Chapter 11: The
Respiratory System
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Chapter Objectives
 Roles of oxygen and carbon dioxide and how each is carried in the blood.
 Respiratory tract and functions of each part.
 Breathing mechanism, the roles of the diaphragm and phrenic nerve.
 Word parts pertaining to the respiratory system.
 Major disorders of the respiratory system.
 Medical terms related to breathing & diseases of the respiratory system.
 10 volumes & capacities commonly used to measure pulmonary function.
 Abbreviations commonly used with reference to the respiratory system.
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Key Terms
Normal Structure and Function
adenoids
Lymphoid tissue located in the nasopharynx; the pharyngeal tonsils
alveoli
The tiny air sacs in the lungs through which gases are exchanged
between the atmosphere and the blood in respiration (singular: alveolus).
An alveolus, in general, is a small hollow or cavity; the term is also used
to describe the bony socket for a tooth.
bronchiole
One of the smaller subdivisions of the bronchial tubes (root: bronchiol)
bronchus
One of the larger air passageways in the lungs. The bronchi begin as two
branches of the trachea and then subdivide within the lungs (plural:
bronchi) (root bronch).
carbon dioxide
(CO2)
A gas produced by energy metabolism in cells and eliminated through the
lungs
carbonic acid
An acid formed by carbon dioxide when it dissolves in water; H2CO3
compliance
A measure of how easily the lungs expand under pressure. Compliance is
reduced in many types of respiratory disorders.
diaphragm
The dome-shaped muscle under the lungs that flattens during inspiration
(root: phren/o)
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Key Terms
Normal Structure and Function (cont’d)
epiglottis
A leaf-shaped cartilage that covers the larynx during swallowing to
prevent food from entering the trachea
expectoration
The act of coughing up material from the respiratory tract; also the
material thus released; sputum
expiration
The act of breathing out or expelling air from the lungs; exhalation
glottis
The opening between the vocal cords
hemoglobin
The iron-containing pigment in red blood cells that transports oxygen
inspiration
The act of drawing air into the lungs; inhalation
larynx
The enlarged upper end of the trachea that contains the vocal cords
(root: laryng/o)
lung
A cone-shaped spongy organ of respiration contained within the thorax
(roots: pneum, pulm)
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Key Terms
Normal Structure and Function (cont’d)
mediastinum
The space between the lungs together with the organs contained in
this space
nose
The organ of the face used for breathing and for housing receptors
for the sense of smell; includes an external portion and an internal
nasal cavity (roots: nas/o, rhin/o)
oxygen (O2)
The gas needed by cells to release energy from food during
metabolism
palatine tonsils
The paired masses of lymphoid tissue located on either side of the
oropharynx; usually meant when the term tonsils is used alone
pharynx
The throat; a common passageway for food entering the esophagus
and air entering the larynx (root: pharyng/o)
phrenic nerve
The nerve that activates the diaphragm (root: phrenic/o)
pleura
A double-layered membrane that lines the thoracic cavity (parietal
pleura) and covers the lungs (visceral pleura) (root: pleur/o)
pleural space
The thin, fluid-filled space between the two layers of the pleura;
pleural cavity
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Key Terms
Normal Structure and Function (cont’d)
pulmonary ventilation
The movement of air into and out of the lungs
sinus
A cavity or channel; the paranasal sinuses are located near the
nose and drain into the nasal cavity.
sputum
The substance released by coughing or clearing the throat;
expectoration. It may contain a variety of material from the
respiratory tract.
surfactant
A substance that decreases surface tension within the alveoli and
eases lung expansion.
trachea
The air passageway that extends from the larynx to the bronchi
(root: trache/o)
turbinate bones
The bony projections in the nasal cavity that contain receptors for
the sense of smell. Also called conchae (KON-kē).
vocal cords
Membranous folds on either side of the larynx that are important in
speech production. Also called vocal folds.
