SOL Review Powerpoint
By Gretchen MacIlwaine
• Who was the monarch of France leading up to
the revolution?
• Louis XVI
• How was the social structure of France set up
before the revolution?
• The three estates
• Who made up the First Estates?
• The clergy of the Catholic church, they paid no
taxes.
• Who made up the second estate?
• The Nobility, they paid little in taxes.
• Who made up the Third Estate?
• Everyone else. 97% of the populations, paid
very little taxes.
• Why was the Three Estates system unfair?
• Each estate had the same voting power in the
government, the 1st and 2nd could always
outvote the 3rd.
• The third estate rebelled and began the
revolution when they attacked and captured
what building in paris?
• The Bastille.
• During the revolution, what was the period of
time called when enemies of the revolution
were arrested and executed?
• The Reign of Terror.
• Who was responsible for leading the Reign Of
Terror?
• Maximillien Robespierre.
• What happened to King Louis XVI and his wife
Marie Antoinette?
• Beheaded on the guillotine.
• What document was created that guaranteed
certain rights to some people in France?
• The Declaration of the Rights of Man and
Citizen.
• The ideals of what movement were used to
justify the revolution?
The Enlightenment.
• In 1799, who rose to power in France?
• Napoleon
• Why did the people of France support
Napoleon?
• He was a popular war hero and promised
peace and stability after the 10 years of chaos
and revolution.
• What was the name of the law code Napoleon
created?
• The Napoleonic Code.
• What made the Napoleonic Code different
than previous law systems?
• Everyone was equal before the law.
• With the start of the Napoleonic Wars, what
was Napoleons ultimate goal?
• The unification of Europe under French
domination.
• In 1812, Napoleon invaded what country?
• Russia
• What strategy did the Russians use against
Napoleon?
• Scorched-earth
• What does scorched earth mean?
• Burn or destroy anything that could be of use
to the invading army. Draw the French deep
into Russia and wait for winter to hit.
• Following his defeat in Russia, France was
invaded and Napoleon was exiled to Elba. He
escaped and was finally defeated where?
• Waterloo
• What was the legacy of Napoleon?
• Napoleonic Code, better roads in Europe, rise
of Nationalism in Europe, end of Holy Roman
Empire.
• What was the peace conference after
Napoleon called?
• The Congress of Vienna.
• The Congress of Vienna was controlled by
people who wanted to restore Europe to how
it had been before Napoleon. What were they
called?
• Reactionaries
• The Congress of Vienna wanted to make it so
that one country would not be more powerful
than others. What is this called?
• Balance of Power
• What happened to the government in France
as a result of the Congress of Vienna?
• Monarchy restored with Louis XVIII.
• The Congress of Vienna redrew the map of
Europe. What country did not get restored?
• The Holy Roman Empire.
• Two new political philosophies began to
emerge in the years after Napoleon. What
were they?
• Liberalism and Conservatism.
• What are the main ideas of liberalism?
• Things should change and move forward
based on new ideas.
• What are the main ideas of conservatism?
• Things should stay how they are, or go back to
the way they were before.
• What two countries unified in the late 1800’s,
partially as a result of the increased
nationalism begun under Napoleon?
• Germany and Italy.
• Who led German unification?
• Otto Von Bismarck.
• What methods did Bismarck use to get the
people to support unification?
• He appealed to their sense of nationalism and
started wars with Austria and France.
• Who led the unification of Italy?
• Giuseppe Garibaldi and Count Cavour.
• What areas did each of them help unify?
• Cavour united Northern Italy, Garibaldi united
the South and then led the joining of North
and South.
• What was Realpolitik?
• Bismarck’s philosophy of using whatever
means are necessary to achieve his goals.
• Latin America was controlled by what
European countries?
• Spain, France, Portugal.
• What was the dominant religion in Latin
America?
• Roman Catholic.
• How was the class structure set up?
Viceroys - colonial officers
Creoles – Mixed descent
Mestizo - Natives
• What two revolutions influenced the desire
for independence in Latin America
• American and French.
