MK. PENDUGAAN DAMPAK LINGKUNGAN
POLUSI UDARA
&
DAMPAKNYA
Smno.psdl.ppsub.2013
POLUSI / PENCEMARAN MELIPUTI
• Pencemaran udara penyebabnya: (CO2, CO,
SO2, NO, NO2, CFC, debu)
• Pencemaran air penyebabnya: (deterjen,plastik,
L.RT, L.I, L.P).
• Pencemaran tanah penyebabnya: (deterjen,
plastik, L.RT, L.I, L.P)
• Pencemaran suara penyebabnya (industri,
pesawat terbang, kendaraan bermotor, dll).
Definition
Air pollution may be defined as the
presence in the air (outdoor atmosphere)
of one or more contaminants or
combinations thereof in such quantities
and of such durations as may be or tend
to be injurious to human, animal or plant
life, or property, or which unreasonably
interferes with the comfortable enjoyment
of life or property or conduct of business.
POLLUTAN UDARA
It is a substance or effect dwelling temporarily or
permanently in the air , which adversely alters the
environment by interfering with the health, the comfort,
or the food chain, or by interfering with the property
values of people.
A pollutant can be solid (large or sub-molecular), liquid
or gas .
It may originate from a natural or anthropogenic source
(or both).
It is estimated that anthropogenic sources have changed
the composition of global air by less than 0.01%.
However, it is widely accepted that even a small change
can have a significant adverse effect on the climate,
ecosystem and species on the planet.
Examples of these are acid rain, ozone in the lower
atmosphere, and photochemical smog.
PENYEBAB PENCEMARAN UDARA
• Berasal dari industri / pabrik yang
menggunakan bahan bakar minyak bumi /
batu bara.
• Kendaraan bermotor (sarana transportasi).
• Pendingin yang menggunakan bahan CFC
(chloro fluoro carbon) / freon.
• Serta kegiatan manusia lainnya.
PENGARUH TERHADAP LINGKUNGAN &
KESEHATAN MANUSIA
• Menimbulkan hujan asam (penyebabnya SO2
dan NO2 yang bergabung dengan uap air di
udara).
• Kerusakan pada bangunan terutama yang
terbuat dari bahan logam/besi.
• Rusaknya berbagai macam tumbuhan.
• Gangguan pada sistem pernapasan manusia,
kanker paru-paru, asma dll).
• Pemanasan global ( global warming).
POLUSI / PENCEMARAN UDARA
• Asap cerobong pabrik.
Asap cerobong pabrik.
POLUSI UDARA DAPAT MENYEBABKAN HUJAN ASAM
Sumber: http://undertheangsanatree.blogspot.com/2013/07/acid-rain-causes-history-and-effects.html
PENCEMARAN AIR
Sumber: http://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/water/water-pollution
PENYEBAB POLUSI AIR
• Limbah rumah tangga. (detergen, sampah,
kotoran/tinja manusia).
• Limbah Industri. (Hg, Pb, Cu, dan logam
berat lainnya).
• Limbah Pertanian. (pupuk urea,
insectisida, herbisida, dll).
• Pertambangan minyak lepas pantai.
• Kebocoran minyak tanker dll.
PENCEMARAN AIR
Limbah industri
Limbah industri
PENCEMARAN AIR-TANAH
SUMBER: http://ww2.valdosta.edu/~kkeene/topic.html
AIR BEBAS POLUSI
Air siap diminum
Air bebas polusi
AIR MINUM YANG TERKONTAMINASI
PERTISIDA
Air tercemar racun serangga
PENYEBAB PENCEMARAN TANAH
• Kegiatan pertanian (pupuk buatan,
herbisida, insectisida).
• Limbah rumahn tangga (sampah organik
terutama sampah anorganik, yang susah
diuraikan oleh bakteri).
• Limbah pertambangan (terutama tambang
emas yang menggunakan mercury / Hg
untuk memisahkan emas dari bijihnya).
PENYEBAB POLUSI SUARA
• Mesin industri.
• Mesin kendaraan bermotor.
• Mesin pesawat terbang.
Tingkat kebisingan terjadi bila intensitas
bunyi melampaui 50 desibel (db).
Dapat mengganggu manusia terutama dari
psikis / kejiwaan.