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Key Terms
Disorders
acidosis
Abnormal acidity of body fluids. Respiratory acidosis is caused by
abnormally high levels of carbon dioxide in the body.
acute respiratory
distress syndrome
(ARDS)
Pulmonary edema that can lead rapidly to fatal respiratory failure;
causes include trauma, aspiration into the lungs, viral pneumonia, and
drug reactions; shock lung
acute rhinitis
Inflammation of the nasal mucosa with sneezing, tearing, and profuse
secretion of watery mucus, as seen in the common cold
alkalosis
Abnormal alkalinity of body fluids. Respiratory alkalosis is caused by
abnormally low levels of carbon dioxide in the body.
aspiration
The accidental inhalation of food or other foreign material into the
lungs. Also means the withdrawal of fluid from a cavity by suction.
asthma
A disease characterized by dyspnea and wheezing caused by spasm
of the bronchial tubes or swelling of their mucous membranes
atelectasis
Incomplete expansion of a lung or part of a lung; lung collapse. May
be present at birth (as in respiratory distress syndrome) or be caused
by bronchial obstruction or compression of lung tissue (prefix atel/o
means “imperfect”).
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Key Terms
Disorders (cont’d)
bronchiectasis
Chronic dilatation of a bronchus or bronchi
bronchitis
Inflammation of a bronchus
chronic
Any of a group of chronic, progressive, and debilitating respiratory
obstructive
diseases, which includes emphysema, asthma, bronchitis, and
pulmonary disease bronchiectasis
(COPD)
cyanosis
Bluish discoloration of the skin caused by lack of oxygen in the blood
(adjective: cyanotic)
cystic fibrosis (CF)
An inherited disease that affects the pancreas, respiratory system, and
sweat glands. Characterized by mucus accumulation in the bronchi
causing obstruction and leading to infection
diphtheria
Acute infectious disease, usually limited to the upper respiratory tract,
characterized by the formation of a surface pseudomembrane
composed of cells and coagulated material
dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing, sometimes with pain; “air hunger”
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Key Terms
Disorders (cont’d)
emphysema
A chronic pulmonary disease characterized by enlargement and
destruction of the alveoli
empyema
Accumulation of pus in a body cavity, especially the pleural space;
pyothorax
hemoptysis
The spitting of blood from the mouth or respiratory tract (ptysis
means “spitting”)
hemothorax
Presence of blood in the pleural space
hydrothorax
Presence of fluid in the pleural space
hyperventilation
Increased rate and depth of breathing; increase in the amount of air
entering the alveoli
influenza
An acute, contagious respiratory infection causing fever, chills,
headache, and muscle pain; “flu”
pertussis
An acute, infectious disease characterized by a cough ending in a
whooping inspiration; whooping cough
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Key Terms
Disorders (cont’d)
pleural effusion
Accumulation of fluid in the pleural space. The fluid may contain blood
(hemothorax) or pus (pyothorax or empyema).
pleurisy
Inflammation of the pleura; pleuritis. A symptom of pleurisy is sharp
pain on breathing.
pneumoconiosis
Disease of the respiratory tract caused by inhalation of dust particles.
Named more specifically by the type of dust inhaled, such as silicosis,
anthracosis, asbestosis.
pneumonia
Inflammation of the lungs generally caused by infection. May involve
the bronchioles and alveoli (bronchopneumonia) or one or more lobes
of the lung (lobar pneumonia).
pneumonitis
Inflammation of the lungs; may follow infection or be caused by
asthma, allergy, or inhalation of irritants
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Key Terms
Disorders (cont’d)
pneumothorax
Accumulation of air or gas in the pleural space. May result from
injury or disease or may be produced artificially to collapse a lung
pyothorax
Accumulation of pus in the pleural space; empyema
respiratory distress
syndrome (RDS)
A respiratory disorder that affects premature infants born without
enough surfactant in the lungs. It is treated with respiratory support
and surfactant administration
sudden infant death
syndrome (SIDS)
The sudden and unexplained death of an apparently healthy infant;
crib death
tuberculosis
An infectious disease caused by the tubercle bacillus,
Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Often involves the lungs but may
involve other parts of the body as well. Miliary (MIL-ē-ar-ē)
tuberculosis is an acute generalized form of the disease with
formation of minute tubercles that resemble millet seeds
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Key Terms
Diagnosis
arterial blood gases
(ABGs)
The concentrations of gases, specifically oxygen and carbon dioxide,
in arterial blood. Reported as the partial pressure (P) of the gas in
arterial (a) blood, such as PaO2 or PaCO2. These measurements are
important in measuring acid-base balance
bronchoscope
An endoscope used to examine the tracheobronchial passageways.
