleon,
is that he thought big....
He was outthinking his opponents
at any given level."
- British author Christopher Duffy
Quote taken from:http://web2.airmail.net/napoleon/NAPOLEON_FOREVER.html
•
1793-1800
Military
Strategies
B good in this time period, they
While Napoleon’s tactics were very
weren’t the best of his career. The reason Napoleon was so
successful was that he only used what was available to him and did
not experiment with new things, as demonstrated with this quote:
“Bonaparte never in his entire career gave the army any new ideas.
He introduced no new tactics or formations, no innovations in drill,
no improved weapons and, though an artillery expert, no new types
of gun. All he gave it was victory.” (Truman, Schaffter, Stewart,
Murray Hunter, 1979) Instead of new tactics, Napoleon relied on
speed. It was always his key to victories, and made sure everything
took the least amount of time as possible, like in this quote: “He
routinely allowed eight minutes for lunch and twelve for dinner...”
(Foss, 2006) This is why Napoleon was so successful; he thought
outside the box. These strategies allowed him to frequently win
battles despite overwhelming odds, like at the battle of Rivoli, when
23 000 soldiers under Napoleon’s command defeated 28 000
Austrian soldiers in Austria’s forth attempt to recapture the fortress
of Mantua, in 1797 (refer to document 3) This is why Napoleon is
still remembered, because of his great tactics.
Document 3, tactical map of the battle of Rivoli
Taken from: http://www.lombardmaps.com/cat/napoleonic/new/rivoli.jpg
•
1801-1808
Military
Strategies
This period of time is whenANapoleon’s military genius
was really in its prime. In this spot of time Napoleon won
dozens of battles, including his masterpiece, the battle of
Austerlitz. During this battle, Napoleon lured the
Russian army into attacking his right flank, then
Napoleon attacked the Russian flank, causing 30 000
casualties, and re-established Napoleon’s power in
Europe. (Refer to document 1) After this battle,
Napoleon told a captured enemy combatant: “calm
yourself, young man. It is no dishonor to be defeated by
my army.” (Truman, Schaffter, Stewart, Murray Hunter,
1979) Victories like this helped Napoleon to bring
Europe to its knees, so he could assume control.
Document 1 – A tactical map of the battle of Austerlitz
Taken From: www.napoleonicwargamesminiatures.com
•
1809-1815
Military
Strategies
C An example of this is
In his later years Napoleon got sloppy.
Napoleon’s Russian campaign. Leadership aside, Napoleon just
stopped caring about the important things. It is a if Napoleon had
simply grown tired of his campaigns like a child grows tired of
games, as seen in this document: “He no longer studied the facts of
a situation from which to draw brilliant conclusions. He had been a
conqueror, a master of men and events, for so long that the facts no
longer seemed to matter. Only his will, his desires, mattered, and
the facts had better fit them.” (Truman, Schaffter, Stewart, Murray
Hunter, 1979) This caused the Russian campaign to flounder and
fail. Even though he captured Moscow, the bitter Russian weather
and being driven back the way he came-through as plain stripped of
food and resources-caused him to take severe losses, as shown
here: “Of the 500 000 men who set out for Moscow, only 18 000
returned.” (Truman, Schaffter, Stewart, Murray Hunter, 1979) Then,
after being forced into exile because the enemies he had made were
surrounding France, he made a weak attempt to return to power and
was quickly defeated. Napoleon had simply exhausted his military
genius.
•
Final Grade
Military
Strategies
B strategies were infallible,
At some point in his career, Napoleon’s
such as during the battle of Austerlitz. His dominance is proved with
this quote: “At Austerlitz, Napoleon took up a deceptive position
behind high ground facing a combined Russo-Austrian army of more
than 80,000 men…the Allied Army marched blindly into the trap and
was overwhelmingly defeated with total casualties of about
30,000…Austerlitz re-established Napoleanic domination of
Europe.” (Truman, Schaffter, Stewart, Murray Hunter, 1979) There
were also points where Napoleon’s strategies were terribly
unsuccessful, such as Napoleon’s Russian Campaign of 1812.
During the Russian Campaign Napoleon tried to force the Russians
to sign a peace treaty. The problem was that as the French
advanced, the Russians retreated and the French lost more men
and resources as they pursued. Eventually the French had to give
up and retreat back to France but had suffered major casualties,
losing about 110 000 men. If you take into account all of his battles
over his whole career, you see that although his strategies were
excellent at the beginning of his career, towards the end Napoleon
got careless in his decisions, making him a good strategist but not a
great one.
