FSATIE TELECOMMUNICATION
WORKSHOP
Bluetooth technology survey
Presented by David Johnson
Mobile platform technology leader
Icomtek
CSIR
1
Contents of Bluetooth lecture
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Origins and history of Bluetooth
What Bluetooth can do
Building blocks of Bluetooth – the bluetooth stack
Bluetooth ad-hoc networking
Bluetooth Security
Bluetooth profiles
Bluetooth products on the market
Bluetooth in South Africa
Competing technology
The future of Bluetooth
Author: D L Johnson
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Contents of Bluetooth lecture
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Origins and history of Bluetooth
What Bluetooth can do
Building blocks of Bluetooth – the bluetooth stack
Bluetooth ad-hoc networking
Bluetooth Security
Bluetooth profiles
Bluetooth products on the market
Bluetooth in South Africa
Competing technology
The future of Bluetooth
Author: D L Johnson
3
Origins of Bluetooth
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In 1994 Ericsson initiated a study to investigate the
feasibility of a low-power low-cost radio interface
between mobile phones and their accessories
In Feb 1998, five companies Ericsson, Nokia, IBM,
Toshiba and Intel formed a Special Interest Group (SIG)
In July 1999 the first bluetooth specification 1.0 was
released
The bluetooth consortium today is comprised of 9
promoter companies who are leaders in telecomms,
computing and networking and more than 2000 adopter
companies
Bluetooth is the fastest growing technology since the
internet or the cellular phone, incredible considering that
its first public outing was in mid 1998.
Author: D L Johnson
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Origins of Bluetooth
Author: D L Johnson
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History of Bluetooth
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Harald I Bluetooth (Danish Harald Blåtand) was the King
of Denmark between 940 and 985 AD who united Denmark
and Norway
As Harald Bluetooth united Denmark and Norway,
Bluetooth of today will unite the many worlds of personal
devices around us
Rune stone in Danish town, Jelling
depicting Harold Bluetooth
Author: D L Johnson
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Contents of Bluetooth lecture
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Origins and history of Bluetooth
What Bluetooth can do
Building blocks of Bluetooth – the bluetooth stack
Bluetooth ad-hoc networking
Bluetooth Security
Bluetooth profiles
Bluetooth products on the market
Bluetooth in South Africa
Competing technology
The future of Bluetooth
Author: D L Johnson
7
What Bluetooth can do - definition
Bluetooth is a low-power, low-cost short range
radio system intended to replace cables between
fixed and portable devices. It is intended to
replace many propriety cables with one
universal radio link.
Author: D L Johnson
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What Bluetooth can do - domains
Landline
Cable
Replacement
Data/Voice
Access Points
Personal Ad-hoc
Connectivity
Author: D L Johnson
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What Bluetooth can do – user level
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Hot spot scenario: Let your laptop or PDA connect
wireless to Internet or office while at the airport, hotel etc
Automatically sync mail, calendar, notes etc. between
your PDA and PC, as soon as you get into your office
Physical access control
Let your PC, Stereo and TV all connect without cables to
your loudspeakers. Let the PC, phone or PDA control
them all
Take a picture with a digital camera, and send it via BT to
a mobile phone, which forwards the picture to an email
recipient via WAP
Pay the cab driver via the phone.
Withdrawal of money at ATMs
Setup ad-hoc wireless network at a conference
Author: D L Johnson
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What Bluetooth can do – technical level
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Data links: Can establish up to 7 simultaneous data
connections between a master and it’s slaves (piconet)
Voice links: Can establish up to 3 simultaneous voice
connections between a master it’s slaves (piconet)
Maximum asymmetrical data rate of 723 kbps (57.6 kbps
return channel)
Maximum Symmetrical data rate of 432.6 kbps
Can have up to ten multiple self contained networks
(piconets) sharing spectrum in the same area (scatternet)
Range can be up to 10m for 10mw bluetooth devices and
up to 100m for 100mw bluetooth devices
Very low power consumption
Ability to discover available services on another device
Author: D L Johnson
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Contents of Bluetooth lecture
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Origins and history of Bluetooth
What Bluetooth can do
Building blocks of Bluetooth – the bluetooth stack
Bluetooth ad-hoc networking
Bluetooth Security
Bluetooth profiles
Bluetooth products on the market
Bluetooth in South Africa
Competing technology
The future of Bluetooth
Author: D L Johnson
12
Building blocks of Bluetooth – the Bluetooth stack
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The Bluetooth Stack Overview
Bluetooth Stack – Radio
Bluetooth Stack – Baseband
Bluetooth Stack – Link controller
Bluetooth Stack – Link Manager
Bluetooth Stack – HCI
Bluetooth Stack – L2CAP
Bluetooth Stack – RFCOMM
Bluetooth Stack – SDP
Author: D L Johnson