• Who led the independence movement in
Haiti?
• Toussaint L’Ouverture.
• Who did L’Ouverture lead the revolt against?
• France
• Who led the independence movements in
South America?
• Simon Bolivar
• What was Bolivars goal?
• To unify the northern portion of South
America into one country.
• What policy did the United States issue,
stating that Europe must stay out of the
Western Hemisphere?
• The Monroe Doctrine.
• Why was the Monroe Doctrine important?
It told Europeans that they could no longer
colonize Central of South America.
• Why did the colonies of European countries
think the years after WWII was a good time to
try and gain independence?
• European countries were weakened from the
war and unable to hold onto all their
territories.
• In what areas of the world did the
independence movements take place?
• Asia, India, Africa
• India was trying to gain independence from
who?
• Great Britain
• Who led the Indian independence movement?
• Mohandas Ghandi
• What methods did Ghandi use to try and gain
independence
• Peaceful resistance and civil disobedience
• When India gained independence, it was
divided into what two countries?
• India and Pakistan
• Why led to India and Pakistan being
separated?
• Religious Divisions, India is Hindu, Pakistan is
muslim.
• Following independence, what form of
government did India adopt?
• Democracy. Today India is the largest
democracy in the world.
• Indian society is divided along what lines?
• The Caste System
• How were the revolutions in Africa different
than in India?
• Africa had both peaceful and violent
revolutions, while India was relatively
peaceful.
• What country underwent a violent rebellion
against British rule?
• Kenya
• Who led the independence fight against the
British in Kenya
• Jomo Kenyatta
• Which European countries lost their colonies
in Africa?
• Britain, France, Belgium, Portugal
• Which country had a violent rebellion against
France?
• Algeria
• What was the policy of racial discrimination in
South Africa called?
• Apartheid.
• Under apartheid, who controlled South
Africa?
• The minority white population controlled the
government and military.
• Who led the fight against apartheid in South
Africa?
• Nelson Mandela
• What happened to Mandela as a result of his
struggle against apartheid?
• He was jailed for over 30 years. When he was
finally released he became the first black
president of South Africa.
• The new countries of Jordan and Palestine
were originally part of the Mandate system set
up by what organization?
• League Of Nations
• What new country was created in the Middle
East in 1948 as a homeland for the Jews
• Israel
• Golda Meir led Israel to victory in the Yom
Kippur war. Which of the superpowers in the
world supported Israel?
The United States
• Who was the leader of Egypt who built the
Aswan High Dam, nationalized the Suez Canal,
and established a relationship with the USSR?
• Gamal Abdul Nasser
• The fall of this city in 1453 encouraged
Europeans to look for new water based trade
routes
• Constantinople
• What did the Europeans want from Asia?
• Spices, tea, silk, paper, porcelain, textiles
• Europeans were also driven by the desire to
spread what religion to new lands?
• Christianity
• This man sponsored early voyages of
exploration.
• Prince Henry The Navigator
• What two European countries led the early
stages of exploration?
• Portugal and Spain
• Who found a water route to India and
established trade routes to there?
• Vasco de Gama, who sailed for Portugal
• Who was trying to reach Asia, but actually
ended up finding North America?
• Columbus who sailed for Spain
• Who conquered the Aztecs in what is present
day Mexico?
• Hernando Cortez, who sailed for Spain.
• Who conquered the Incans in present day
Peru?
• Francisco Pizarro, who sailed for Spain.
• Who made the first attempt to sail around the
world? He gets credit for it even though he
died halfway.
• Who made the first attempt to sail around the
world? He gets credit for it even though he
died halfway.
• Magellan, who sailed for Spain.
• Who was the first Englishman to sail around
the world? He also led the English defense
against the Spanish Armada in 1588.
• Francis Drake.
• Who was the French explorer who claimed
Eastern Canada for France?
• Jacques Cartier
• How was Christianity spread to the New
World?
• Colonists moved to the New World and
missionaries set out to convert Native
Americans
• What country led the colonization of Central
and South America?