Also allows access for biopsy of tissue to removal of a foreign object
lung scan
Study based on the accumulation of radioactive isotope in lung tissue.
A ventilation scan measures ventilation after inhalation of radioactive
material. A perfusion scan measures blood supply to the lungs after
injection of radioactive material. Also called a pulmonary scintiscan
pulse oximetry
Determination of the oxygen saturation of arterial blood by means of a
photoelectric apparatus (oximeter), usually placed on the finger or the
ear; reported as SpO2 in percent
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Key Terms
Diagnosis (cont’d)
pulmonary function
tests
Tests done to assess breathing, usually by spirometry
spirometer
An apparatus used to measure breathing volumes and capacities;
record of test is a spirogram
thoracentesis
Surgical puncture of the chest for removal of air or fluids, such as
may accumulate after surgery or as a result of injury, infection, or
cardiovascular problems. Also called thoracocentesis
tuberculin test
A skin test for tuberculosis. Tuberculin, the test material made from
products of the tuberculosis organism, is injected below the skin or
inoculated with a four-pronged device (tine test)
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Supplementary Terms
Normal Structure and Function
carina
A projection of the lowest tracheal cartilage that forms a ridge
between the two bronchi. Used as a landmark for endoscopy. Any
ridge or ridgelike structure (from a Latin word that means “keel”).
hilum
An anatomical depression in an organ where vessels and nerves
enter
nares
The external openings of the nose; the nostrils (singular, naris)
nasal septum
The partition that divides the nasal cavity into two parts (root sept/o
means “septum”)
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Supplementary Terms
Symptoms and Conditions
anoxia
Lack or absence of oxygen in the tissues; often used incorrectly to
mean hypoxia
asphyxia
Condition caused by inadequate intake of oxygen; suffocation (literally
“lack of pulse”)
Biot respirations
Deep, fast breathing interrupted by sudden pauses; seen in spinal
meningitis and other disorders of the central nervous system
bronchospasm
Narrowing of the bronchi caused by smooth muscle spasms; common
in cases of asthma and bronchitis
Cheyne-Stokes
respiration
A repeating cycle of gradually increased and then decreased
respiration followed by a period of apnea; caused by depression of
the breathing centers in the brain stem; seen in cases of coma and in
terminally ill patients
cor pulmonale
Enlargement of the heart's right ventricle caused by disease of the
lungs or pulmonary blood vessels
coryza
Acute inflammation of the nasal passages with profuse nasal
discharge; acute rhinitis
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Supplementary Terms
Symptoms and Conditions (cont’d)
croup
A childhood disease usually caused by a viral infection that involves
inflammation and obstruction of the upper airway. Croup is
characterized by a barking cough, difficulty breathing, and laryngeal
spasm
deviated septum
A shifted nasal septum; may require surgical correction
epiglottitis
Inflammation of the epiglottis that may lead to obstruction of the
upper airway. Commonly seen in cases of croup (also spelled
epiglottiditis)
epistaxis
Hemorrhage from the nose; nosebleed (Greek -staxis means
“dripping”)
fremitus
A vibration, especially as felt through the chest wall on palpation
Kussmaul
respiration
Rapid and deep gasping respiration without pause; characteristic of
severe acidosis
pleural friction rub
A sound heard on auscultation that is produced by the rubbing
together of the two pleural layers; a common sign of pleurisy
