Stankiewicz
Criminology Corrections
Essential Questions

 What are the historical overview and purposes of
Criminal Corrections in the US?
 What are the trends of use for incarceration in the US?
 What are the common types of incarceration facilities in
the US?
 What are some of the characteristics and issues related to
the incarcerated in the US?
 What are some procedures that institutions employ to
maintain security and order in confinement facilities?
Historical Overview of Institutional
Corrections - 1

 European background
 ________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
 In US until 1800s
Historical Overview of Institutional
Corrections - 2

 Before 1600s institutional corrections (putting behind
bars) was used mainly for:






________________________________________________
Holding prisoners awaiting sentencing; such as death
_______________________________________________
Punishing slaves
_______________________________________________
Quarantining diseased persons
Historical Overview of Institutional
Corrections - 3

 Before modern incarceration
 Basic goal:
 _______________________
 Punishments in public
 _______________________
Historical Overview of Institutional
Corrections - 4

 Today’s purpose of incarceration:
 Change the offender’s character
 ______________________________________________
Historical Overview of Institutional
Corrections - 5

 Forerunner (before) incarceration
 __________________________________________
 Transportation to colonies
 Workhouses
 ________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Historical Overview of Institutional
Corrections - 6

 _______________________________________________
 Three early reformers:
 Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794)
 John Howard (1726-1790)
 Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)
Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794)

 Wrote: On Crimes and
Punishment (1764)
 _____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
 Punishments must fit crimes
 Punishments must be severe
enough to outweigh the pleasure
of committing the crime
 _____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
John Howard (1726-1790)

 Wrote: The State of
Prisons in England
(1777)
 _____________________
_____________________
_____________________
 Appalled by
overcrowding, poor
living conditions and
abusive practices
John Howard (Continued)

 Stated that penal systems must be safe and orderly
 Incarceration should do more than just punish
offender
 ________________________________________________
 ________________________________________________
John Howard (Continued)

 Howard proposed:




Prisons should have an orderly routine
_____________________________________________
Hard work
_________________________________________
 Think about what offender did wrong (penance)
 Used the term “______________________________”
for prisons
Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)

 Remembered for his idea
that reform and order could
be achieved in prison
through architectural
design
 ________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
Penology and Panopticon Design
definitions

 Penology:
 ____________________
____________________
____________________
____________________
____________________
____________________
____________________
____________________
 Panopticon Design
 _____________________
consisting of a round
building with tiers of
cells lining the inner
circumference and
facing a central
inspection tower
Panopticon Design

US History of Institutional Incarceration and
trends of use for incarceration in the US - 1

 Colonial America
 Penal practices loose, decentralized & unsystematic
 Often retaliation against wrong doing
 ________________________________________________
________________________________________________
 Local jails scattered about
 Holding tanks mostly until other disposition
US History of Institutional Incarceration and
trends of use for incarceration in the US - 2

 William Penn (Prison Reformer)
 Founder of Pennsylvania and
Quaker
 _____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
 Ideas were largely ignored
because Colonial America had
no centralized penal system
US History of Institutional Incarceration and trends of
use for incarceration in the US - 3

 US developments in penology




______________________________________________
Reformatory Movement
______________________________________________
20th century Prison characteristics
Penitentiary Movement - 1

 Penitentiary
 Penance for crimes
 ________________________________________________
 During sentence for crime:
 Inmates labor in solitary confinement
 _______________________________________________
Two Systems within the Penitentiary
Movement

 _______________________________________________
 Auburn System
 Competing systems of confinement
Pennsylvania System

 Sometimes called the
_____________________
_____________________
 Inmates are kept in
solitary cells so they
could study religious
writing, reflect on their
misdeeds, and perform
_____________________
Auburn System

 Named after Auburn (NY) Penitentiary
 _______________________________________________
 Inmates worked and ate together in silence during
the day and were placed in solitary confinement at
night
 _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
Auburn System - 2

 _____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
 Allowed inmates to be
housed in smaller cells
 Allowed factory like
production
 ____________________
Both systems

 Few signs that penitentiaries were deterring crime
 ______________________________________________
 Reforming criminals?
 Little evidence of this
 Prisons were actually costing more
 Lead to a reform movement in Penitentiary System
Reformatory Movements

 Started about 1870 at meeting of National Prison
Association
 New type of institution designed
 ________________________________________________
The Reformatory

 Less hardened criminals housed in it
 16 – 30 years old
 _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
 Emphasized academics and vocational training
Elmira (NY) Reformatory Exercise
Yard

The Reformatory - 2

 _______________________________________________
 Recorded inmates progress toward rehabilitation
 _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
The Reformatory - 3

 Changed sentencing from “determinate sentences”
to “indeterminate sentences”
 ___________________________________________
 Exact years for crime
 Example 10 years for robbery
 _______________________________________________
 Range of years for crime
 Example 5 to 12 for robbery
The Reformatory - 4

