Training Module 1
Integrated Coastal Management and Communication
Chapter 2
Environmental Governance and
Coastal Municipalities: from Theory
to Practice
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
Introduction
• Environmental governance looks at development through the
collaboration governance principle as integrated and harmonised
governance of interaction between natural and social environments;
• 4P cycle model forms the theoretical basis of environmental governance;
the presentation outlines the vertical and horizontal structure of
environmental governance and environmental governance dimensions
• Coastal zones as vulnerable and densely populated areas are in special
need of good environmental governance practice implementation; several
examples and studies done on the development of such territories.
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Environmental governance guidelines
Environmental governance cycle
Environmental governance sectors
Environmental governance vertical structure
Environmental governance target groups
Environmental governance dimensions
Environmental governance approaches
Environmental governance monitoring
Collaboration governance – environmental governance paradigm
Integrated coastal zone management
Household environmental management
Climate change adaptation governance for municipalities
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
1. Environmental governance
guidelines
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
Environmental governance definition
Environmental governance is a subsequent cyclic
development of environmental problem solutions policy and
implementation planning, action programming and
implementation of specific projects as a systemic whole, which
ensures realization of the key environmental governance
functions in national and municipal, household and corporate
management, in close co-operation among all governmental,
non-governmental and professional interest groups
(R. Ernsteins)
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
Environmental governance concept
Environment
= Nature
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
Society
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
Environmental governance concept
Governance
Economics
Nature
Social
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
Environmental governance cycle
• Key functions in environmental governance:
– assessment of specific environmental problems caused through natural and
social environment interaction,
– alternative solutions planning,
– planning of decision implementation and control functions.
– environmental governance based on 4P model.
• „4P” model consists of four complementary stages:
– P1 - Problem analysis,
– P2 - Policy definition,
– P3 – Planning,
– P4 – Programming
Plus additionally - project development (P5)
Source: Ernsteins R.
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
Environmental governance cycle model
components
• P1 Problem analysis : environmental status quo analysis SWOT
analysis, internal development potential analysis;
• P2 Policy definition : values and intentions; policy objective; key policy
principles
• P3 Planning : action directions preconditions; policy implementation
instruments; resources required; list of indicators
• P4: Programming;
• Project development, proposals (P5)
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
Action
programme
structure
Environmental Communication Action
Programme; Content Structure (Model)*
P1
P2
Problem analysis
Principles
Objective
Vision
Target groups
P3
P4
Tasks
Programming
policy implementation instruments;
Organization, resources provision
* Ernsteins R. 2003
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University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
Progress assessement
Indicators
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
Environmental governance: key principles
• Sustainable development and colaboration principle
• Collaboration governance principle;
• Universal paradigmatic principle of integration and
systematization.
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
Environmental governance sectors
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Biodiversity
Earth resource and landscape management
Water management
Air and climate protection
Energy management
Waste management
Environmental health
Environmental communication
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
2. Environmental governance cycle
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
Environmental governance cycle
components
• P1 Problem analysis: environmental status quo analysis SWOT
analysis, internal development potential analysis
• P2 Policy definition: values and intentions; policy objective; key policy
principles
• P3 Planning: action directions preconditions; policy implementation
instruments; resources required; list of indicators
• P4: Programming
• Project development, proposals (P5)
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
P1: Problem analysis
1. Strategic assessment of environmental governance
integration into municipal documents
2. Environmental governance target group analysis
3. Environmental governance status quo analysis
4. Environmental governance achievements, problems and
development prospects list (incl. SWOT analysis)
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
P2: Policy definition
- values and intentions
- policy objective
- key policy principles
Policy declaration
• Development vision is a brief statement of a long-term vision, which shows the
particular territory's unique values (RAPLM).
• Values related to the planning sector objectives as a framework for key
principle and approach selection;
• Intentions as a framework for action directions and task formulation;
• Correct and precise formulation of objectives is essential.