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Supplementary Terms
Symptoms and Conditions (cont’d)
rales
Abnormal chest sounds heard when air enters small airways or
alveoli containing fluid; usually heard during inspiration (singular:rale
[rahl]). Also called crackles
rhonchi
Abnormal chest sounds produced in airways with accumulated fluids;
more noticeable during expiration (singular: rhonchus)
stridor
A harsh, high-pitched sound caused by obstruction of an upper air
passageway
tussis
A cough. An antitussive drug is one that relieves or prevents
coughing
wheeze
A whistling or sighing sound caused by narrowing of a respiratory
passageway
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Supplementary Terms
Disorders
byssinosis
Obstructive airway disease caused by reaction to the dust in
unprocessed plant fibers
sleep apnea
Intermittent periods of breathing cessation during sleep. Central
sleep apnea arises from failure of the brain stem to stimulate
breathing. Obstructive sleep apnea results from airway obstruction
during deep sleep, as from obesity or enlarged tonsils
small cell carcinoma
A highly malignant type of bronchial tumor involving small,
undifferentiated cells; “oat cell” carcinoma
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Supplementary Terms
Diagnosis
Mantoux test
A test for tuberculosis in which PPD (tuberculin) is injected into the
skin. The test does not differentiate active from inactive cases
mediastinoscopy
Examination of the mediastinum by means of an endoscope
inserted through an incision above the sternum
plethysmograph
An instrument that measures changes in gas volume and pressure
during respiration
pneumotachometer
A device for measuring air flow
thoracoscopy
Examination of the pleural cavity through an endoscope;
pleuroscopy
tine test
A test for tuberculosis in which PPD (tuberculin) is introduced into
the skin with a multi-pronged device. The test does not differentiate
active from inactive cases
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Supplementary Terms
Treatment
aerosol therapy
Treatment by inhalation of a drug or water in spray form
continuous positive
airway pressure (CPAP)
Use of a mechanical respirator to maintain pressure throughout
the respiratory cycle in a patient who is breathing spontaneously
extubation
Removal of a previously inserted tube
intermittent positive
pressure breathing
(IPPB)
Use of a ventilator to inflate the lungs at intervals under positive
pressure during inhalation
intermittent positive
pressure ventilation
(IPPV)
Use of a mechanical ventilator to force air into the lungs while
allowing for passive exhalation
nasal cannula
A two-pronged plastic device inserted into the nostrils for delivery
of oxygen
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Supplementary Terms
Treatment (cont’d)
orthopneic position
An upright or semiupright position that aids breathing
positive endexpiratory pressure
(PEEP)
Use of a mechanical ventilator to increase the volume of gas in the
lungs at the end of exhalation, thus improving gas exchange
postural drainage
Use of body position to drain secretions from the lungs by gravity.
The patient is placed so that secretions will move passively into the
larger airways for elimination
thoracic gas volume
(TGV, VTG)
The volume of gas in the thoracic cavity calculated from
measurements made with a body plethysmograph
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Supplementary Terms
Surgery
adenoidectomy
Surgical removal of the adenoids
intubation
Insertion of a tube into a hollow organ, such as into the larynx or
trachea for entrance of air. Patients may be intubated during surgery
for administration of anesthesia or to maintain an airway.