• Spain
• What country in South America does not
speak Spanish
• Brazil
• What happened to most of the Native
Americans within a few years of the arrival of
Europeans?
• They died either from war against the
Europeans, or from European diseases like
smallpox.
• Who was at the top of the social classes in the
New World colonies?
• The people of pure European descent. The
Natives were under them.
• With most natives dead, Europeans turned
where to find a source of labor?
• Africa
• Africans were forced into slavery and brought
to the New World for what purpose?
• To grow cash crops
• What is a cash crop?
• A crop grown only to sell and make money
• The system of trade routes connecting Europe,
Africa, and the New World became known as
what?
• The Triangular Trade.
• What was the Middle Passage?
• The part of the Triangle Trade that carried
slaves from Africa to the New World.
• What is the name given to the massive
exchange of plants, animals, ideas, religions,
people, and diseases between the Old and
New World?
• The Columbian Exchange
• What things went from the Old World to the
New World?
• Horses, technology, diseases, religions.
• What things went from the New World to the
Old World?
• Cash crops, corn, potatoes, tobacco.
• European nations like Spain got very wealthy
from what?
• Taking gold and silver from the New World,
and selling goods to their colonies there.
• What was the original location of the Ottoman
Empire?
• Asia minor. What is present day Turkey.
• The Ottoman Empire expanded to conquer
what areas?
• Southwest Asia, Northern Africa, and the
Balkan peninsula
• What was the capital city of the Ottoman
Empire?
• Istanbul. It used to be called Constantinople.
• What was the religion of the Ottoman
empire?
• Islam
• What goods did the Ottomans trade to
Europe?
• Coffee and ceramics.
• What was the location of the Mughal Empire?
• Present day India
• What famous building was created by the
Mughals?
• Taj Mahal
• Indian textiles influenced the development of
a textile industry in what European country?
• Great Britain.
• What was the religion of the Mughals?
• Islam
• What was Japans policy towards European
trade?
• Isolationist, they wanted nothing to do with
Europeans.
• How did the Chinese control European
influence in their country
• They set up trading enclaves. These were the
only places the Europeans could go to, limiting
their impact on the people.
• Who ruled Japan?
• There was a powerless emperor, and a military
leader called a Shogun who actually ruled.
• What was the Commercial Revolution?
• When European nations began competing for
colonies and resources.
• What economic theory says that colonies exist
only to benefit the mother country?
• Mercantilism.
• Following WWII, who occupied Germany?
• The USA, USSR, Britain, France
• The British, French, and American sectors
joined together to become what?
• West Germany
• In the years after WWII, what two countries
became known as Superpowers?
• The USA and USSR
• The Nazi’s responsible for the Holocaust were
put on trial where?
• Nuremberg, several were executed for their
crimes against humanity
• The United States created what to help rebuild
Western Europe after the war?
• The Marshall Plan
• What did the Marshall Plan do?
• Gave money to European countries to help
them rebuild
• What international organization was created
after WWII?
• The United Nations
• The UN issued what document, saying that all
people have certain rights?
• The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
• Who was responsible for the occupation and
rebuilding of Japan after the war?
• General Douglas MacArthur
• Following the war, West Germany and Japan
quickly rebuilt and experienced what?
• Great economic growth
• What phrase was used to describe the split
between Western Europe and Eastern
Europe?
• The Iron Curtain
• What terms would describe the government
and economy of Western European countries?
• Democracies, capitalist
• What terms would describe the government
and economy of Eastern European countries?
• Communism, socialist
• What military alliance was formed after WWII,
led by the USA?
• NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization
• What military alliance was formed after WWII,
led by the Soviet Union?
• The Warsaw Pact
• As a condition for them giving up their
militaries, the United States guarantees the
security of what two countries?
• Germany & Japan
• What conference laid the foundations for
what would become the Cold War?
• Yalta
• The United States created what doctrine to
deal with the threat of communism?
• Truman Doctrine
• What did the policy of containment state?