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
P2: Policy definition
Key policy principles (Latvian Law on Development Planning System):
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
sustainable development principle — ensure good quality environment and sustainable economic
development for present and future generations, rational use of natural, human and material resources,
preserve and develop natural and cultural heritage;
interest co-ordination principle — co-ordinate different interests and observe continuity of
development planning documents, avoid duplication;
participation principle — all interested persons have the opportunity to participate in the
elaboration of development planning documents;
collaboration principle — governmental and municipal institutions co-operate, incl. when
implementing tasks set in development planning documents and informing one another on progress in
reaching set aims and results;
financial capacity principle — assess existing and envisaged mid-term resources and offer most
effective solutions as to financial resources for reaching set objectives;
transparency principle — development planning process is open, and the public is informed on
development planning and support measures and their results, observing information availability
limitations stipulated under the Law;
monitoring and assessment principle — in development planning and development planning
document implementation on all levels of governance, ensure impact assessment, monitoring and
review of results achieved;
subsidiary principle — policy is implemented by the governmental or municipal institution closest to
service receivers, and effective measures are taken on lowest possible level of governance;
development planning and regulatory document development interlinkage principle —
policy is planned before issuing a regulatory document; in developing regulations, development planning
documents are taken into account;
sustainable development principle — in policy planning, different levels and stages of separate
state territories are balanced out
(08.05.2008. Latvian Law on Development Planning System)
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
P3: Planning
Policy development includes:
– drafting policy implementation action directions for the full thematic
spectrum of the relevant sector;
– defining preconditions and resources;
– drafting policy implementation instruments and briefly commenting on
them;
– drafting a list of indicators.
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
P3: Planning (action directions)
• Development of key action directions:
– Strategic aim, action direction – a brief sum total of political
positions on the desired situation change within a defined time period
oriented towards implementing territory development vision and
which serves as a basis for defining priorities and measures required.
– Action directions – a set of specific measures for reaching mid-term
priorities.
– Tasks – a set of initiatives and activities for reaching set action
directions. These are clearly defined, measurable and controllable.
(Source : The Ministry of Regional Development and Local Government of the Republic of Latvia)
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
P3: Planning (policy implementation
instruments)
• Policy implementation instruments :
– 5 key environmental management instrument groups:
o
o
o
o
o
Policy planning instruments
Institutional and Legal instruments
Economic and Financial instruments
Infrastructural instruments
Communication instruments
– followed by instrument examples for environmental communication sector
development on municipal level
(Source: „Action plan for environmental communication development in Ventspils municipality ” )
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
P3: Political and legal instruments
International and national
• Aarhus Convention
–
–
–
–
National Development Plan
National Environmental Policy Plan
Latvian Sustainable Development Guidelines
Laws On Environmental Protection, On Municipalities, On Environmental
Impact Assessment, On Pollution, Information Transparency Law, Energy Law,
etc. and Cabinet regulations
Municipal regulations
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
P3: Institutional, administrative and planning
instruments
Institutional/ administrative
• Municipal administration’s structural units (Information Dept., Marketing
Dept., Environmental Dept., Information Centre etc.
– municipal water, energy etc. companies
– IT structures (incl. public computer/internet availability)
– organizations (incl. NGOs, consultants, scientists involved)
Planning
• Municipal development programme
• Spatial Planning document
• Environmental policy plan/ action programme
– Municipal sectoral development programmes and strategies
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
P3: Economic and financial instruments
- Municipal annual budget;
- Natural resource tax and environmental protection budget as
a separate component in the total municipal budget;
- Participation in projects – national and EU-financed
- Annual ’’sustainable company’’ prize etc.
- Attraction of entrepreneurs and private investors
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
P3: Communication instruments: examples
from Ventspils
• Environmental information:
–
–
–
–
Informative and educational materials – brochures on certain topics;
Information days in municipal water/energy management companies etc. ;
Popular (simplified) version of municipal Environmental Policy Plan;
Resident Information Centre, hotline, special mailboxes for resident
questions etc.
• Environmental education:
– Blue Flag movement – environmental education activities
– Project weeks at schools
– Public availability (in libraries etc.) of environmental license applications
• Public participation
– Media involvement (press releases, events calendar on website, local TV
interviews with municipal environmental experts, press conferences,
questions-answers section in local newspaper etc.)
• Environmentally friendly action:
– Administration’s own good example of sustainable resource management
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
P3: Colaboration instruments: examples from
Ventspils
• Environmental Protection Commission at the City Council – with
representatives from a wide scope of institutions;
• Emergency situations commission;
• Working groups on specific issues, with participation of experts from
other institutions;
• Co-operation projects with schools, companies, other municipalities,
international organizations (e.g. Baltic Union of Cities), etc.
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
P4: Programming and review
• Drafting of Action Programme in line with previous 4P environmental
management stages;
• Action Programme consists of:
– Action Programme framework and contents structural proposal – action
groups/blocs and target groups are indicated.
• Action structurisation in line with selected action directions and
prioritization (sequence)
• Be specific as to structures/employees responsible, deadlines, financing
required and financial sources, target groups and communication
instruments to be used
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
Action Programme implementation and
review
In Action Programme implementation:
– responsible units, persons, institutions,
– internal communication (incl.training) and documentation;
– regular monitoring, Action Programme audit and system enhancement;
Monitoring system is created to have a framework for assessing territory's development progress
and Development Programme implementation progress.