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The Bluetooth Stack Overview
Author: D L Johnson
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The Bluetooth Stack Overview
Author: D L Johnson
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Bluetooth Stack - Overview
Headset Bluetooth Stack
Author: D L Johnson
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Bluetooth Stack - Overview
Access Point Bluetooth Stack
Author: D L Johnson
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Building blocks of Bluetooth – the Bluetooth stack
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The Bluetooth Stack Overview
Bluetooth Stack – Radio
Bluetooth Stack – Baseband
Bluetooth Stack – Link controller
Bluetooth Stack – Link Manager
Bluetooth Stack – HCI
Bluetooth Stack – L2CAP
Bluetooth Stack – RFCOMM
Bluetooth Stack – SDP
Author: D L Johnson
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Bluetooth Stack - Radio
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Bluetooth radio is a short range radio link capable of data
and voice
Three classes of operating range are defined ( Class3:
1mw ~ 10cm, Class2: 10mw ~ 10m, Class1: 100mw ~
100m )
Uses a radio link at 2.4Ghz (2400-2483.5MHz ) which is the
unlicensed ISM band also used by WLAN
GFSK (Guassian Frequency Shift Keying) modulation
scheme
Uses frequency hopping spread spectrum technology
(1600 hops/s)
The signal hops among 79 frequencies which have a
bandwidth of 1MHz which improves interference
immunity
Channel has a symbol rate of 1 Mb/s
Author: D L Johnson
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Building blocks of Bluetooth – the Bluetooth stack
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The Bluetooth Stack Overview
Bluetooth Stack – Radio
Bluetooth Stack – Baseband
Bluetooth Stack – Link controller
Bluetooth Stack – Link Manager
Bluetooth Stack – HCI
Bluetooth Stack – L2CAP
Bluetooth Stack – RFCOMM
Bluetooth Stack – SDP
Author: D L Johnson
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Bluetooth Stack - Baseband
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Baseband is responsible for channel coding and decoding
and low level timing control and management of the link
within the domain of a single data packet transfer
Each registered device has a unique 48-bit device address
Bluetooth uses TDM where the duration of a slot is 625µs
A Master and Slave transmit on alternate time slots with the
master always initiating data exchange
Larger packets can use multiple slots
The Master and slave devices need to synchronize their
clocks to enable reliable communication to take place
Author: D L Johnson
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Bluetooth Stack - Baseband
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Timing diagrams for data packets
Author: D L Johnson
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Bluetooth Stack - Baseband
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Bluetooth is able to form point-to-point links and point-tomultipoint links
The network of bluetooth devices is defined as a Personal
Area network (PAN)
A Piconet is an arbitrary collection of Bluetooth enabled
devices which are physically close enough to
communicate
A Scatternet is formed when there are two overlapping
Piconets, where one of the Slaves of one Piconet also
forms the Master/Slave of another Piconet
A supervision timeout ensures that links are closed down
when Bluetooth devices move out of range of the Piconet.
Author: D L Johnson
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Bluetooth Stack - Baseband
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Piconets (a & b) and Scatternets ( c )
Author: D L Johnson
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Bluetooth Stack - Baseband
Author: D L Johnson
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Bluetooth Stack - Baseband
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Two types of links are defined
+ Data Links - ACL (Asynchronous Connection-Less)
+ Voice Links – SCO (Synchronous Connection Orientated)
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An ACL link is a packet switched data link which is
established between a Master and Slave as soon as a
connection has been established.
ACL Data is carried in DH (Data High rate) packets with
no FEC (Forward Error Correction) or DM (Data Medium
rate) packets with FEC
A SCO link provides a circuit switched link between a
Master and Slave with reserved channel bandwidth.
SCO Data is carried in HV (High Quality Voice) packets a
number of selectable error correction packets
Author: D L Johnson
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Bluetooth Stack - Baseband
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Packet Types
Author: D L Johnson
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Building blocks of Bluetooth – the Bluetooth stack
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The Bluetooth Stack Overview
Bluetooth Stack – Radio
Bluetooth Stack – Baseband
Bluetooth Stack – Link controller
Bluetooth Stack – Link Manager
Bluetooth Stack – HCI
Bluetooth Stack – L2CAP
Bluetooth Stack – RFCOMM
Bluetooth Stack – SDP
Author: D L Johnson
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Bluetooth Stack – Link Controller
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The Link Control Layer is a state machine which drives
the baseband through various stages to establish links.