Napoleon dominated the period from 1800 to
1815 so completely that the era has become
known as the Napoleonic Age."
- Colonel John Elting, US Army
Quote taken from:http://web2.airmail.net/napoleon/NAPOLEON_FOREVER.html
•
1793-1800
Political
Endeavors
Acoup d’état on 18 Brumaire
When Napoleon formed his
(November 9-10, 1799), he single-handedly
masterminded a way to seize ultimate power. He used
Abbé Siéyès, a man who wanted to overthrow the
directory of France. He let Siéyès think that he could
use Napoleon and throw him away, when in fact the
opposite happened. When Napoleon had established a
provisional government, he quickly outthought Siéyès,
As you can see in this document: “Almost immediately
Siéyès was outmaneuvered by Bonaparte, so completely
in fact, that he even voted for his own displacement as
Consul, and nominated two supporters of Napoleon to
replace him!...His sword had turned in his hand.”
(Truman, Schaffter, Stewart, Murray Hunter, 1979)
Continued
• Napoleon was brilliant in his political maneuvers, always
manipulating situations to better suit his needs. A great example of
this is when in 1799, when Napoleon made a new constitution, he
consulted the citizens of France for their input. No leader had ever
done this before, and the French showed their appreciation by
voting it in with extreme popularity, as shown in this document: “It
was approved by a vote of over three million, while fewer than two
thousand opposed it.” (Truman, Schaffter, Stewart, Murray Hunter,
1979) Of course this was all a clever rouse by Napoleon to fool the
people of France into giving him even more power. After that,
Napoleon made sure he would always have power in France by
appointing men loyal to him in positions of power in France, as seen
in this document: “In February 1800, he established a system of
Prefects to rule the departments into which France was divided.
Never local men, and always appointed from Paris, they replaced
the last traces of local democracy.” (Foss, 2006) This meant that no
local politicians would be able to speak up against Napoleon. This
is the reason Napoleon got to the political position he was in, he was
always one step ahead of the competition.
•
1801-1808
Political
Endeavors
A had climbed very high in
This document shows that Napoleon
political status: “In the spring of 1804 Bonaparte had reached the
highest point of his career.” In 1804 he crowned himself as
emperor of France and had full support of his subjects. He had
made peace with Britain and the church and his policies were
working very well. As a part of his political strategies, he introduced
the continental system, a way of weakening Britain but not allowing
them to trade with Europe. Napoleon was the master of Europe and
was all powerful at this time. To make sure he would be able to
maintain power in Europe, Napoleon appointed his family and
friends in key places in Europe, shown here: “One brother, Louis,
was King of Holland, another, Joseph, was King of Sicily and a third,
Jerome, was King of the newly created state of Westphalia. His
stepson, Eugène de Beauharnais was Viceroy of Italy. Some of his
marshals had been princes, as had certain of his close advisors.
His military victories and diplomatic successes had made him the
most powerful ruler in the world.
•
1809-1815
Political
Endeavors
C
Napoleon had a poetical downfall
during his last years.
His enemies as well as his allies and his own
countrymen turned hostile towards him. The French
were tired of constant warring taking away their young
men, and the war in Russia just made things worse, as
shown here: “France, too was tired and when Napoleon
raised a new army, one hundred and fifty thousand of the
new conscripts were boys under twenty, to be hurried
into battle untrained…Many Frenchmen worried about
the cost of maintaining an empire constantly at war,
surrounded always by enemies.” (Truman, Schaffter,
Stewart, Murray Hunter, 1979)
•
Final Grade
Political
Endeavors
B well, starting as an officer
Napoleon started off his career
and becoming the first consul of France in a period of
just over five years. Napoleon did this by being
merciless and by always being in the right place at the
right time. He used his amazing smarts to outthink his
opponents and manipulate situations to benefit him. His
cunning is shown in this quote: “The directory was in
chaos, divided against itself and looking for a new
leader, ideally a figurehead. Napoleon joined a plot that
took over the regime in November. By the following
month, he had outmaneuvered his colleagues; to be
named first consul with a term of ten years.” (Truman,
Schaffter, Stewart, Murray Hunter, 1979)
Continued
• Napoleon got himself into a position of absolute power, but being in
this position rendered him paranoid that everyone was out to get
him. He made the secret police, a force that spied on friends and
enemies, in order to prevent any potential plots against him.
