THE PAST, PRESENT, AND
FUTURE OF TRANSPORTATION
Mikaeline K, Yesica G, Yessenia S, Jonathan L
ROAD TRANSPORTATION
* With the growing industry of trade, modern controlled-access
highways originated in the early 1920s in response to the rapidly increasing use
of the automobile, the demand for faster movement between cities and as a
consequence of improvements in paving processes, techniques and materials.
* The first forms of road transport were horses, oxen or even humans
carrying goods over tracks and walking to there destination that often
followed trails.
* Modern highway systems developed in the 20th century as the automobile
gained popularity
EFFECT ON THE ENVIRONMENT
* Local effects of highways (public roads)
are noise, water pollution, habitat destruction/disturbance and local air
quality; and the wider effects which may include climate change from vehicle
emissions.
* The design, construction and management of roads, parking and other
related facilities as well as the design and regulation of vehicles can change the
impacts to varying degr
WATER TRANSPORTATION
With the development of civilization, bigger vessels were developed both for
trade and war.
* In the Mediterranean, galleys were developed about 3000 BC. Galleys were
eventually rendered obsolete by ocean-going sailing ships, such as the Arabic
caravel in the 13th century, the Chinese treasure ship in the early 15th century
* In the Industrial Revolution, the first steamboats and later diesel-powered
ships were developed.
* Eventually, submarines were developed mainly for military purposes, for
people's general benefit
EFFECT ON THE ENVIRONMENT
* It was found that where corals are sometimes damaged and, cardiovascular,
respiratory and neurological diseases.
* The corals anchor themselves to certain parts of the wreck.
* In some places where corals have become endangered, experts have created
fake wrecks to help the corals to grow.
* Marine engines are one of the source of pollution in the form of gas and
particulate matters emissions that affects air quality causing damage to human
health. Toxic air pollutants are associated with cancer.
RAIL TRANSPORTATION
* The history of rail transportation dates back nearly 500 years, and includes
systems with man or horse power and rails of wood (or occasionally stone).
* Usually for moving coal from the mine down to a river, from where it could
continue by boat, with a flanged wheel running on a rail.
* Modern rail were the first practical form of mechanized land transport, and
they remained the primary form of mechanical
Transport systems first appeared in England in the 1820s. These systems,
which made use of the steam locomotive land transport for the next 100
years.
EFFECT ON THE ENVIRONMENT
* The rail sector has committed itself to cut the specific emissions of rail
transport by 30% over the period 1990-2020.
* Noise is perceived as the most important environmental problem for living
organisms close to railway lines.
* Electric railways could achieve zero CO2 emissions if the electricity
production is sourced from renewable energy sources
AVIATION
* Started with the invention of Santos Dummont, Brazilian born scientist, who
created the 14BIS and the very first motor powered airplanes in the world.
* Humanity's desire to fly likely dates to the first time man observed birds, an
observation illustrated in the legendary stories of Daedalus and Icarus in Greek
mythology, and the Vimanas in Indian mythology.
* Much of the focus of early research was on imitating birds, but through trial and
error, balloons, airships, gliders and eventually powered aircraft and other types of
flying machines were invented.
* In the beginning of the 21st century, subsonic military aviation focused on
eliminating the pilot in favor of remotely operated or completely autonomous
vehicles. Several unmanned aerial vehicles or UAVs have been developed.
EFFECT ON THE ENVIRONMENT
** Combustion, most forms of aviation release carbon dioxide (CO2) and
other greenhouse gases into the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to the
acceleration of global warming and (in the case of CO2) ocean acidification.
*New airliner models in the first decade of the 21st Century were barely more
efficient on a seat-mile basis than the latest piston-powered airliners of the
late 1950s (e.g. Constellation L-1649-A and DC-7C). Claims for a high gain in
efficiency for airliners over recent decades
*The German study concluded that aircraft noise clearly and significantly
impairs health. For example, a day-time average sound pressure level of 60
decibel increasing coronary heart disease by 61% in men and 80% in women
SPACEFLIGHT
* The first human spaceflight was achieved with the Soviet space program's
Vostok 1 mission in 1961.