USAHA YANG DAPAT DILAKUKAN MANUSIA UNTUK MENCEGAH
PENCEMARAN LINGKUNGAN
• Pengolahan / pemrosesan limbah industri maupun
rumah tangga sebelum dibuang ke lingkungan.
• Lokalisasi daerah industri, jauh dari pemukiman
penduduk.
• Memperluas reboisasi / penghijauan.
• Memberikan penyuluhan pada masyarakat dan
memberikan tindakan tegas bagi para pelaku
perusak lingkungan, supaya jera.
PENANGANAN LIMBAH ORGANIK DAN ANORGANIK.
1. Pemanfaatan untuk
makanan ternak.
2. Untuk membuat pupuk
kompos.
3. Pemanfaatan untuk
biogas.
4. Daur ulang (plastik,
kertas, logam dll)
Konsentrasi CO2 Atmosfir
Konsentrasi CO2 Atmosfir
Konsentrasi CO2 Atmosfir
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
Pollutant
Primary Stds.
Averaging Times
Carbon Monoxide
9 ppm (10
3
mg/m )
35 ppm
3
(40 mg/m )
3
1.5 µg/m
8-hour
1
1-hour
1
0.053 ppm
3
(100 µg/m )
3
50 µg/m
Annual (Arithmetic
Mean)
2
Annual (Arith.
Mean)
1
24-hour
3
Annual (Arith.
Mean)
4
24-hour
5
8-hour
Lead
Nitrogen Dioxide
Particulate Matter
(PM10)
3
Particulate Matter
(PM2.5)
150 ug/m
3
15.0 µg/m
3
Ozone
Sulfur Oxides
1
65 ug/m
0.08 ppm
0.03 ppm
0.14 ppm
-------
Quarterly Average
Secondary
Stds.
None
None
Same as
Primary
Same as
Primary
Same as
Primary
Same as
Primary
Same as
Primary
Annual (Arith. Mean)
------1
24-hour
------1
3-hour
0.5 ppm
3
(1300 ug/m )
Not to be exceeded more than once per year.
2
To attain this standard, the 3-year average of the weighted annual mean PM 10 concentration at
3
each monitor within an area must not exceed 50 ug/m .
3
To attain this standard, the 3-year average of the weighted annual mean PM 2.5 concentrations
3
from single or multiple community-oriented monitors must not exceed 15.0 ug/m .
4
To attain this standard, the 3-year average of the 98th percentile of 24-hour concentrations at
3
each population-oriented monitor within an area must not exceed 65 ug/m .
5
To attain this standard, the 3-year average of the fourth-highest daily maximum 8-hour average
ozone concentrations measured at each monitor within an area over each year must not exceed
0.08 ppm.
Index
Value
PSI
Descriptor
General
Cautionary
Statements
Health
Effects
Up to 50
Good
None for the
general population.
None required.
50 to 100
Moderate
Few or none for
the general
population.
None required.
100 to
200
Unhealthful
Mild aggravation of
symptoms among
susceptible people,
with irritation
symptoms in the
healthy population.
Persons with
existing heart or
respiratory
ailments should
reduce physical
exertion and
outdoor activity.
General population
should reduce
vigorous outdoor
activity.
200 to
300
Very
Unhealthful
Significant
aggravation of
symptoms and
decreased exercise
tolerance in
persons with heart
or lung disease;
widespread
symptoms in the
healthy population.
Elderly and
persons with
existing heart or
lung disease
should stay
indoors and reduce
physical activity.
General population
should avoid
vigorous outdoor
activity.
Over 300
Hazardous
Early onset of
certain diseases in
addition to
significant
aggravation of
symptoms and
Elderly and
persons with
existing diseases
should stay
indoors and avoid
physical exertion.
Efek NOx thd Kesehatan
• Short-term exposure at concentrations greater than 3
parts per million (ppm) can measurably decrease lung
function.
• Concentrations less than 3 ppm can irritate lungs.
• Concentrations as low as 0.1 ppm cause lung irritation
and measurable decreases in lung function in
asthmatics.
• Long-term lower level exposures can destroy lung
tissue, leading to emphysema.
• Children may also be especially sensitive to the effects
of nitrogen oxides.
Efek-efek Lainnya
• Seriously injure vegetation at certain
concentrations. Effects include:
– Bleaching or killing plant tissue.
– Causing leaves to fall.
– Reducing growth rate.
• Deteriorate fabrics and fade dyes.
• Corrode metals (due to nitrate salts formed
from nitrogen oxides).