Endotracheal intubation may be used as an emergency measure
when airways are blocked
lobectomy
Surgical removal of a lobe of the lung or of another organ
pneumoplasty
Plastic surgery of the lung. In reduction pneumoplasty, nonfunctional
portions of the lung are removed, as in cases of advanced
emphysema
tracheotomy
Incision of the trachea through the neck, usually to establish an
airway in cases of tracheal obstruction
tracheostomy
Surgical creation of an opening into the trachea to form an airway or
to prepare for the insertion of a tube for ventilation, also the opening
thus created
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Supplementary Terms
Drugs
antihistamine
Agent that prevents responses mediated by histamine, such as
allergic and inflammatory reactions
antitussive
Drug that prevents or relieves coughing
asthma maintenance
drug
Agent used to prevent asthma attacks and for chronic treatment
of asthma
bronchodilator
Drug that relieves bronchial spasm and widens the bronchi
corticosteroid
Hormone from the adrenal cortex; used to reduce inflammation
decongestant
Agent that reduces congestion or swelling
expectorant
Agent that aids in removal of bronchopulmonary secretions
isoniazid (INH)
Drug used to treat tuberculosis
leukotriene antagonist
Drug that prevents or reduces inflammation by inhibiting
leukotrienes, substances made in white blood cells that promote
inflammation; they also constrict the bronchi and increase mucus
production; used in asthma treatment
mucolytic
Agent that loosens mucus to aid in its removal
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Abbreviations
ABG(s)
Arterial blood gas(es)
AFB
Acid-fast bacillus (usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
ARDS
Acute respiratory distress syndrome; shock lung
ARF
Acute respiratory failure
BCG
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (tuberculosis vaccine)
BS
Breath sounds
C
Compliance
CF
Cystic fibrosis
CO2
Carbon dioxide
COLD
Chronic obstructive lung disease
COPD
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
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Abbreviations (cont’d)
CPAP
Continuous positive airway pressure
CXR
Chest radiograph, chest x-ray
DTaP
Diphtheris, tetanus, acellular pertussis (vaccine)
ERV
Expiratory reserve volume
FEV
Forced expiratory volume
FRC
Functional residual capacity
FVC
Forced vital capacity
HPS
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
IC
Inspiratory capacity
INH
Isoniazid
IPPB
Intermittent positive pressure breathing
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Abbreviations (cont’d)
IPPV
Intermittent positive pressure ventilation
IRV
Inspiratory reserve volume
LLL
Left lower lobe (of lung)
LUL
Left upper lobe (of lung)
MEFR
Maximal expiratory flow rate
MMFR
Maximum midexpiratory flow rate
O2
Oxygen
PaCO2
Arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide
PaO2
Arterial partial pressure of oxygen
PCP
Pneumocystis pneumonia
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Abbreviations (cont’d)
PEEP
Positive end-expiratory pressure
PEFR
Peak expiratory flow rate
PFT
Pulmonary function test(s)
PIP
Peak inspiratory pressure
PND
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
PPD
Purified protein derivative (tuberculin)
R
Respiration
RDS
Respiratory distress syndrome
RLL
Right lower lobe (of lung)
RML
Right middle lobe (of lung)
RSV
Respiratory syncytial virus
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Abbreviations (cont’d)
RUL
Right upper lobe (of lung)
RV
Residual volume
SARS
Severe acute respiratory syndrome
SIDS
Sudden infant death syndrome
SpO2
Oxygen percent saturation
T&A
Tonsils and adenoids; tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy
TB
Tuberculosis
TGV
Thoracic gas volume
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Abbreviations (cont’d)
TLC
Total lung capacity
TV
Tidal volume
URI
Upper respiratory infection
VC
Vital capacity
VTG
Thoracic gas volume
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Respiratory System
• Main functions:
–
Provide oxygen to cells
–
Eliminate carbon dioxide
• Works closely with cardiovascular system to accomplish
gas exchange
• External gas exchange occurs between atmosphere and
blood
• Internal gas exchange occurs between blood and tissues
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Respiratory System
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Upper Respiratory Passageways
• Air enters through nose, past sinus cavities
• Air then passes through pharynx
• Pharynx divided into three regions:
– Nasopharynx (upper)
– Oropharynx (middle)
– Laryngeal (lower)
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Lower Respiratory Passageways and
Lungs
• Larynx contains vocal cords (allows speech)
• Trachea is tube with C-shaped cartilage rings (divides
into bronchus)
• Bronchial System consists of bronchus, bronchioles,
alveoli
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Lower Respiratory Passageways and
Lungs (cont’d)
• Lungs
– Right is larger and has 3 lobes
– Left has 2 lobes
– Covered by pleura
• Parietal (outer)
• Visceral (inner)
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Suffixes for Respiration
Suffix
-pnea
Meaning
breathing
Example
orthopnea
-oxia*
level of oxygen
hypoxia
-capnia*
level of carbon
dioxide
voice
hypercapnia
-phonia
dysphonia
Definition of Example
breathing difficulty that is
relieved by assuming an
upright (ortho-) position
decreased amount of oxygen
in the tissues
increased carbon dioxide in
the tissues
difficulty in speaking
*When referring to levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood, the suffix -emia is used,
as in hypoxemia, hypercapnemia.
