Cargo Operations in
Humanitarian Response
Airport Planning and Design
Final Project
Julia Moline
Agenda
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Problem Statement
Case Study: Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines
Illustration of the problems
Proposed approach
Airport Selection in the Philippines
Conclusions and applications
Problem Statement
Two major logistical challenges in large-scale
humanitarian response:
1. Extremely limited storage capacity and
2. Congestion at airportsdelays in cargo
delivery.
Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines
Typhoon Haiyan
• Struck the Eastern, Western,
and Central Visayas regions on
November 8th
• 12.3 million affected
• 700,000 displaced
• 5,800 dead and 27,000
injured
• Tacloban City, Leyte Province
(pop. 200,000) completely
devastated
Source: businessinsider.com
Impacted Areas of
the Philippines
Logistical Challenges
Air and storage capacity
Air Congestion
• Volume
• Time on the ground (TOG)
▫ Limited parking capacity
▫ Limited personnel,
equipment
▫ Aircraft type a primary
determinant of TOG
• Reliability
▫ High percentage of no-shows
▫ Major planning challenges
Type
Tons/aircraft
TOG (min)
Tons/hour/space
Small
5
62
4.9
Narrow
20
116
10.4
Wide
35
179
11.7
Storage Capacity
• Physical limitations (space)
• Personnel and equipment
▫ Loading and unloading
▫ Sorting
▫ Tracking
• Security considerations
▫ Major consideration!!!
▫ Protection against looting,
other security breaches
Source: armedforces-int.com
Regional Hubs
Air hub
Operations
Selection Criteria
• Shipments to remote airport in
same region
▫ Relieves congestion
• Cargo shuttled between hub
and destination at regular
times daily
▫ Increases reliability
• Scheduling strategy: maximize
tons delivered rather than
number of flights
▫ Increases efficiency
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Slot availability
Physical capacity
Personnel and equipment
Low risk to natural hazards
Accessibility to or collocation
with storage hub
Cargo hub
Operations
Selection Criteria
• Cargo stored at remote
location until needed
▫ Relieves physical
requirements at destination
▫ Reduces security
considerations
• Just-in-time delivery
▫ Cargo delivered only if
requesting organization can
store or will distribute
immediately
• Large amounts of flexible
storage space
• Personnel and equipment
• Labeling and tracking
capabilities
• Proximity and accessibility to
air hub
Prioritization of Cargo Deliveries
• By cargo type: Critically needed items shipped
first
▫ Benefit: Enables rapid delivery of most-needed
items
▫ Challenge: How are “critical items” determined?
• By entity type: Home government first, then
others
▫ Benefit: Distributes cargo across entities; aligns
with recovery goals of home government
▫ Challenges: How is hierarchy determined? What if
the home government is weakened or corrupt?
Challenges
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Coordinating entity and process ownership
Buy-in
Process control for participating entities
“Temporary” warehousing
Aircraft availability
Personnel and equipment availability
Airport
Manila
Tacloban
Cebu
Clark Field
Subic Bay
Subang
Code
NAIA
DZR
CEB
CRK
SBIA
SZB
Distance from
Tacloban
530 mi
0 mi
100 mi
530 mi
530 mi
1,700 mi
Runway
Description
2 asphalt runways, 1
2000 m and 1 3400
m
1 asphalt runway
2100 m long
1 concrete/asphalt
runway, 3300 m
long
Two 3200 m
parallel concrete
runways
1 asphalt runway,
2700 m
1 asphalt runway,
3800 m
Ample—many
empty hangars
Ample—formerly
naval base and
FedEx hub; cargo
space is therefore
available
Storage available at
UN HRD Hub
Not normally used
Limited air traffic
during normal
operations
Fairly busy airport
during normal
operations
Ample
Likely ample
Some parking, but
limited additional
spots
Ample, particularly
with staffing from
US Military
Likely ample
May be some
capacity from
ongoing cargo
operations
Cargo Storage
Limited, and mostly
already in use
None
Some cargo storage,
though apparently
full now
Arrival/
Departure
Capacity
One of the busiest
airports in Asia;
limited additional
capacity
Extremely
congested during
Haiyan response
Extremely
congested during
Haiyan response
Large aircraft
maintenance area
could allow for
some parking
capacity
May be some
capacity, but tight
especially with high
volume
Parking
Capacity
Some parking
Loading/
Unloading
Capacity
May be some
capacity at Pal
Hangar, but limited
Extremely limited
Current
Utilization
Some normal traffic
continues, and
already significant
congestion of
passenger and cargo
traffic
C-130’s are allowed
in; significant
congestion cause
massive delays and
diverts
Significant
congestion due to
humanitarian
flights causing
delays and diverts
Not typically
operational,
currently being
used by US Military
Limited commercial
traffic, therefore
likely underutilized
Normal operations
Operators
Philippines airport
authority
Humanitarian
community
Mactan-Cebu
International
Airport Authority
US Military is using
it as its hub for
humanitarian relief
Subic Bay
Metropolitan
Authority
Malaysia Airports
Holdings
Equipment
Available
Some available, not
much
Loading/unloading
equipment limited
Loading/unloading
equipment limited
Some provided by
US Military
Unknown
Some available
Extremely limited
Hub Selection
• Best Choice: Clark Field
▫ Former US Military base with
ample operational and
storage space
▫ Used by US Military as hub
for Haiyan response
▫ Approx. 1.5 hr flight
• Additional option: Subang,
Malaysia
▫ Near UN emergency
warehouse
▫ Used as an international hub
in 2005
▫ Far from Tacloban
Operational Diagram
Clark Field
Air
Hub
Storage
Hub
DZR
Normal Cargo
Flows
CEB
Emergency Cargo
Flows
Information Flows
Applications
• Further research: queuing models for scheduling
and inventory levels
• DHL “Get Airports Ready for Disaster” Program
▫ Add considerations for partner airports
• UN Humanitarian Response Depot Program
▫ Design air capacity into operational strategy for 5
international warehouses