* The lead architects behind the mission were Sergei Korolev and Kerim
Kerimov, with Yuri Gagarin being the first astronaut.
Kerimov later went on to launch the first space docks (Kosmos 186 and
Kosmos 188) in 1967 and the first space stations (Salyut and Mir series) from
1971 to 1991.
* The first spaceflight to the Moon was achieved with NASA's Apollo 11
mission in 1969, with Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin being the first
astronauts on the Moon.
EFFECT ON THE ENVIRONMENT
* Rocket engines emit reactive gases that cause ozone molecules to break
apart.
* They also discharge microscopic particles of soot and aluminum oxide,
which may increase the rate at which those gases wreak havoc.
* Despite all this, spacecraft contribute very little to the global ozone problem.
TRANSPORTATION DEVELOPMENT
Roads and Rails:
Maintained fairly clean
Rails are closed off to avoid injury of pedestrians
Various traffic regulation signs
-citations given if driver does not follow regulations (and safety precautions)
MOST COMMON METHODS OF
TRANSPORTATION
Road and rail
Public transportation
Maritime
Aviation
Bikes
Walking
PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION
BUSES, TAXIS, TROLLEYS, ETC.
Pros:
* Scheduled arrival and departure
* Handicap given priority seats (buses and trolley)
* Specific license required per each method of transportation
* Drivers have rules to follow to ensure safety
* Save on money for: gas, insurance, and parking fees.
PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION IN NEW
YORK
* 56% of the population of New York City uses the public transportation system.
(US Census Bureau, 4-2013)
* Every $1 billion invested in public transportation capital and operations creates
and supports an average of 36,000 jobs. (APTA 2013)
* For every $1 invested in public transportation, $4 is generated in economic
returns. (APTA 2013)
* Almost 60 percent of people who ride public transit are commuting to and from
work. (APTA 2013)
* New York City buses do not accept paper money because NYC Transit uses
giant vacuum hoses to empty fareboxes, a process that would shred bills. (MTA)
* NYC Transit - with 468 subway stations - has only 60 fewer stations than the
combined total of all other subway systems in the country.
VS PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION IN SAN
DIEGO
Provision of services:
MTS provides bus and rail services directly or by contract with private operators. MTS
coordinates all its services and determines the routing, stops, frequencies and hours of
operation.
*Light Rail:
Light rail service is operated by SDTI on four lines (the Blue, Orange, Green and Silver
Lines) with a total of 53 stations and 102.6 miles of rail.
*Bus:
93 fixed bus routes and Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) complementary paratransit
service (MTS Access). Fixed route bus service include local, urban, express, premium
express and rural routes.
*Freight:
MTS contracts with the San Diego & Imperial Valley (SD&IV) Railroad and the Pacific
Imperial Railroad, Inc. (PIR) to provide freight service to San Diego shippers over SD&AE
right-of-way. SD&IV shares certain tracks with SDTI, operating during non-service Trolley
hours.
CONS:
* Carry many diseased due to the lack of constant decontamination
* Time consuming
* Can’t control the environment around you
* Requires planning
MARITIME
The Marine Transportation System, or MTS, consists of waterways, ports, and
intermodal landside connections that allow the various modes of transportation to
move people and goods to, from, and on the water. The MTS includes the
following:
* 25,000 miles of navigable channels
* 238 locks at 192 locations
* Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Seaway
*Over 3,700 marine terminals
*Numerous recreational marinas
* Over 174,000 miles of rail connecting all 48 contiguous States, as well as Canada
and Mexico
* Over 45,000 miles of interstate highway, supported by over 115,000 miles of
other roadways
*Over 1,400 designated intermodal connections
TRANSPORTATION IN MEXICO
TYPES OF TRANSPORTATION
* Calafias
* Magallanes Buses
* Buses for long distance
* Yellow Taxis
* Routed Taxis
HOW THEY WORK
* The vehicles are owned by a person (different owners for every kind of
vehicle)
* The drivers rent the vehicle, and have to pay the owners 500.00 pesos daily,
as well as having to pay gas
* The drivers keep the remaining money
WHAT IT’S LIKE TO RIDE ONE
CONS: Drivers:
* are disrespectful
* Tend to be uneducated
* Are careless
* Tend to smoke while driving
* are in constant competition with each other
CONS (CONT.)