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Roots for Respiratory Passageways
Root
nas/o
Meaning
nose
Example
intranasal
Definition of Example
within the nose
rhin/o
nose
rhinoplasty
plastic repair of the nose
pharyng/o
pharynx
pharyngospasm
laryng/o*
larynx
laryngeal
spasm (sudden contraction)
of the pharynx
pertaining to the larynx
trache/o
trachea
tracheotome
bronch/o,
bronch/i
bronchiol
bronchus
bronchogenic
instrument used to incise the
trachea
originating in a bronchus
bronchiole
bronchiolectasis
dilatation of the bronchioles
*Note addition of e before adjective ending -al.
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The Larynx
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Breathing
• Ventilation made up of:
– Inspiration
• Phrenic nerve stimulates diaphragm to contract and flatten
• Chest cavity enlarges
• Change in pressure causes air to be pulled in
– Expiration
• Breathing muscles relax
• Lungs return to original size
• Air forced out
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Roots for the Lungs and Breathing
Root
phren/o
Meaning
diaphragm
Example
phrenic
Definition of Example
pertaining to the diaphragm
phrenic/o
phrenic nerve
phrenicectomy
pleur/o
pleura
pleurodesis
partial excision of the
phrenic nerve
fusion of the pleura
pulm/o,
pulmon/o
pneumon/o
lungs
extrapulmonary
outside the lungs
lung
pneumonitis
pneum/o,
pneumat/o
spir/o
air, gas; also
pneumothorax
respiration, lung
breathing
spirometer
inflammation of the lung;
pneumonia
presence of air in the thorax
(pleural space)
instrument for measuring
breathing volumes
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Pulmonary Ventilation
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Gas Transport
• Oxygen in blood
– Attached to hemoglobin in red blood cells
– Released to cells as needed
• Carbon dioxide mostly as carbonic acid
– Amount formed regulates blood pH
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Clinical Aspects of Respiration
• Pulmonary function affected by conditions that:
–
Cause resistance to air flow
–
Limit proper expansion of chest
• Conditions directly affecting respiratory system:
–
Infection
–
Injury
–
Allergy
–
Aspiration
–
Cancer
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Clinical Aspects of Respiration
(cont’d)
• Changes in ventilation affect pH of blood
– Alkalosis = too much carbon dioxide exhaled by
hyperventilation (blood too alkaline)
– Acidosis = too little carbon dioxide exhaled by
hypoventilation (blood too acidic)
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Infections
• Pneumonia
–
Caused by several different microorganisms
–
Types: bronchopneumonia, lobar pneumonia
–
Leading cause of death in debilitated patients
• Tuberculosis
–
Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
–
Symptoms: fever, weight loss, weakness, cough, Hemoptysis
(sputum with blood)
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Infections (cont’d)
• Influenza
– Viral disease of respiratory tract
– Symptoms: chills, fever, headaches and muscular
aches
• Common cold
– Types: rhinovirus, adenovirus, coronavirus
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Emphysema
• Overexpansion and destruction of alveoli
• Causes:
– Exposure to cigarette smoke or pollution
– Chronic infection
• Classified under chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD) heading
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Asthma
• Narrowing of bronchial tubes
• Main factor may be irritation caused by allergy
• Symptom of wheezing indicated by:
–
Constriction of bronchial tubes
–
Edema of bronchial linings
–
Accumulation of mucus
• Extreme “attacks” may result in:
–
Dyspnea
–
Cyanosis
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Pneumoconiosis
• Chronic irritation and inflammation
– Caused by inhalation of dust particles
• Occupational hazard of mining and stonework
• Different forms named for specific dusts:
– Silicosis (silica or quartz)
– Anthracosis (coal)
– Asbestosis (asbestos fibers)
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Lung Cancer
• Leading cause of cancer related deaths in men and
women
• Cigarette smoking is major factor
• Cannot be detected early, metastasizes rapidly
• Overall survival rate is low
• Diagnosed by:
–
Radiographic studies
–
CT scans
–
Sputum examination
–
Bronchoscope
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Respiratory Distress Syndrome
• Occurs in premature infants
• Results from lack of surfactant in lungs
• Acute respiratory distress syndrome
– May result from:
• Trauma