 Officials observed that indeterminate sentences and
probability of parole facilitated greater control over
inmates than determinate sentences
 Inmates will cooperate if they can get out earlier
 _______________________________________________
 ________________________________________________
Institutions for Women - 1

 Until reform age women go to men’s prisons but are
segregated
 1st Women’s prison 1873
Institutions for Women - 2

 Most had cottages or
campus facilities as
opposed to cell blocks
 _____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
 Not like that now
Women feeding chickens at the
Indiana Women’s Prison

US History of Institutional Incarceration and trends of
use for incarceration in the US 20th Century Prisons

 Three types of Institutions emerged in the 20th
Century
 _______________________________________________
 Correctional Institution/Medical Model
 Contemporary Violent Prison
US History of Institutional Incarceration and trends of use for
incarceration in the US – The Big House

 ____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
 Stacks of 3 or 4 tiers of one –
two man cells
 Average Big House held 2500
men
 1900-1940s most popular
The Big House - 2

The Big House - 3

 Sing Sing
prison in
NY
The Big House - 4

 Alcatraz
 Closed
1963
The Big House - 5

 Not new prisons
 _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
 Warehouses oriented toward custody and control of
inmates
The Big House - 6

 Maine state prison in
Thomaston, Maine
The Big House - 7

 Exploited inmate labor (according to text) through
various links to local free market economy
 North
 _____________________________________________
 South
 ______________________________________________
US History of Institutional Incarceration and trends of use for
incarceration in the US - Prison Farms

 Popular in
South
 Angola
(LA) State
Prison
US History of Institutional Incarceration and trends of
use for incarceration in the US - 1940s onward

 Correctional Institution/Medical Model
 1940s – on
 _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
 Did not replace the “Big House”
 Simply supplemented them
 Developed into the medical model
US History of Institutional Incarceration and trends of
use for incarceration in the US – Correctional
Institutions

 Windham
Correctional
Center,
Windham
Maine
US History of Institutional Incarceration and trends of use for
incarceration in the US –
The Medical Model -1

 Theory of institutional corrections
 Popular 1940-50s
 _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
The Medical Model - 2

 Shortly after sentencing, inmates are given
psychological assessment and diagnosis
 Treatment based on this to rehabilitate offender
 _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
The Medical Model - 3

 After institutional treatment comes parole (if successful)
 Follow-up treatment in community
 ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
 ______________________________________________
 Book contends this is not used today. Unsure if book is
correct
US History of Institutional Incarceration and trends of use for
incarceration in the US –
Contemporary Violent Prison

 Book contends by 1960s effectiveness of coerced
prison programming was challenged
 Contemporary Violent Prison arose
 Many treatment programs gone
 Power vacuum in prison rose
 _______________________________________________
 Prison is crime school; no rehabilitation
US History of Institutional Incarceration and trends of
use for incarceration in the US – Privatization of
Corrections - 1

 _______________________________________________
 Government looks for alternatives to traditional
incarceration
 _______________________________________________
US History of Institutional Incarceration and trends of
use for incarceration in the US - Privatization of
Corrections - 2

 Insolvent of the private sector in construction of
prisons is big money
 Can private enterprise do the corrections job cheaper
and more efficiently
 _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
Privatization Advantages
(According to text)

 Private facilities open
more quickly than public
facilities
 Construction costs are
less to the taxpayer
 Operations are more
effective cost wise
 ______________________
 Correctional services
delivered by private
correction firms are more
cost effective
 Less legal liability for
the government if
private firm does job
 Changes are made
faster in private sector
than public
 _____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
Privatization Disadvantages
(According to text)

 Should government cede their correctional
responsibilities to a private company?
 Your view?
US History of Institutional Incarceration and trends of
use for incarceration in the US - Shock Incarceration - 1

 Placement of offenders in facilities patterned after
military boot camps
 _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
 Without extensive criminal records
Shock Incarceration - 2

 Inmates wait to eat lunch
at the Moriah Shock
Incarceration Correctional
Facility in Mineville, N.Y.
 Corrections officials say
they have graduated
more than 40,000 inmates
from military-style boot
camps over the past 25
years and most never
come back
Shock Incarceration - 3

Shock Incarceration - 4

 _____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
 Subject to strict military
style program of work,
physical fitness,
conditioning and
discipline
 Much like military boot
camp
 Not fun
Common Types of Incarceration Facilities
in the US - 1

 Organizational and administrative structure of
institutional corrections is decentralized
 _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
 Legislative and judicial branches of each also
involved
Common Types of Incarceration Facilities
in the US - 2

 Federal Government maintains its own system
 States maintain their own system
 There is an interrelationship between the two
 Federal requirements affect operation of state prisons
 ________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
Common Types of Incarceration Facilities
in the US - 3