* Seats are ripped and too close to each
other
* No AC
* Vehicles constantly break down
* Buses don’t have stops, drivers stop
where they desire.
PROS
* It’s cheap, costing 70 cents.
* It gets you to your destination
Street conditions in Mexico:
* Most streets are paved
* Conditions have improved over the last 4 years
because of a fund created by the PAN Political
Party
STREET CONDITIONS (CONT)
Los Alamos, Baja California, land owners had to pay around $400.00 in
taxes to have their street renovated. What was a small neighborhood
full of holes that became small lakes when it rained in 2010, was
renewed in 4 years, and has smooth streets that make it safer for
drivers.
* On the street next to the Mexican Newspaper, there was a massive
hole that was easily seen and could be avoided. However, when it
rained, the hole was covered up, and drivers who didn't know the area
would move over to the side and half of their car would sink into the
hole. This happened every time there was a significant amount of rain.
In the summer of 2014, this hole was paved and has made
transportation in Tijuana easier.
THE FUTURE OF
TRANSPORTATION
BUSES
* In Bogotá, Colombia along with other cities in Latin America, the bus rapid
transit (BRT) network has improved public transportation
* Includes dedicated high speed lanes, prepaid tickets, and designated,
enclosed, above ground stations
* This system relieves traffic congestion, decreases the cost of transportation,
and quickly moves a large number of people
* According to the US Transportation Review Board, BRT costs $3m per km
covered compared to $70m for light rail
BUSES (CONT):
* In South Korea, on line electric vehicle (OLEV), has been implemented
* Charges while being driven over cables that create an electromagnetic field
* Electromagnetic fields are weak enough to not harm people, and are only
activated by sensors when a bus passes over
* Battery is smaller than that of a regular electric car
* Is energy efficient and reduces consumption of oil
TRAINS
* In Southern California, a high-speed rail system is in progress
* The high speed reduces travel time
* Less vehicles mean more land can be preserved for agriculture
or conserved
* Creates jobs, and supports small businesses
PREDICTIONS AND
SPECULATIONS
* Automated driving and parking would allow vehicles to travel faster
* Improved communication between vehicles reduces accidents
* Evacuated tube transport technologies can reduce the amount of land
developed for transportation
* Car services such as Uber reduce the number of cars on the road as people
do not have to drive their own car
ACCORDING TO
HTTP://WWW.SMARTGROWTHAMERICA.
ORG/,
“Investments in public transportation generate 31% more jobs per dollar than new
construction of roads and bridges. Smart Growth America’s findings show that
the payoff was even larger in ARRA spending, with public transportation projects
producing 70% more jobs per dollar than road projects. The same historical
statistics show that repair work on roads and bridges generates 16% more jobs per
dollar than new bridge and road construction. Repair and maintenance projects
spend money faster and create jobs more quickly than building new roads because
they employ more kinds of workers, spend less money on land and more on
wages, and spend less time on plans and permits.
Together, the states spent $15.7 billion (58.9%) of flexible ARRA transportation
funds on repairing and maintaining roads and bridges; $8.9 billion (33.5%) on
building new ones; $1,042.5 million (4%) on non-motorized projects such as
bicycle projects, pedestrian projects and trail projects, and $462.8 million (1.7%)
on public transportation projects.”