(Source: The Ministry of Regional Development and Local Government of the Republic of Latvia)
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2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
Action programmes
structure
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
3. Environmental governance
sectors
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
Environmental governance sectors
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Biodiversity sector
Land resources management and landscape protection
sector
Water management sector
Air protection and climate changes sector
Energy sector
Waste management sector
Environmental health sector
Environmental communication sector
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
Biodiversity sector
Biodiversity means life diversity in a set period of time. According to biosystems
hierarchy, there is 1) genetic 2) species 3) ecosystem; and 4) cultural (sometimes singled
out) diversity.
BD
dimensions
(hierarchical
levels)
BD resources:
 biological
 economic
 psychological
BD as central
concept for
ecotechnology
Biocultural
diversity
Ecosystems
(ecological,
residential)
Species
Dabas aizs-ā
vispopulārākā
dimension
Genetic
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Biodiversity national programme
(LR VARAM, 1999) as paradigmatic
Source: R.Jūrmalietis
framework
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
Land resources management and landscape
protection sector
•
•
•
Land resources management, in a broader sense, is the implementation of land use
planning, as agreed between and with the direct participation of, stakeholders. It is
achieved through, among others, political decisions; legal, administrative and
institutional execution; demarcation; inspection and control of adherence to the
decisions settling of water rights; issuing of concessions for plant and animal extraction (timber,
fuel wood, charcoal and peat, non-wood products, hunting); promotion of the role of women
and other disadvantaged groups in agriculture and rural development in the area, and the
safeguarding of traditional rights of early indigenous peoples (UNECA 2005).
Landscape protection means actions to conserve and maintain the significant or
characteristic features of a landscape, justified by its heritage value derived from its natural
configuration and/or from human activity (European Landscape Convention).
"Landscape policy" means an expression by the competent public authorities of general
principles, strategies and guidelines that permit the taking of specific measures aimed at the
protection, management and planning of landscapes; (European Landscape Convention).
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
Water management sector
“Water resource management” includes:
–
–
–
–
–
management of all types of water management, incl. protection and planning;
application of all possible environmental policy instruments, (i.e. control,
monitoring, technologies, planning instruments, strategies, legal acts, economic
instruments, management administering, financial instruments, environmental
education and awareness, environmental communication)
involvement and action on different management levels
co-operation among all possible involved parties/institutions (water
management beneficial/managers/ companies, control institutions, municipal
administration, co-ordinating institutions on national level),
relevant/characteristic approach application in environmental management
guidelines and water management priorities in relation to: water basin
management approach, integrated approach, adaptive approach, cycle analysis
approach, environmental technologies approach.
Source: Benders J.
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
Air protection and climate change sector
• Interdisciplinary sector
– aim to reduce exposure to air pollution by reducing emissions and setting limits
and target values for air quality, through legislation, through co-operation with
sectors responsible for air pollution, through national, regional authorities and
non-government organizations and through research. (EEA)
• Management processes in climate change context:
– to stabilize atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations at a level that would
prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system (RIO
Conv.)
– to adapt to climate change
Adaptation means anticipating the adverse effects of climate change and taking appropriate
action to prevent or minimize the damage they can cause. Early action will save on damage costs
later. Adaptation strategies are needed at all levels of administration, from the local up to the
international level. (EEA home page)
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
Energy sector
• Energy sector may be divided in the following components, each having a
specific environmental impact:
– primary energy resource extraction – linked to biodiversity
– primary fuel resource processing – linked to biodiversity
– primary energy resource supply to heating energy and electric energy
production companies linked to biodiversity, socio-economic development
– heating energy and electric energy production companies (thermal power
station's boiler houses),
– energy transmission and distribution networks (electric energy, heating
energy and gas transmission and distribution),
– energy end-users (buildings, technological equipment) – linked to housing
sector
Source: Kudrenickis I.
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
Waste management sector
Integrated waste management employing several
waste control and disposal methods such as source
reduction, recycling, re-use, incineration, and land
filling, to minimize the environmental impact of
commercial and industrial waste streams (Business
dictionary).
The characteristic activities of waste management
include:
a)
collection, transport, treatment and disposal of
waste,
b)
control, monitoring and regulation of the
production, collection, transport, treatment and
disposal of waste, and
c)
prevention of waste production through in—
process modifications, reuse and recycling.
Source: Arlington Virgina web page
(Source: OECD Glossary of Environment Statistics, Studies
in Methods, Series F, No. 67, United Nations, New York,
1997.)