Eventually, all the pressures of his position got to him, and he simply
stopped thinking rationally. In the years of 1808-1812, Napoleon let
the countries he had concurred figure out that they didn’t need him
and that they could rise against France. Europe’s enlightenment is
shown in this document: “The enemies, however, realizing that
Napoleon’s star was finally in decline, found new strength and
courage. In Germany a new spirit of national pride, a fiery
patriotism, was arising; Prussia and the rest of Germany, were
finding a national purpose just as Spain had done. When the
Russians crossed into Germany in pursuit of the retreating French,
Prussia too rose in arms, and the French garrisons were again
forced to retreat westward.” Napoleon’s political follies in his later
years brought down his reputation as a leader, and his status
dropped from a great politician to just a good one.
"Bonaparte's reception by the
troops was nothing short of
rapturous. It was well worth
seeing how he talked to the
soldiers..."
- de Rémusat
Quote taken from:http://web2.airmail.net/napoleon/NAPOLEON_FOREVER.html
1793-1800
Leadership of the
Military
• This section was very difficult toC
mark. Some would argue that
Napoleon’s leadership was extraordinary, considering his victories at
Mantua, Vienna and Venice. Alone, these victories would have meant
that whoever accomplished them was a great leader. However, theses
were not the only battles Napoleon was involved in. There was also
the invasion of Egypt. Napoleon decided that an invasion of England
was impractical and instead decided to strike at England through
Egypt. This is proved by the following document: “Napoleon was
offered command of invasion forces that he considered inadequate.
He decided instead to take the war to Egypt, striking at England’s
imperial lifeline.” (Napoleon) In his expedition to Egypt, Napoleon,
after a fairly good start, encountered many difficulties. The English
fleet destroyed the French ships, marooning Napoleon and his troops,
he could not capture the port of Acre, took heavy losses, morale
dropped and a plague spread through his camp. Napoleon decided to
give up the cause and sneak back home in the middle of the night in
August 12, 1799. “The army and its new commander, Kléber did not
know he was gone until the next day, when that astonished and
furious officer got the letter Bonaparte had left appointing him to the
command of the imprisoned army.” (Truman, Schaffter, Stewart,
Murray Hunter, 1979) No matter how good a leader is, a truly great
leader never abandons his men. A great leader would stay and fight
with his men valiantly to the death. They don’t abandon them.
1801-1808
Leadership of the
Military
• This period of time is whenANapoleon’s leadership was at
its best. His pride and confidence rubbed off on his men,
and it showed. Napoleon led his men to many victories,
defeating the Austrians in South Germany in October
1805(the battle of Ulm), then a combined Austro-Russian
army in Austerlitz six weeks later. Because of these
victories, Napoleon was able to gain control of all
Russian and Austrian territories. This allowed Napoleon
to make a peace treaty with the Czar of Russia, giving
Napoleon control of a large portion of Europe. His power
over Europe is shown in this document: “The treaty of
Tilsit (July 8, 1807) which followed this meeting made
France the master of Europe.” Napoleon accomplished
all this while losing a small amount of men, and did not
abandon his troops, unlike in previous campaigns (refer
to document 2). Napoleon had learned his lesson.
Document 2 - The battle of Austerlitz statistics
Taken From: http://www.napoleonseries.org/military/listings/c_3rdcoalition.html
Troops:
Losses:
France
Austria/Russia
Napoleon
Kutusov (Tsar Alexander I)
73000
85000
Total 9000
KIA+WIA 8279
KIA 1288
Prisoners 573
Total 28900
WIA+KIA 15000
KIA 7000
Prisoners 11000
1809-1815
Leadership of the
Military
• If there was something that never
wavered in his despite his
A
career’s downfall, it had to be Napoleon’s leadership of his military.
All strategies aside, the level of trust Napoleon got from his men was
incredible. The best example of this is after Napoleon’s first exile
when he came back to France to regain power. He was so confident
that he made a very bold statement: “I will reach Paris without firing
a shot.” (Truman, Schaffter, Stewart, Murray Hunter, 1979) He did
just that. Napoleon was so convincing in his speech, and his men
were so loyal, that they disobeyed their orders to help him. The
troops’ level of commitment is seen in this document: “Troops sent
to stop his progress joined him in thousands, the orders of their
royalist officers to shoot drowned in the thunderous cries of “Vive
l’Empereur!” (Truman, Schaffter, Stewart, Murray Hunter, 1979) He
led his men with great pride, and believed they could do anything if
they fought hard enough. (Refer to document 3)
Document 3- Napoleon and his men.