 _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
 BOP’s mission is to “protect society by confining
offenders in controlled environments of prisons
and community-based facilities that are safe,
humane, and appropriately secure, and that provide
work and other self-improvement opportunities to
assist offenders in becoming law-abiding citizens”
 Bureaus central office is Washington DC
Common Types of Incarceration Facilities in the
US - Classification Facilities

 Classification Facilities
 _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
Common Types of Incarceration Facilities in the
US - Men’s Prisons

 The most common general type of prison in US
 Distinguished from one another by “SECURITY
LEVEL”
 Security Level
 ________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
Common Types of Incarceration Facilities
in the US – Custody Level

 The classification of an _________________________
to indicate the degree of precaution that needs to be
taken when working with that inmate
 Different from security level which is for
institutions
Common Types of Incarceration Facilities in the
US - Men’s Prisons - 2

 Institution’s security Level is determined by
 ________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
 The measures taken to preserve internal security
within the institution
Common Types of Incarceration Facilities in the US
Men’s Prisons - 3

 Maximum – Security facilities: 8.6 %
 Supermaximum Security .9%
 Medium –Security facilities: 33.6%
 Between maximum and medium: 11.2%
 Minimum-Security facilities: 37.3%
 Unclassified or other: 8.3%
 As of Sep 2005
Common Types of Incarceration Facilities in the US Men’s Prisons - Maximum Security

 Very tight external and internal security
 ______________________________________________
 Motion detectors
 The stereotypical prison
 ______________________________________________
Common Types of Incarceration Facilities in the US Men’s Prisons - SuperMaximum Security

 _______________________________________________
 Very expensive to maintain
 Problem inmates
 _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
 After three years a successful inmate can gradually
regain social contact
Supermax Florence Colorado

Supermax Florence Colorado

 The Colorado Supermax is only used for very worst
offenders, often those who have killed fellow
inmates at other facilities
 Prisoners are kept in solitary confinement for 23
hours a day
 1. Typical cell sized 7ft x
12ft (3.5x2m) with small
slit window
 2. Shower works on timer
 3. Small black and white
TV showing educational
programs (some prisoners
only)
 4. Heavy duty steel door
or grate
 5. Writing desk
 6. Toilet which shuts off if
blocked
 7. Sink
 8. Steel mirror, rather than
smashable glass
Common Types of Incarceration Facilities in the US Men’s Prisons - Medium Security

 Fewer restrictions on internal movement
 _______________________________________________
 Relatively few cells
 Typically no external walls
 _______________________________________________
Typical Medium Security Prison from outside

Common Types of Incarceration Facilities in the US Men’s Prisons - Low Security Facility

 BOP operates low-security facilities
 _______________________________________________
 Double fenced perimeters
 Dormitory housing
 _______________________________________________
Common Types of Incarceration Facilities in the
US - Men’s Prisons – Minimum Security Facility

 _________________________
 Inmates usually there after
proving good behavior
elsewhere
 Often there are no fences but
not always
 _________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
Common Types of Incarceration Facilities
in the US - Women’s Prisons

 10 percent of the
prisons
 Smaller
 ____________________
 Different needs
Common Types of Incarceration Facilities
in the US – Cocorrectional Facilities

 House both male and female inmates
 _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
 Usually small and security is minimum
Common Types of Incarceration Facilities in the US
Jails and Lockups

 Lockup very short term holding facility
 24-48 hours
 Jail
 ________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
 Excluding lockups there are more jails in the US than
any other confinement facility (3-4K)
Common Types of Incarceration Facilities in the
US - Jails

 ______________________________________________
 Some of their functions
 Receive individuals pending arraignment and hold
them awaiting trial
 Hold mentally ill persons pending movement to
appropriate facilities
 _______________________________________________
 Transfer of inmates
 Many more (see page 367 of text)
Some Characteristics and Issues Related to the
Incarcerated in the US - 1

 Over past 200 years US has developed a strong
tradition of using prisons to control crime
 Has not always been a good solution
 ________________________________________________
 Much more money spent on building facilities than
programs for criminals
 ________________________________________________
Some Characteristics and Issues Related to the
Incarcerated in the US - 2

 Polarization of beliefs about Prisoners
 ___________________________________________
 Your opinion?
Some Characteristics and Issues Related to the
Incarcerated in the US – Inmate Characteristics - 1

 88 percent of all prisoners are state prisoners
 12 percent federal
 ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
 Large proportion had not completed high school, under
35, and never married
 Federal prisoners are more likely to be married and have
a higher education level
 Statistics as of end of 2005
Some Characteristics and Issues Related to the
Incarcerated in the US – Inmate Characteristics - 2

 Imprisonment rate for men was 929 per 100,000
 Imprisonment rate for women was 65 per 100,000
 _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
 Many had low paying jobs
 Statistics as of end of 2005
Some Characteristics and Issues Related to the
Incarcerated in the US – Offenses Percentage of Inmates