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
Environmental health sector
Physical
Psychological
Also:
somatic,
biological
= mental, e.g.:
anorexia nervoza,
insomnia, autism
= spiritual
(ethics), e.g.
egocentrism,
materialism 
e.g. diabetes,
asthma, etc.
HOLISTIC
HEALTH
Health in its complex
holistic understanding
is formed by three
interacting dimensions
/ manifestations:
Social
Environmental health
soc.integration:
e.g. problems of
human health aspects, including
acceptance and written
life quality, determined by
social laws,
environmental
chemical,
employment, sense of
physical, biological, social and
belonging
psychological factors (PVO) Source: RJ & R.Birziņa, 1998; RJ, 2009
Culture
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“Health is a
condition of
full physical,
social and
mental
welfare, and
not only lack
of (physical)
illness or
weakness”
(PVO)
Source: Jurmalietis R.
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
Environmental communication sector
Environmental communication - a multilateral information
exchange and co-operation expansion process, which
includes and is based on the following four key elements:
–
–
–
–
environmental information and
environmental education (target group orientation),
environmental participation and collaboration,
environmentally friendly behavior,
required for the successful realization of the problem identification,
assessment, decision-making and implementation stages of environmental
management.
Environmental communication implementation directly dependent on
target group identification, involvement and collaboration.
Ernsteins 2003
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
Environmental information
Environmental information is a written, visual, audio,
electronic or other available information on the condition and
interaction of environmental elements required in environmental
policy development, implementation and monitoring,
environmental decision-making and implementation.
Ernsteins 2003
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
Environmental education
Environmental education is an environmental and human
interaction study process and a set of acquired knowledge,
understanding, skills and attitudes.
Ernsteins 2003
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
Public participation
Public participation is readiness and involvement of the public
in decision-making through forming and defending its opinion,
interests and wishes.
Ernsteins 2003
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
Environmentally friendly behaviour
and environmental awareness
Environmentally friendly behavior - motivated action by
the public or individual in the professional and everyday realms
in problem identification and prevention.
Environmental awareness is a set of environmentally friendly
attitudes determining individual and public behavioral choices
and action in implementing sustainable development principles in
everyday activities at home, at work, at leisure and in social
activities.
Source: Ernsteins 2003
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
Subsequent environmental communication
process – four-partite cycle model
TASKS
INSTRUMENTS/
ENVIRONMENT
APPLIED RESULT
1.
Environmental
information
Choice depends on
Knowledge and intellectual
action skills, situational attitudes
(I)
specific situation: no
specific tasks, target
2. Education
groups, thematic,
contents, action
3. Involvement
and
participation
4.
Environmentall
y friendly
behaviour
implementation etc.
ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS
(integrated process and product)
Understanding and values
(values orientation)
Applied action skills, practice
and self-regulation attitudes (II
and III)
Action motivation and readiness,
action self-experience
Applied environmental
awareness (subsequent, specific,
practice-oriented)
Source: Ernsteins 2003
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
4. Environmental governance: vertical
structure
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
Vertical integration in environmental
governance
•
•
•
•
•
International
National
Regional
Local
Household
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
Vertical structure for public environmental
governance and stakeholders participation
International governance –
structure and actors
National Governance –
structure and actors
Regional Governance –
structure and actors
Local governance –
structure and actors
Key local
stakeholders:
Neighbour
municipalities and
stakeholders
Municipalities
Public governance
Mediators
NGO’s, Media, F/NF
Education,
Science&Technol.0
Business
sector
Neighbour
municipalities and
stakeholders
Public/Society
Source: Ernsteins R.
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
5. Environmental governance target
groups
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
Parties involved – target groups
•
•
•
•
•
Public administration sector
Municipal institutions
Residents
Business sector
Mediators:
–
–
–
NGOs
The media
Educators
–
Science/engineering
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
Environmental communication
Environmental governance target groups
partners
Public
administration
Municipalities
NGOs
Media
Education sector
Science sector
Business
sector
The public
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University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
6. Environmental governance dimensions
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University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
Environmental governance dimensions
• 6 environmental governance dimensions:
–
–
–
–
–
–
International environmental governance dimension
National environmental governance dimension
Municipal environmental governance dimension
Mediatory environmental governance dimension
Corporate environmental governance dimension
Household environmental governance dimension
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
International environmental governance
dimension
• UN and EU framework policy;
• EU – in line with SD strategy, seven key problems and relevant tasks
and activities: climate change and clean energy, sustainable
transport, sustainable consumption and production,
preservation and management of natural resources, public
health, social integration, demography and migration, global
poverty and global problems related to sustainable development.