Taken from: http://web2.airmail.net/napoleon/NAPOLEON_FOREVER.html
Final Grade
Leadership of the
Military
A of his military. He led his
• Napoleon was a great leader
armies with pride and dignity, and inspired his men to
win battles against much larger armies. (Refer to
document 1) This great leadership helped Napoleon to
gain his great title and to convince soldiers sent to kill
him to join him. “Troops sent to stop his progress joined
him in thousands, the orders of their royalist officers to
shoot drowned in the thunderous cries of “Vive
l’Empereur!” (Truman, Schaffter, Stewart, Murray Hunter,
1979) There was the one moment of mental relapse that
caused him to abandon his men in Egypt, but after that
Napoleon would never betray his men. This shows a
true great leader, one who inspires his men to rise to
greatness. (See document 3)
Battle of Marengo
French victory
Document 1- Battle statistics of the battle of Marengo, a decisive victory for Napoleon
Taken from http://www.napoleon-series.org/index.html
Countries:
France
Austria
Commanders
Napoleon
Melas
Troops:
24000
31000
Losses:
Total 5835
Total 14000
Document 3-Napoleon leading his army.
Picture taken from:
http://web2.airmail.net/napoleon/NAPOLEON_FOREVER.html
A leader is a dealer in
hope.
- Napoleon
Quote taken from:http://web2.airmail.net/napoleon/NAPOLEON_FOREVER.html
•
1793-1800
French Attitudes
towards Napoleon
There is no refuting how popularA
Napoleon was at this time. This is
because he stood for everything the French wanted, new ideas; he
listened to the people, and protected their rights. The French loved
him, as seen in this document: “It is not surprising that, these
people tended to idealize the ‘Robin Hood’ figure, the righter of
wrongs.” (Lefebvre, 1969). This is how they saw Napoleon. They
idolized him, and would do whatever he said. He used this
newfound popularity to gain more power and make new rules so by
the time the French realized what he was doing, it would be too late
for them to act. For the time being Napoleon was extremely
powerful and popular, as shown in this document: “Bonaparte
found himself welcomed everywhere as a hero.” (Truman, Schaffter,
Stewart, Murray Hunter, 1979) He was on the top of the world, so to
speak. (Refer to document 3)
Document 3-Napoleon as seen by the French: proud, noble, and strong.
Taken from: www.wikipedia.com
•
1801-1808
French Attitudes
A
At this point, Napoleon was at the top of his career and the French
loved him. His appreciation is shown is this document: “He controlled
France with full support.” (Truman, Schaffter, Stewart, Murray Hunter,
1979) This was proved when Napoleon called when Napoleon called a
plebiscite to decide if he should be declared first consul of France for
life, when he was voted in with a remarkable majority, shown in this
document: “The people of France approved in a plebiscite in which the
vote was three and a half million in favor and only eight thousand
opposed.” (Truman, Schaffter, Stewart, Murray Hunter, 1979)
Napoleon controlled all media, and censored things that would hurt
his image, effectively keeping French morale high because they did
not know what was happening outside French borders. Napoleon had
the leader of his secret police, Joseph Fouché study foreign media to
know what to tell the French people. Napoleon’s censorship is shown
in this quote: “Fouché read foreign newspapers-not available to the
public- so that he and Napoleon would have a wider view of events
than was available from the censored French press.” (Foss, 2006)
These tactics made the French believe that Napoleon was really
working to help them, and they really loved him.
1809-1815
French Attitudes
D
• In this period of time, the French people finally discovered that
Napoleon had lied to them when he said he would fix the problems
they wanted fixed. They made a complete change in attitude from
praising him to despising him. In fact, when he was exiled, he was
shown just how much he was detested, shown in this document:
“The journey south to Fréjus, the port where he had landed to the
cheers of the crown fifteen years ago on his return from Egypt, was
terrifying and dangerous. Mobs cursed him and threw stones at the
windows of his coach and he was obliged to disguise himself, even
wearing the despised white cockade of the Bourbons. On April 28,
he boarded the H.M.S. Undaunted to sail into exile.” (Truman,
Schaffter, Stewart, Murray Hunter, 1979) Napoleon’s reign as
France’s hero and savoir was over. He was as despised as Louis
XVI was a few years earlier.