• Allergic reactions
• Infection
• Other causes
– Involves edema that can cause respiratory failure
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Cystic Fibrosis
• Hereditary disease caused by flawed gene
• Affects glandular secretions by altering chloride transport
• Bronchial secretions thicken leading to:
– Infection
– Other respiratory disorders
• Diagnosed by increased amounts of sodium and chloride
in sweat
• No cure currently available
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
• Unexplained death of infant under age of 1
• Death usually caused during sleep
• To reduce occurrence:
– Place baby on back when sleeping
– Keep baby in smoke-free environment
– Use firm, flat baby mattress
– Don’t overheat the baby
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pleura Disorders
• Pleurisy = inflammation of pleura, usually with infection
–
Main symptom is pain which causes rapid, shallow breathing
• Accumulation of substances between layers of pleura
lead to other conditions:
–
Pneumothorax
–
Empyema
–
Hemothorax
–
Hydrothorax
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Pleura Disorders (cont’d)
• Fluids removed by thoracentesis
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Diagnosis of Respiratory Disorders
• Methods for diagnosing respiratory disorders:
– Radiographs
– CT scans
– MRI scans
– Lung scans
– Bronchoscopy
– Tests of pleural fluid removed with thoracentesis
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Diagnosis (cont’d)
• Methods for diagnosing respiratory disorders:
– Examination of arterial blood gases
• Evaluate gas exchange
• Measures:
• Carbon dioxide
• Oxygen
• Bicarbonate
• Blood pH
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Diagnosis (cont’d)
– Pulse oximetry
• Measure oxygen saturation of arterial blood
– Pulmonary function tests
• Spirometer measures volume of air moved with varying
degrees of effort
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
1. The gas that is supplied to tissues by the respiratory
system is:
(a) oxygen
(b) neon
(c) sulfur
(d) carbon dioxide
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
1. The gas that is supplied to tissues by the respiratory
system is:
(a) oxygen
(b) neon
(c) sulfur
(d) carbon dioxide
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
2. The gas that is eliminated by the respiratory system is:
(a) chlorine
(b) carbon dioxide
(c) hydrogen
(d) fluoride
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
2. The gas that is eliminated by the respiratory system is:
(a) chlorine
(b) carbon dioxide
(c) hydrogen
(d) fluoride
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
3. The air sacs through which gases are exchanged in the
lungs are the:
(a) trachea
(b) alveoli
(c) bursae
(d) bronchi
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
3. The air sacs through which gases are exchanged in the
lungs are the:
(a) trachea
(b) alveoli
(c) bursae
(d) bronchi
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
4. The structure that holds the vocal cords is the:
(a) larynx
(b) tongue
(c) uvula
(d) tonsils
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Pretest
4. The structure that holds the vocal cords is the:
(a) larynx
(b) tongue
(c) uvula
(d) tonsils
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Pretest
5. The tubes that carry air from the trachea into the lungs
are the:
(a) arteries
(b) nares
(c) veins
(d) bronchi
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
5. The tubes that carry air from the trachea into the lungs
are the:
(a) arteries
(b) nares
(c) veins
(d) bronchi
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
6. The dome-shaped muscle under the lungs is the:
(a) palate
(b) diaphragm
(c) hiatus
(d) esophagus
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Pretest
6. The dome-shaped muscle under the lungs is the:
(a) palate
(b) diaphragm
(c) hiatus
(d) esophagus
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Pretest
7. The membrane around the lungs is the:
(a) peritoneum
(b) mucosa
(c) pleura
(d) mediastinum
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
7. The membrane around the lungs is the:
(a) peritoneum
(b) mucosa
(c) pleura
(d) mediastinum
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
8. A term for inflammation of the lungs is:
(a) pneumonia
(b) bronchitis
(c) pleuritis
(d) laryngitis
Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Pretest
8. A term for inflammation of the lungs is:
(a) pneumonia
(b) bronchitis
(c) pleuritis
(d) laryngitis
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