EU Sustainable Development strategy 2006
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
National environmental governance
dimension
• Key tasks of national environmental governance are to
manage common resources and influence environmentally
friendly behavior at municipal, resident, corporate levels,
oriented primarily at the quality of common property but also
at environmentally friendly behavioral practices in national
property.
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
Structure and Supervised Institutions of
Ministry of the Environment
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
Ministry of the Environment main fields of
activities
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Air Protection,
Control of Chemical Substances
Environmental Impact Assessment
Global Climate Change,
GMO free territories in Latvia
Goods Harmful to the Environment
Industrial Pollution
Natural Resourses Use
Noise Protection
Ozone Layer Protection
Packaging
Persistant Organic Pollutants
Protection of Species and Habitats
Radiation Protection
Shelter/Protected Belts
Soil quality
Specially Protected Nature Territories
• Sustainable Development of Latvia
• Transboundary Air Pollution
• Use and Protection of Subsoil
• Waste Management
• Water Protection
• Environmental information and public
participation
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
Municipal environmental governance
dimension
• Article 15 of Law On Local Governments stipulates autonomous functions
related also to environmental issues: organization of communal services,
sanitary and infrastructural functions, educational services etc. The Law also
stipulates voluntary functions – undertake voluntary initiatives on any issue.
• Municipal environmental governance tasks:
–
–
–
–
–
represents local community and works on its behalf;
plays key role in the territory's development planning;
provides services, on which life quality of local community depends;
manages or controls resource use;
promotes development of local residents through training, consultations,
information;
– organizes co-operation among organizations;
– participates actively in ongoing processes – simultaneously as purchaser, provider,
employer etc. (Local Agenda 21)
• Latvian Environmental Law does not currently set Environmental Policy Plan
as a mandatory requirement for municipalities; developments in this direction
are however occurring.
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
Municipal environmental governance
dimension
Liepaja
Environmental
Action Programme
example
Action directions 2009–
2014
Action directions 2001 –
2010
Environmental
communication
Urban environment
Nature and biodiversity
Air protection
Climate change and energy
resources
Water resources
Wastewater
Soil
Waste
Environment and health
Urban environment
Social environment
Economic environment
Nature and biodiversity
Air protection
Waters
Drinking water
Soil
Waste
Public health
Environmental and health
education
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
Corporate environmental governance
dimension
Definition:
Corporate environmental management is a complex of coordinated
planning and actions by which companies act voluntary or act as
prescribed by government/ municipal environment policies in order to
identify their impacts on the nature and social environment, use of
resources and to improve and govern their performance towards
environmentally friendly one, including development of green partnerships to
encourage companies suppliers, customers and partners for environmental
management.
(Source: The government of the Hong Kong Environmental Protection Department)
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
Corporate environmental governance
dimension
Environmental management systems
•
Environmental auditing is a systematic, documented, periodic and objective
process in assessing an organization's activities and services in relation to:
–
–
–
–
–
Assessing compliance with relevant statutory and internal requirements
Facilitating management control of environmental practices
Promoting good environmental management
Maintaining credibility with the public
Raising staff awareness and enforcing commitment to departmental environmental
policy
– Exploring improvement opportunities
– Establishing the performance baseline for developing an Environmental Management
System (EMS)
•
Voluntary instruments - environmental management systems
– ISO 14001 and EMAS
– Quality management ISO 9001
– Work safety system
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
ISO 14001 and EMAS
Based on model Plan-Do-Check-Act structure .
5 steps:
Environmental Policy;
Planning; Implementation,
Checking and Correction;
Management Review.
ISO 14001 (international standard) has been established
mainly for large companies rather than small and mediumsized enterprises because of high demands for action
documentation.
EMAS – European Union.
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
Source: U.S.The National Institute of
Environmental Health Sciences
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
JSC Ventspils nafta environmental policy
• Oil product processing, company located
in coastal territory
• Integrated environmental management
system:
Policy vision and targets
– ISO 14001
– Quality management system 9001
– Work safety system
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
Mediatory environmental governance dimension
Mediatory environmental management involves the media, NGOs, educational
organizations and institutions, formal and informal scientific institutes.
Mediator activity may be direct – by participating in solving specific environmental
issues
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
mediators enrol publics in environmental sub-politics by translating their interests in
relation to environmental diagnoses and alternative ways of responding to them.
the ’mediator’ can be conceived of as a distinct type of intellectual or knowledge worker
today.
help define the context of public policies with which different parties and emergent
stakeholders can be encouraged to identify.
to respond in particular ways to technically defined seek neither to oblige, nor to advise
publics problems, they seek only to place themselves in ’the middle of things’
seed certain ideas and enable different parties to come together and interact in
relation to them.
aim to act as catalysts, and as the ones capable of getting new policy programmes off the
ground, and new social movements up and running
to rethink the relationship between scientific knowledge and social interests
Some mediators are experts not only in making translations of environmental diagnoses (i.e.
science), but on methods for generating and translating lay opinions.