• That we would fight to stop the spread of
communism, but not attack it where it was
already established
• What was the point of containment?
• To stop communism from expanding, while
not having a major war with the Soviet Union
or China
• What was the first military conflict of the Cold
War?
• The Korean War 1950-1953
• What happened in the Korean War?
• Communist North attacked the Democratic
South. The UN and US helped the South. War
ended in a stalemate with no winner. Korea
divided along 38th Parallel.
• To stop people from leaving East Berlin, the
Soviet Union built what?
• The Berlin Wall
• What role did the United States play in the
Chinese Civil War?
• None, we did not get involved at all
• Who was the leader of the Chinese
Nationalists?
• Chaing Kai-Shek
• Who was the leader of the Chinese
Communists, and became the leader of China
after the Civil War ended?
• Mao Zedong/Tse-tung
• Following their defeat in the Civil War, the
Chinese Nationalists fled to what island?
• Taiwan
• The Vietnam War began as a revolution
against what European colonial power?
• France
• Who led the North Vietnamese against the
French and later against the USA?
• Ho Chi Minh
• Why did the USA get involved in Vietnam?
• Because of our containment policy.
• Why did the US use a strategy of limited
warfare in Vietnam?
• We wanted to stop the aggressive North, but
not provoke a war with the USSR or China
• What was the end result of the Vietnam War?
• The United States withdrew, South Vietnam
fell to the communists afterwards.
• What event happened in 1962 that almost led
to a nuclear war between the US and USSR?
• The Cuban Missile Crisis
• What happened in the Cuban Missile Crisis?
• The USSR tried to sneak nuclear missiles into
Cuba, US found out and tried to stop them.
Standoff lasted 13 days, ended with USSR
removing the missiles.
• What theory says that both sides having
thousands of nuclear weapons means that
neither will ever use them?
• Deterrence. If one side uses theirs, the other
will respond, and both will end up destroyed.
• Who was the British Prime Minister who
developed a closer relation with the US during
the Cold War?
• Margaret Thatcher
• Who was the leader of the Soviet Union
towards its end?
• Mikhail Gorbachev
• What events led to the eventual collapse of
the USSR?
• Invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, arms race
with the USA, poor living conditions at home.
• Why was the USA able to spend far more
money on our military than the Soviet Union?
• The capitalist economy generates more
money for the government than the socialist
version.
• What role did Nationalism play in the end of
the Soviet Union?
• People in Eastern European countries got tired
of Soviet domination and worked to be free
again.
• The Enlightenment sought to apply the use of
reason to what areas of life?
• Government and philosophy.
• This English writer believed the best form of
government was an absolute monarchy
because people needed strong control and
protection?
• Thomas Hobbes.
• What book did Thomas Hobbes write?
• Leviathan.
• What writer thought people were good and
had natural rights?
• John Locke.
• According to Locke, what are natural rights?
• Life, Liberty, and Property.
• According to Locke, what are people allowed
to do if a government is unfair and abusive?
• Revolt and overthrow it.
• What French philosopher said the best form
of government would include a separation of
powers?
• Baron von Montesquieu.
• What book did Montesquieu write?
• The Spirit of Laws.
• According to Rousseau, government is a
contract between who?
• The ruler and the ruled.
• What book did Rousseau write?
• The Social Contract.
• What philosopher emphasized the use of
reason, religious tolerance, freedom of speech
, and separation of church and state?
• Voltaire.
• The ideas of the Enlightenment influenced
what American?
• Thomas Jefferson
• Jefferson incorporated Enlightenment ideals
into what documents?
• The Declaration of Independence, Bill of
Rights, and the Constitution.
• The ideas of the Enlightenment can be
credited with influencing revolutions in what
countries?
• The United States and France.
• The Enlightenment also encouraged change in
what other fields?
• Art and Literature.
Name two famous composers of the Enlightenment time period.
• Bach and Mozart.
• Who was a famous painter of the time?
• Eugene Delacroix, painted “Liberty leading the
people”
• Who wrote the first novel?