Final Grade
French Attitudes
C
• Napoleon started off his career in the good graces of
France because he represented everything the French
wanted in a time of great need. After the revolution,
France wanted someone on power that would work
towards a common goal with the same ideals as them.
Napoleon was just that leader, as seen in this quote:
“Napoleon witnessed enough of the revolution in Paris to
develop a contempt for mob rule and the weakness of
the monarchy…his loyalty to the revolution and his
excellent training led to rapid promotion.” (Foss, 2006)
After coming to be in power, Napoleon brought fame and
glory to the French people by concurring foreign lands
and importing exotic artwork. The people of France
showed their appreciation by electing Napoleon first
consul of France for life, and showering him with praise
wherever he went. This all would imply a great leader
that had the respect of his people, and it did, for a time.
Continued
• The problem was that when Napoleon came to power,
he became increasingly paranoid, constantly watching
his back for potential plots to overthrow him. In order to
protect himself he established the secret police, a secret
organization that spied on the people of France and the
people of other countries. The secret police also made
sure that the French people only listened to media that
Napoleon approved, and arrested those who didn’t. In
the end, this secrecy is what caused the French to
despise Napoleon, shown in this document: “A radical
revolutionary, Joseph Fouché, ran the police and the
network of spies that reached though the whole of
French society. Mail was routinely opened and anyone
might be secretly denounced…Daily life in France
became more dreary and there was a widespread sense
of fear.” (Foss, 2006) All this adds up to a poor leader
who tricked his subjects while silently watching them, a
terrible leader.
“Russia has Suvorov, England has
Nelson,
Prussia has Frederick the Great.
The World has Napoleon.”
- Anonymous
Quote taken from:http://web2.airmail.net/napoleon/NAPOLEON_FOREVER.html
1793-1800
Changing Things
C
• At this point in Napoleon’s career he hadn’t really
changed much and what he did change was for personal
gain. He took over the government just so he could
have more power and then lied to the people to make it
look like he cared. He formed a few governing bodies to
keep the people happy, but limited their power so he still
had control. This is shown in this document: “the
tribunate, senate, and a council of state but these
organizations had no real power- they simply provided
the appearance of democracy to a government that was
really a dictatorship.” (Truman, Schaffter, Stewart,
Murray Hunter, 1979)
1801-1808
Changing Things
A
• Napoleon Bonaparte will always be remembered for the
things he changed during this time period. It was during
this time that Napoleon First introduced his new
education system, one that would provide him with
officers and civil servants. He established the University
of France, which directed the education of France and
whom the director of reported to Napoleon. Napoleon
designed the educational system and curriculum very
well so that they would train the young people to think
like and support Napoleon. The effectiveness of the
system is shown in this document: “This highly
centralized educational system, though modified from
time to time, continues in use in France today…”
(Truman, Schaffter, Stewart, Murray Hunter, 1979)
Continued
•
Napoleon’s greatest achievement, though, was the Code
Napoleon. Napoleon wanted to organize the laws of France into a sort
of universal code. To do this, he appointed four experts to design the
code, and then formed the code in over 100 sessions at the council of
state. This new code was revolutionary in its new innovations and
incites, as shown in this document: “The code was moderate in tone,
and combined much of what was good in the old laws of France with
the basic ideas of the evolution-equality of all men before the law,
freedom of conscience, freedom of work, and separation of church
and state…” (Truman, Schaffter, Stewart, Murray Hunter, 1979) The
code Napoleon is still noted as Napoleon’s greatest achievement, and
has been used as a base for many legal systems around the world, as
shown in this document: “the adoption of the code in 1804 is one of
the most notable events in legal history. Nothing else that Napoleon
Bonaparte did has had as lasting and as beneficial effect for France
and for the world. During the 19th century it served as a model for the
laws of many countries of Europe and elsewhere in the world…” If a
leader is defined by the changes they have made for the betterment of
mankind, then not many rank higher than Napoleon in this category.
Napoleon in all his glory.