 Violent Offenses – 51.8%
 Murder 12.1 %
 Rape 4.9%





Other sexual assault 7%
Robbery 14.1 %
Assault 9.9%
Manslaughter 1.4%
Other violent offenses 2.5%
 Public Order Offenses 6.9%
 Other/Unspecified Offenses .5%
As of 2003




Drug Offenses
State inmates– 20%
Federal inmates - 54%
Property offenses 20.9%





Burglary 11%
Larceny 3.9%
Motor theft 1.6%
Fraud 2.4%
Other property crimes 1.9%
Procedures that Institutions Employ to Maintain
Security and Order in Confinement Facilities - 1

 Institutions are like miniature societies
 _______________________________________________
 All institutions maintain a wide range of security
measures
Procedures that Institutions Employ to Maintain Security and
Order in Confinement Facilities - 2

 Methods
 Classification of inmates
 ________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
 Certain inmates are given special custody designations
that distinguish them from general population
 ________________________________________________
________________________________________________
Procedures that Institutions Employ to Maintain
Security and Order in Confinement Facilities - 3

 Protective Custody
 ________________________________________________
________________________________________________
 Administrative Segregation
 ________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
Procedures that Institutions Employ to Maintain
Security and Order in Confinement Facilities - 4

 Routine searches
 ___________________
 Drugs
 Contraband of any
sort
 Mail and Phone
monitoring
 _____________________
Procedures that Institutions Employ to Maintain Security and
Order in Confinement Facilities - 5

 Treatment of inmates with special needs
 ______________________________________________
Procedures that Institutions Employ to Maintain Security and
Order in Confinement Facilities - Inmate Rehabilitation Programs

 Self improvement
programs offered by
religious and civic
groups
 AA, Bible clubs
 _____________________
_____________________
_____________________
 Crisis intervention
 _____________________
 Designed to improve
inmates work habits
 Education and
vocational training
 Rehabilitation effort
 Better skills, more
chance of success on
outside
Living in Prison - 1

 Prison is a Total Institution
 _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
Living in Prison - 2

 Although prisons are influenced by outside society
they __________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
 A society in prison has its
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
 Central to inmate society is the “Convict Code”
Living in Prison – The Convict Code

 A set of values, norms
and roles that regulate
the way inmates
interact with one
another and the prison
staff
 _____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
 Examples:
 An inmate should mind
their own business and
do their own time
 _______________________
_______________________
_______________________
 _____________________ to
fellow inmates not guards
or staff
Result of Prison Society - Prisonization

 Prisonization:
 _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
 Longer in prison more _________________________
to adapt once outside
 Leads to high return to prison rate
Major Theories Concerning the Origins of
Inmate Society

 Deprivation Theory
 Inmate society arises as
a response to the prison
environment and
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
 Importation Theory
 _____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_______________ by the
attitudes inmates bring
with them when they
enter prison
Inmate Society - 1

 Fractured
 Violent
 _____________________________________________
 Lots of victimization
Inmate Society - 2

 Has a subculture economy
 ______________________________________________
 Secret exchanges
 ______________________________________________
Life in Women’s Prison

 Usually not as __________________________________
 _______________________________________________
 More immediate family concerns
Life in Prison – Correctional Officers

 Lots of stress
 _____________________
_____________________
_____________________
 Some places a high
turn-over rate
Inmate Rights and Prison Reform

 For past few decades efforts to reform prisons has
been through the courts
 Habeas Corpus:
 _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
Inmate Rights and Prison Reform - 2

 Inmates have 1st
Amendment Rights
 Free Speech
 _____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
 Religious Freedom
 _____________________
_____________________
_____________________
Inmate Rights and Prison Reform - 3

 Inmates have 8th
Amendment Rights
 _____________________
 Protection from staff
brutality
 Adequate facilities
 _____________________
_____________________
_____________________
Prison Release and Recidivism

 93% of all inmates eventually get released from
prison
 Inmates are released in a number of ways
 _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
 Finishing out sentence
 _______________________________________________
 Parole
Commutation

 Reduction of original sentence given by an executive
authority usually a _____________________________
Parole

 The conditional release of prisoners before they have
served ______________________________________
Good Time

 ____________________________________________
from an inmate’s sentence for good behavior and
meritorious activities in prison
Mandatory Release

 A method of prison release under which an inmate is
released after serving a legally required portion of
his or her sentence, minus good time credits
Probation

 A sentence in which the offender, rather than being
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
 Required to abide by certain rules and conditions to
avoid incarceration
Recidivism

 The return to illegal activity after release from
incarceration
 _______________________________________________
 How do you succeed in society with a prison record?
Summary

 Lots of stuff to know
 Page 386 of your book has a summary recap of
chapter 10