( Source: ARGONA project, Göteborg University, 2007)
Mediator activity may be indirect – when dealing with environmental issues, the media
at the same time indirectly perform educatory function.
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
Mediatory environmental governance
dimension
• Environmental Advisory Council at the Ministry of the Environment:
– 20 NGOs represented
– Functions:
• facilitate preparation of regulatory and policy planning documents on issues related to
environmental policy;
• promote co-operation and information exchange in the environmental sector
between individuals and within the public at large, and among public institutions and
municipalities.
– Submits proposals to the Ministry of the Environment and other sector
ministries on draft legislative documents, draft policy planning documents, and
draft EU international legislation related to environmental policy;
– informs the public on current developments in the environmental sector, posting
information on Ministry of the Environment website.
Ministry of Environment Protection and Regional Development website http://www.varam.gov.lv
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
Household environmental management
• Household environmental management (HEM) is environmental
management of a dwelling (private house, apartment) and its surroundings
either individually or jointly by the residents of a specific territory, including
environmentally friendly:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Action in building environment,
Energy supply and use,
Water supply and use,
Food and other everyday products, goods or services consumption,
Waste management,
Observation of environmental health requirements, and
Mobility ,
Leisure activities.
• HEM includes the entire environmental management cycle from situation
assessment and environmental policy development to solutions planning and
action programming for practical activities in the management of a dwelling and
its internal and external environment.
Lice, Ernsteins 2010
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
7. Environmental governance approaches
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
Environmental governance approaches
• Interest group collaboration approach
• Integrated natural resource management;
• Adaptive approach
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
Integrated natural resource management
Comprises management process of different types of resources
driven by different parties involved, including the adaptive
management stage and innovations for increasing natural
resource productivity and efficiency.
(Thomas, 2002)
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
Adaptive natural resource management
approach
Adaptive approach in adaptive management – environmental
management is enhanced through the learning stage.
This may be done by:
– management review principles,
– use of indicators,
– monitoring.
Adaptive management means feedback from the monitored /
supervised process result to corrected action
(Benders J., lecture material)
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
8. Environmental governance monitoring
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
Environmental monitoring
•
•
Environmental monitoring is directed at assessing the state of a sector. Indicators
are used in sector assessment:
An indicator is something that helps you understand where you are, which way you are
going and how far you are from where you want to be. A good indicator alerts you to a
problem before it gets too bad and helps you recognize what needs to be done to fix the
problem. … They allow you to see where the problem areas are and help show the way
to fix those problems.”
(Maureen Hart, 2006 [2]).
•
Environmental monitoring — systematic, regular and purposeful observations,
measurements and analysis of the state of the environment, species, biotopes and
pollution emissions (Latvian Environmental Protection Law);
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
Indicators for sustainability management
(J.Kaulins)
OUTER
IMPACTS
VALUES
THE SUPERVISED SYSTEM
STATUS
VISION
GOALS
INDICATORS
EXECUTION
CONTROL
TASKS
CONTROL
INDICES
GOVERNANCE
DECISIONS
The role of indicators in 4P environmental governance model structure is twofold:
1) to reflect current state and its development trends,
2) to reflect progress towards implementation of set objectives.
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
Indicator integrativity
(J.Kaulins)
• Sectorial indicator refers mainly to the status of one block and it is
relevant for its characterization. Connections with other blocks are
remote.
• Integrative indicator has an importance for characterization of several
blocks (one of them could be dominant) and their intermediary links, such
as integrative problem areas.
• Integral indicator reflects the studied area as one entirety, or, in a
particular section, the largest part of system blocks, none of them are
taken out from others.
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
9. Collaboration governance environmental governance
paradigm
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
Collaboration governance model
(R.Ernsteins)
Components of collaboration governance model:
1. Governance stakeholders collaboration development;
2. Vertical and horizontal integrative thematic collaboration
development;
3. Governance Instruments collaboration development;
4. Assessment system collaboration development;
5. Governance communication development.
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
Collaboration governance model
Governance stakeholders collaboration development
1. Local government internal stakeholders collaboration development:
1. Vertical collaboration development
2. Horizontal collaboration development;
2. Local government external collaboration development
1. Local government collaboration with local stakeholders
2. Local government collaboration with other stakeholders
Vertical and horizontal integrative thematic collaboration
1. Vertical collaboration development among sector actors
2. Horizontal collaboration development among sector actors
Development of instruments collaboration
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Planning instruments development;
Legislation and administrative instruments development;
Infrastructure and institutional instruments development;
Financial and economic instruments development;
Communication instruments development;
Integrative instruments collaboration development.