• Miguel Cervantes, wrote Don Quixote.
• What new technologies were also developed
during the Enlightenment era?
• Better roads, farming techniques, ship design.
• Where did the Industrial Revolution begin?
• England
• Why did the IR begin in England?
• England had a supply of resources, money,
and available labor.
• What was the Enclosure Movement?
• Large farms being formed, forcing small
farmers out of business and leading them to
move wherever jobs are.
• What resources were important for
Industrialization to begin?
• Coal and Iron
• Where did the IR spread to from England?
• United States and Western Europe
• What industry led the industrialization
movement?
• Textiles.
• What source of power was used to power the
first machines?
• Water power, factories were located near
waterways.
• What industries developed to support
industrialization?
• Mining, metal refining, railroads.
• What invention allowed factories to move
away from water and into the cities?
• The Steam Engine.
• Who is credited with inventing the steam
engine?
• James Watt
• As factories moved to the cities, what
happened?
• People moved to the cities because that’s
where the jobs were.
• What is the term for the growth of cities?
• Urbanization
• What were some positive effects of the IR?
• Increased standard of living, population
increases, education rises, literacy rates rise,
better medicine, better living conditions,
better transportation.
• The IR led to the beginning of using who as a
cheap labor source?
• Children
• What were some negative impacts of the IR?
• Pollution, labor abuses.
• Eli Whitney invented what?
• The cotton gin. It was designed to make the
lives of slaves easier, but actually led to
increased slavery.
• Henry Bessemer invented a better for making
what?
• : Steel. His process made it much more
affordable and easier to produce.
• Edward Jenner saved many lives when he
developed what?
• A vaccine for smallpox
• Louis Pasteur advanced the scientific
understanding of disease when he discovered
what?
• Bacteria.
• Did everyone’s lives get better during the IR?
• No, life got better for most people but not all.
• Labor unions formed to fight for what?
• Better working conditions, more pay, shorter
hours.
• Child labor was eventually ended through the
work of?
• Labor unions and government regulations.
• What economic theory was developed by
Adam Smith?
• Capitalism
• What book did Adam Smith write?
• The Wealth of Nations
• According to Smith, what is important in
capitalism?
• Competition, no government intervention,
people having choices.
• Capitalism led to some people being rich and
some being poor. A new economic theory
came about that said everyone should be
equal. What was it?
• Socialism.
• Who developed the ideas behind Socialism
and Communism?
• Karl Marx
• What books did Karl Marx write?
• Das Kapital and The Communist Manifesto.
• According to Marx, everyone should be
__________.
• Equal
• In Socialism, what role does the government
play?
• Redistribution of wealth and resources to
ensure all are equal
• What is it called when labor unions negotiate
with business owners or management?
• Collective Bargaining.
• As countries industrialized they needed more
resources. This led to a desire for more
colonies. What is the desire for an empire
called?
• Imperialism
• Where did European countries look to
establish colonies?
• Asia and Africa
• European countries set up areas they
controlled in China. What were these called?
• Spheres of influence. Each European country
had their own where only they could go to
trade.
• European colonization led to the rise of what
in Asia and Africa?
• Nationalism.
• After World War I, what international
organization was created to maintain the
peace?
• League of Nations
• The League was the idea of who?
• US President Wilson
• What major power did not join the League?
• United States
• What system was created to watch over the
colonies and territories of the defeated
countries?
• Mandate System
• The economic boom in the US was fueled in
part by the growth of what?
• Stock Market
• Who rose to power in Italy?
• Benito Mussolini
• Italy invaded what African country in 1936?
• Ethiopia
• Who was the emperor of Japan during the
Interwar Years?
• Hirohito
• What areas of Asia did Japan invade in a drive
to capture resources and raw materials?
• Korea, China, Manchuria
• What is the term for a person who is forced to
leave their homeland?
• Refugee
• Where have there been ethnic and religious
conflicts in recent years?
• Middle East, Northern Ireland, Balkins, Africa
• What have conflicts in the Middle East been
over?