• Reduce visibility.
Efek-efek Lainnya
• Oxides of nitrogen, in the presence of
sunlight, can also react with
hydrocarbons, forming photochemical
oxidants or smog.
• Also, NOx is a precursor to acidic
precipitation, which may affect both
terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.
Sulfur Dioxide
Ninety-five percent of pollution related sulfur oxide
emissions are in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2), a
heavy, colorless gas with an odor like a struck
match.
This gas combines easily with water vapor, forming
aerosols of sulfurous acid (H2SO3), a colorless,
mildly corrosive liquid.
This liquid may then combine with oxygen in the air,
forming the even more irritating and corrosive
sulfuric acid (H2SO4).
Senyawa lain yg mengandung S
• Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas - rotten eggs.
• Mercaptans - skunk spray or decayed garbage.
(Added in trace amounts to natural gas,
providing a leak-detecting warning odor.)
Note: The amount of SO2 released from coal fired
power plants depends on the sulfur content of
coal, normally 0.7% to 2% by weight. High sulfur
coal sometimes contains as much as 6% sulfur
by weight. In India, sulfur content is quite low.
Efek SOx pada Kesehatan
• Sulfur dioxide not only has a bad odor, it can
irritate the respiratory system.
• Exposure to high concentrations for short
periods of time can constrict the bronchi and
increase mucous flow, making breathing
difficult.
• Children, the elderly, those with chronic lung
disease, and asthmatics are especially
susceptible to these effects.
SO2 juga dapat:
• Immediately irritate the lung and throat at
concentrations greater than 6 parts per million
(ppm) in many people.
• Impair the respiratory system's defenses against
foreign particles and bacteria, when exposed to
concentrations less than 6 ppm for longer time
periods.
• Apparently enhance the harmful effects of ozone.
(Combinations of the two gases at concentrations
occasionally found in the ambient air appear to
increase airway resistance to breathing.)
Efek SO2
Sulfur dioxide tends to have more toxic effects
when acidic pollutants, liquid or solid aerosols,
and particulates are also present.
(In the past, thousands of excess deaths occurred
in areas where SO2 concentrations exceeded 1
ppm for a few days and other pollutants were
also high.)
Effects are more pronounced among mouth
breathers, e.g., people who are exercising or who
have head colds.
Efek SO2
These effects include:
• Health problems, such as episodes of bronchitis requiring
hospitalization associated with lower-level acid
concentrations.
• Self-reported respiratory conditions, such as chronic
cough and difficult breathing, associated with acid aerosol
concentrations. (Asthmatic individuals are especially
susceptible to these effects. The elderly and those with
chronic respiratory conditions may also be affected at
lower concentrations than the general population.)
• Increased respiratory tract infections, associated with
longer term, lower-level exposures to SO2 and acid
aerosols.
• Subjective symptoms, such as headaches and nausea, in
the absence of pathological abnormalities, due to longterm exposure.
Efek SO2 pd Tumbuhan
• Sulfur dioxide easily injures many plant species and
varieties, both native and cultivated. Some of the
most sensitive plants include various commercially
valuable pines, legumes, red and black oaks, white
ash, alfalfa and blackberry. The effects include:
• Visible injury to the most sensitive plants at
exposures as low as 0.12 ppm for 8 hours.
• Visible injury to many other plant types of
intermediate sensitivity at exposures of 0.30 ppm for
8 hours.
• Positive benefits from low levels, in a very few
species growing on sulfur deficient soils.
Efek Lainnya
Increases in sulfur dioxide concentrations
accelerate the corrosion of metals, probably
through the formation of acids.
(SO2 is a major precursor to acidic deposition.)
Sulfur oxides may also damage stone and masonry,
paint, various fibers, paper, leather, and electrical
components.
Efek Lainnya
Increased SO2 also contributes to impaired
visibility.
Particulate sulfate, much of which is
derived from sulfur dioxide emissions, is
a major component of the complex total
suspended particulate mixture.
Efek Ozon pd Kesehatan
• Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant at the
levels frequently found in most of the nation's
urban areas during summer months.
• Ozone exposure may lead to:
– Shortness of breath.
– Chest pain when inhaling deeply.
– Wheezing and coughing.
Long-term, repeated exposure to high levels of
ozone may lead to large reductions in lung
function, inflammation of the lung lining, and
increased respiratory discomfort.