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
Collaboration governance model
Assessment system development:
1. Bottom–up assessment approach development;
2. Top–down assessment approach development
3. Development of integrative top-down and bottom-up approaches in
assessment process
Governance collaboration communication
development
1. Governance collaboration information development
2. Governance collaboration education development
3. Governance collaboration participation development
4. Good governance collaboration practice development
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
10. Integrated coastal zone
management
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
Integrated coastal zone management:
definition (EU)
•
•
•
Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) is a dynamic,
multi-disciplinary and iterative process to promote sustainable
management of coastal zones.
"Integrated" in ICZM refers to the integration of objectives
and also to the integration of the many instruments needed to
meet these objectives.
It means integration of all relevant policy areas, sectors, and
levels of administration. It means integration of the terrestrial
and marine components of the target territory, in both time
and space.
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
Key principles for successful ICZM (EU)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
A broad "holistic" perspective
A long term perspective
Adaptive management during a gradual process
Reflect local specificity
Work with natural processes
Participatory planning
Support & involvement of all relevant administrative bodies
Use of a combination of instruments
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
Ranges of activities for integrative
problem area solutions
(Saulkrasti municipality case)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Protective zone for coastal dunes: erosion, management, biodiversity
Implementing strategic management principles in public services sector
Port complex
Development planning
Resources of nature, cultural history and recreation as preconditions
for tourism development
6. Role of entrepreneurship in promotion of tourism development
7. Quality of life for inhabitants
8. Polycentricity, or existence of several centers with equal dominance in
one municipality area
9. Collaboration governance for coastal municipality
10. ICZM coastal communication
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
Indicator system for measuring coastal
sustainability in Saulkrasti county
D1. Green frame status
D2. Potential environmental load from public
utilities
D3. Air quality and climate change factors
D4. Surface water quality
D5. Land use development
D6. Nature risks
E1. Economically active people
E2. Municipality budget
E3. Traffic routes
E4. Skulte port development
E5. Tourism characteristics
S1. Health care characteristics
S2. Support for cultural environment
S3. Employment and entrepreneurship
S4. Social care and social security
S5. Education system characteristics
S6. Social life quality
TOTAL: 24 indicators, 55 measurements
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
P1. Activities for environment preservation
P2. Public information on environmental events
P3. Activities in the non-governmental sector
I1. Number of inhabitants
I2. Area development index
I3. Area attractiveness index
I4. Opinions of residents
Integrative problem area indicators
Other
62%
Integrative
problem areas
38%
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
11. Household environmental
management
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
Need for household sustainable
consumption in Latvia
• Latvian Sustainable Development Strategy
2030 as a long-term goal: promote
sustainable lifestyle in sustainable
management of natural values and services;
• Ecological footprint has doubled over the
past 15 years from 2,5 ha to 5.6 ha per
capita (Brizga 2008, WWF 2010)
• From CO2 footprint index – GHG emissions
per consumption categories:
–
–
–
–
–
Housing – 37%
Transport – 26 %
Food – 25 %
Other goods – 9 %
Services – 3% (Brizga, Kudrenickis 2009)
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
Household consumption
categories and impact on
EF
Service Others
3%
5%
Goods
9%
Transport
10%
Housing
18%
services
3%
other
goods
9%
food
25%
transport
26%
Food
55%
Household impact on
climate
housing
37%
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
Household definitions
•
Household as a ‘single person or a group of
people who have the address as their only or
main residence and who either share one meal a
day or share the living accommodation’ (ONS
2005)
•
household denotes a person or group of persons,
related or not to one another, who occupy the
same accommodation and live there together'
(CEC, 1993)
•
•
•
social units, which share the same language,
norms and values, and are an expression of the
ways in which people choose to live their
personal lives (Diepen van A. M.L 1998)
Household denotes one or more persons living in
the same dwelling and jointly covering household
expenses (CSB 2009)
Social geographers focus more on home
definition: seen as material place (often
surrounded by garden and nearby in concrete
neighborhood) and space with identities and
meanings (Valentine 2001)
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
Photos: web resources
In environmental management, a household is:
both a spatial element and a group of people
Household is a dwelling and its surroundings
managed either individually or jointly by the
residents of a specific territory, characterized by
joint provisions and a domestic lifestyle. (Lice,
Ernsteins 2010)
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
Household environmental management
•
Household environmental
management (HEM) is environmental
management of a dwelling (private house,
apartment) and its surroundings either
individually or jointly by the residents of a
specific territory, including environmentally
friendly:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
•
building environment,
Energy supply and use
Water supply and use
Food consumption
other everyday products, goods or services
consumption
Waste management
Mobility
Leisure activities and lifestyle
HEM includes the entire environmental
management cycle from situation
assessment and environmental policy
development to solutions planning and action
programming for practical activities in the
management of a dwelling and its internal
and external environment.