• Territory and Religion
• What are some of the effects of globalization?
• Rich countries exploit the poor, environmental
pollution, use of resources.
• One of the major environmental issues facing
the world today is what?
• Climate Change
• What is the relationship between economic
and political freedom?
• As people gain economic freedom they begin
wanting political freedom as well. Examples
include Taiwan and South Korea.
• What are some examples of international
terrorism?
• Munich Olympic attacks, 9/11/2001 attacks in
the USA, car bombings, suicide bombings,
airline hijackings.
• How did the Renaissance lead to the
Reformation?
• The ideas and spirit of seeking new
information and questioning things led to
people questioning the authority of the
Catholic Church.
• Whose actions began the Protestant
Reformation?
• Martin Luther
• What did Martin Luther write and post?
• His 95 Theses, a list of complaints against the
Church.
• What happened to Luther?
• He was excommunicated from the Catholic
Church and formed the Lutheran Church.
• What are the main ideas of Lutheranism?
The Bible is the ultimate religious authority.
Salvation by Faith.
Everyone is equal before God.
• What is secularism?
• Non-religious.
• How did the Renaissance and Reformation
lead to a greater sense of individualism?
• People felt more free to question ideas and
teachings, education increased, and people
began to think of themselves in secular terms
instead of religious
• The Renaissance began where?
• Italian City States
• What does the word Renaissance mean? Of
what?
• Rebirth” of the ideas of the ancient world.
Classical knowledge of Greece and Rome
rediscovered.
• What is Leonardo Da Vinci know for?
• Painting the mona lisa and the Last Supper
• What is Michelangelo known for?
• The Sistine Chapel and sculpting the statue of
David.
• Why were trade routes important?
• Allowed for the exchange of goods and ideas
between places.
• What were some advancements that were
exchanged along trade routes?
Paper, compass, silk from China
Textiles from India and Middle East
• This movement focused on the lives of
individuals instead of religious matters.
• Humanism
• Who was the famous Dutch humanist who
wrote a book attacking the Catholic Church?
• Erasmus
• What previous time periods had great
influence on the beginnings of the Scientific
Revolution?
• The Renaissance and Reformation
• Why did they have such influence?
• They encouraged people to think for
themselves and weakened the power of the
Catholic Church over people.
• Louis XIV was from what dynasty?
• Bourbon Dynasty
• What did Louis XIV have built to show off the
wealth and power of France?
• Palace of Versailles
• Which is the oldest of the world religions we
have studied?
• Hindiuism
• What is known about the early history of
Hinduism?
• The founder and time are unknown. There is
a general idea that is began approximately
6000 BCE.
• Who is the founder of Judaism?
• Abraham
• Islam teaches that Muhammad received
what?
• The Third and Final Revelation
• In what regions of the world would you find
Judaism today?
• North American and Israel
• What was the term for pride in ones country,
and a willingness or desire to fight to prove
your country is superior?
• Nationalism
• What was term for placing great importance
on the military, and wanting your military to
be the strongest?
• Militarism
• What was the term for the desire of European
nations to have colonies and an empire
around the world?
• nationalism
• Who led the United States in World War I?
• Woodrow Wilson
• What was the name of the peace plan
Woodrow Wilson had?
• The 14 Points
• Wilson wanted the creation of what
international organization?
• What role did Nationalism play in Europe in
the lead up to WWII?
• Allowed aggressive dictators to gain power by
promising their people revenge and glory.
• The failure of what international organization
allowed aggression to occur?
• The League of Nations
• Why was the League of Nations unable to stop
aggression?
• No power to enforce decisions, US did not
join.
• Why was Germany unable to block the trade
routes to Britain?
• The British navy was stronger and once
America entered the war we helped to secure
the routes.
• Who was at the Potsdam Conference?
• Truman, Stalin, Churchill
• What did Truman issue that warned Japan to
surrender?
• The Potsdam Declaration
• Good luck!!!!!!!!!!!!!!