Taken from:
http://web2.airmail.net/napoleon/NAPOLEON_FOREVER.html
1801-1815
Changing Things
D
• For this period of time, most of the things Napoleon had established
became undone. The people he ruled and the countries he had
allied with began to reject the ideals Napoleon had thrust upon them
and make their own. His biggest failure was his continental system
because he misunderstood the source of British wealth, as shown
here: “Her population crowded into growing industrial cities, could
only be fed if food, mostly wheat and other grains, could be
imported. If this supply of food had been cut off Britain would have
been in serious trouble but Napoleon not realizing the true state of
affairs, permitted European, even French traders to ship grain to
Britain under a system of licenses.” (Truman, Schaffter, Stewart,
Murray Hunter, 1979) The continental system’s failure allowed
Brittan to thrive and attack France and her allies. This, combined
with Frances new enemies who no longer accepted Napoleon’s
changes, spelt disaster for France.
Final Grade
Changing Things
A
• It is in this category that Napoleon will
always be remembered as one of, if not the
greatest leader ever. He started off rocky,
with a coup d’état that gave him control of
the country, but in his early years only
changed things that benefited him with more
power. Also, the end of Napoleon’s career
was wrapped in failure, with his continental
system failing, and his exile. The true
greatness of Napoleon’s changes came in
the prime of his career.
Continued
• Napoleon started his changes with a drastic new educational system
that would reform all of France’s schools. He established the new
University of France that would head up the new educational system
that would train young children to think like Napoleon did. The idea
of the new system is shown in this quote: “In 1808 “University of
France” was established. This was actually a ministry of education,
whose head was directly responsible to the Emperor. It controlled
all teachers in all schools, their licenses, pay, and promotion, and
decided which subjects might be taught in school and what books
might be used…the police made sure there were no books other
than those that were favorable to the imperial rule.” (Truman,
Schaffter, Stewart, Murray Hunter, 1979) Although the curriculum
might have been questionable, the structure of the system has been
the base of most of the educational systems in use in France today.
Continued
•
The educational system may have been memorable, but the most
lasting accomplishment of Napoleon’s was the code Napoleon. The
code started to become reality when Napoleon realized that France’s
laws were outdated and ineffective. He knew the laws were ineffective
and wanted to replace them. The result was the code Napoleon, a new
set of laws that pleased the people of France very much because it is
exactly what they wanted as a result of the revolution. The code’s new
ideals were radical and made more sense than ever before, as seen in
this document: “The code was moderate in tone, and combined much
of what was good in the old laws of France with the basic ideas of the
evolution-equality of all men before the law, freedom of conscience,
freedom of work, and separation of church and state…” (Truman,
Schaffter, Stewart, Murray Hunter, 1979) These new revelations made
the code extremely popular and were adopted by many other
countries, and remains as Napoleon’s legacy, as shown in this
document: “…the Code Napoleon was introduced in March 1804. It
remains Napoleon’s most lasting achievement.” (Foss, 2006) This is
why Napoleon will always be remembered as a truly great leader; he
thought ahead of his time and did something that would help his
nation for years to come.
References
•
Lawford, James. Napoleon, the last campaigns 1813-15. New York, Ny,
Crown Publishers, 1977.
•
Gwinn, Robert P. The New Encyclopedia Britannica, Volume 24. Chicago,
Pan American, 1988.
•
Lefebvre, Georges. Napoleon: From 18 Brumaire to Tilsit. New York, Ny.
Columbia University Press,1969.
•
“The Battle of Rivoli”, lombardmaps.com, 2006. Lombard Antiquarian Prints,
20. Apr. 2008.<ww w.lombardmaps.com/cat/napoleonic/new/rivoli.jpg>
•
“1805 Campaign: Austerlitz:The Battle of Three”, napoleonicminiatureswargame.com.
2003. Napoleonic Miniatures Wargame Society of Toronto, Apr. 21. 2008.
< www.napoleonicminiatureswargame.com>
References
Continued
•
“The Napoleon Series”, Napoleon-Series.org. 2002. The Nafitzer Collection,
Apr.23.2008. www.napoleon-series.org/military/listings/c_3rdcoalition.html
•
“Napoleon”, NAPOLEON_FOREVER.html. 2002. Internet America. Apr. 22. 2008.
<web2.airmail.net/napoleon/NAPOLEON_FOREVER>
•
“Napoleon I Of France”, en.wikipedia.org. 2004. The Wikipedia Foundation. Apr.25.
2008. <en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page>
•
Truman, J. Schaffter, J. P. Stewart, R. J. Murray Hunter, T. Modern Perspectives.
The Ryerson Press, Canada. (1979)
•
Foss, Clive. The Tyrants. Quercus Publishing, London, Engld.