building
environment
leisure
activities
mobility
Household
Food
consumption
Other
products,
goods or
services
Energy
supply
use
and
Water supply
and use
waste
management
(Lice, Ensteins 2010)
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
Household environmental management
development in Latvia
• Household environmental management (HEM) needs to be developed in
Latvia by using a systemic approach:
– In the environmental management dimension development context,
based on a set of four complementary approaches:
1. State strategic and sector/instrument integrative frame approach;
2. Municipal action development: in subsidiary planning and promoting implementation
of sustainable consumption policy;
3. Household self-initiative based action for household pro–active environmental
management;
4. Application of the collaboration management model.
• In HEM thematic sectors context:
– Ensure HEM integration into every environmental management sector;
– Taking into account mutual sector integration in sustainable development;
– Complementary use of available instruments.
Lice, Ernsteins 2010
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
12. Bibliography
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
Bibliography
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Vides zinātnes un pārvaldības institūtā. Manuskripts
Ernšteins R. (1998) “Vides sistēmanalīze” Lasāmgrāmata 3. daļa LU VZPSC, Rīga, 1-44 lpp.
Ernšteins R., Jūrmalietis R. (2008) „Piekrastes ilgtspējīga attīstība: sadarbības pārvaldība”, LU akadēmiskais
apgāds, Rīga, 2008
Ernšteins R. (2005) Vides politikas un pārvaldes attīstība, tālmācības palīglīdzeklis LU Vides
pārvaldības katedra, Rīga
Ernšteins R., Kudreņickis I., Benders J., Jūrmalietis R., Bendere R. (2007) Vides pārvaldības nozares
attīstība Latvijā: teorija un prakse, Vides zinātnes un izglītība Latvijā un Eiropā. Rīga, LU
Ernšteins R. (2002) Lokālā Agenda 21: attīstība un perspektīvas Latvijā. Rakstu krājums: Ilgtspējīga attīstība
Latvijā. 10 gadi kopš RIO sanāksmes un 10 Latvijas neatkarības gadi. LU, Rīga 22.-60.lpp.
Lagzdiņa Ē, Ernšteins R. (2009) „Vides politikas plānošana pilsētu pašvaldībās: disciplinārā un integratīvās
pieejas komplimentaritāte” Proceedings of the 7th International Scientific and Practical Conference.
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Business dictionary http://www.businessdictionary.com/
U.S. The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Environmental Management Programs &
Initiatives http://www.niehs.nih.gov/about/stewardship/initiatives.cfm
ARGONA 2007 Mediators of Issues and Mediators of Process A Theoretical Framework project,
Göteborg University, http://www.argonaproject.eu/docs/arg-del_4-wp3-final.pdf
Benders J. Lekciju kursa Dabas resursu pārvalde materiāli, 2009
Jurmalietis R. Lekciju slaidu materiāli lekciju kursos Vides veselība, Dabas resursu pārvalde, 2009
COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union
University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management
2011
R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska
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The Ministry of Regional Development and Local Government of the Republic of Latvia 2010 Ieteikumi
pašvaldībām attīstības programmu izstrādnei
LR likums 08.05.2008. Attīstības plānošanas sistēmas likums
Štāls A. 2009 maģistra darbs Municipal environmental communication management: Liepaja expierance. LU
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Ernšteins R. Local Agenda 21 Process Facilitation: Environmental Communication and Self-Experience
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the Baltic and Beyond. Frankfurt: Peter Lang Europäischer Verlag der Wissenschaften. 2006. 305. –
318. lpp.
University of Latvia; Faculty of Economics and Management, Environmental management department and
Ventspils municipality collaboration project report „Action plan for Environmental communication
development in Ventspils municipality ” 2008, Rīga
Ernsteins R., Jurmalietis R. (2008) „Coastal zone sustainable development: collaboration governance”, LU
akadēmiskais apgāds, Rīga, 2008;
The government of the Hong Kong Environmental Protection Department Environmental
Management Tools http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/how_help/tools_ems/partnership_cem.htm
Kudrenickis I. 2009 „Vides pārvalde: Enerģētikas saimniecība un gaisa aizsardzība” Lekciju konspekti, LU
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http://128.121.10.98/coe/pdfopener?smd=1&md=1&did=594646
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