ChemE 260 Entropy Balances On Open and Closed Systems Dr. William Baratuci Senior Lecturer Chemical Engineering Department University of Washington TCD 8: A & B CB 6: 10 + Supplement May 10, 2005 Entropy Balance: Closed System • 1st Law: dU Q W • 2nd Law, Internally Reversible Processes: Q TdS Boundary Work, Internally Reversible Processes: Wb PdV • Gibbs 1st Equation: dU TdS pdV • Entropy Balance Equation • – Integral Form: – Differential Form: – Rate Form: Baratuci ChemE 260 May 10, 2005 (Usually assume Wtot = Wb.) Q S 2 S1 Sgen T 1 Q dS Sgen T dS Q S gen dt T 2 Entropy Balance: Open System • General: • Steady-state, SISO: • Entropy generation within the system: Baratuci ChemE 260 May 10, 2005 dSsys inlets dt m in Sˆ in outlets Q mout Sˆ out S gen Tsys Q m Sˆ out Sˆ in S gen Tsys Q S gen m Sˆ out Sˆ in Tsys The • st 1 Law and Entropy 1st Law, Steady-state, Internally Reversible, SISO: Q Wnot b • From the definition of entropy: Wnot b m Q ˆ Q m v 2 g m H z 2g g C C v 2 g H z 2g g m C C Q out TdSˆ in • Gibbs 2nd Equation: ˆ VdP ˆ TdSˆ dH • Integrating for an open system: out out in in Baratuci ChemE 260 May 10, 2005 TdSˆ Hˆ Vˆ dP Mechanical Energy Balance Equation • Combine all the equations from the previous slide: • The MEBE: Wnot b m ˆ out ˆ v 2 g H V dP H z 2g g C C in out Wnot b m in out • If Wnot b = 0 : 0 in v 2 g V̂ dP z 2gC gC 2 v g ˆ dP V z 2gC gC P v 2 g 0 z 2 gC gC • If Ekin = Epot = 0 : Baratuci ChemE 260 May 10, 2005 Wnot b m ˆ W not b out in Bernoulli Equation Bernoulli Equation (incompressible fluid) ˆ dP V Usually, Wnot b = Wsh Shaft Work & PV Diagrams Wsh m ˆ W sh out ˆ dP V in • Polytropic Processes ˆ C PV C Ŵsh P in out or: C V̂ P 1/ out dP C1 / in 1/ dP P1 / ˆ P V ˆ P2 V 2 1 1 1 • 1 : ˆ W sh • =1: P2 ˆ ˆ Wsh P1 V1 Ln P1 Baratuci ChemE 260 May 10, 2005 PV Diagram: Polytropic Baratuci ChemE 260 May 10, 2005 Summary: Wsh Polytropic Processes Process Type Real Fluids Ideal Gases Ŵsh 0 Ŵsh 0 =0 =1 Isothermal ˆ P V ˆ Ln P2 W sh 1 1 P1 Ŵsh R T1 P Ln 2 MW P1 1: Polytropic ˆ W sh ˆ P V ˆ P2 V 2 1 1 1 Ŵsh = = constant ˆ W sh ˆ P V ˆ P2 V 2 1 1 1 Isentropic Ŵ ˆ V ˆ P P W sh 2 1 = : Isochoric Baratuci ChemE 260 May 10, 2005 • sh R T2 T1 1 MW R T2 T1 1 MW Ŵsh R T2 T1 MW Wsh is actially all work other than flow work. Next Class … • Problem Session • After that… – Isentropic Efficiency • Define an efficiency for a process by comparing actual performance to the performance of an isentropic process • Nozzles, compressors and turbines • New diagram: HS Diagram – Multi-Stage Compressors • Intercooler HEX’s reduce work input requirement Baratuci ChemE 260 May 10, 2005 Example #1 • Air is compressed from 1 bar and 310 K to 8 bar. Calculate the specific work and heat transfer if the air follows a polytropic process path with = 1.32. Assume air is an ideal gas in this process. Baratuci ChemE 260 May 10, 2005 Example #2 • A turbine lets down steam from 5 MPa and o 500 C to saturated vapor at 100 kPa while producing 720 kJ/kg of shaft work. The outer surface of the turbine is at an average o temperature of 200 C. Determine the heat losses from the turbine and the entropy generation in the turbine in kJ/kg-K. Baratuci ChemE 260 May 10, 2005