It is responsible for managing device discoverability,
establishing connections and once connected,
maintaining the on-air links
It can drive a device through the following stages
+ Host Inquiry
+ Inquiry Scan
+ FHS (Frequency Hop Synchronization) packet response
+ Paging
+ Page Scan
+ Connection
Author: D L Johnson
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Bluetooth Stack - Link Controller
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State Diagram for Link Controller
Author: D L Johnson
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Bluetooth Stack - Link Controller
Inquiry procedure (typical time ~ 2s)
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Author: D L Johnson
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Bluetooth Stack - Link Controller
Inquiry procedure (continued)
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Author: D L Johnson
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Bluetooth stack – Link Controller
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Bluetooth Inquiry procedure at packet level
Author: D L Johnson
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Bluetooth Stack - Link Controller
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Paging Procedure (typical time ~0.6s)
Author: D L Johnson
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Bluetooth Stack - Link Controller
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The frequency hop sequence used in the connected state
is calculated from the Master BD Address and Clock
A connection is established once the Slave has received
the Masters native clock and bluetooth address and a poll
packet has been sent to confirm the connection is
working
Author: D L Johnson
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Bluetooth stack – Link Controller
Bluetooth Paging procedure at packet level
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Author: D L Johnson
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Bluetooth Stack - Link Controller
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Low Power connected states (Can re-establish connection in 2ms)
+ Connection – Hold: Device ceases to support ACL traffic for a defined
period of time to free up bandwidth for other operations such as
paging or inquiring, maintains AM address, after hold time expires the
device resynchronizes to the CAC and listens for traffic again
+ Connection – Sniff: Device is given a predefined slot time and
periodicity to listen for traffic, on reception of a packet during this time
it will continue to listen until packets with its AM address stop and the
timeout period ceases, it then waits until the next sniff period
+ Connection – Park: Slave gives up its AM address and only listens for
traffic at predefined beacon intervals – between this it can enter a low
power state. At these intervals even if there is no traffic it will
synchronize its clock to the CAC.
Author: D L Johnson
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Building blocks of Bluetooth – the Bluetooth stack
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The Bluetooth Stack Overview
Bluetooth Stack – Radio
Bluetooth Stack – Baseband
Bluetooth Stack – Link controller
Bluetooth Stack – Link Manager
Bluetooth Stack – HCI
Bluetooth Stack – L2CAP
Bluetooth Stack – RFCOMM
Bluetooth Stack – SDP
Author: D L Johnson
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Bluetooth Stack – Link Manager
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Commands the Link Controller/Baseband
Attaches/Detaches slaves to a piconet and allocates their
Active Member addresses
Configures the link which inlcudes a master-slave switch
Establishes ACL (data) and SCO (voice) links
Puts connections in low-power modes: Hold, Sniff, Park
Controls Power levels
Communicates with Link Managers on other Bluetooth
devices using the Link Management Protocol (LMP)
+ These LMP commands are used to exchange information necessary
for security negotiation
+ Requesting a SCO connection or Master/Slave switch is also done
through LMP commands
Author: D L Johnson
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Bluetooth Stack – Link Manager
Author: D L Johnson
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Building blocks of Bluetooth – the Bluetooth stack
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The Bluetooth Stack Overview
Bluetooth Stack – Radio
Bluetooth Stack – Baseband
Bluetooth Stack – Link controller
Bluetooth Stack – Link Manager
Bluetooth Stack – HCI
Bluetooth Stack – L2CAP
Bluetooth Stack – RFCOMM
Bluetooth Stack – SDP
Bluetooth Stack – Other Higher Layers
Author: D L Johnson
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Bluetooth Stack - HCI
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The Host Controller Interface is necessary when there is
system partitioning between the baseband and Link
Manager on one processor and the higher layers such as
L2CAP, SDP and RFCOMM running on a serperate host
processor
This can reduce the processing power needed by the
bluetooth device and hence reduce cost
Creates a standard interface that can be used by different
manufactures of Bluetooth devices
Three types of HCI packets are used
+ Command packets used by host to control the module
+ Event packets used by the module to inform the host
+ Data packets used to pass voice and data between host and
module
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A transport layer (USB, RS-232) is also required to carry HCI
packets
Author: D L Johnson
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Bluetooth Stack - HCI
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Position of the HCI in the Bluetooth Stack
Author: D L Johnson
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Building blocks of Bluetooth – the Bluetooth stack
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The Bluetooth Stack Overview
Bluetooth Stack – Radio
Bluetooth Stack – Baseband
Bluetooth Stack – Link controller
Bluetooth Stack – Link Manager
Bluetooth Stack – HCI
Bluetooth Stack – L2CAP
Bluetooth Stack – RFCOMM
Bluetooth Stack – SDP
Bluetooth Stack – Other Higher Layers
Author: D L Johnson
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Bluetooth Stack – Logical Link Control and Adaptation
Protocol (L2CAP)
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Takes data from higher layers of the stack and from
applications and sends it over the lower layers of the
stack
Achieved by multiplexing using dedicated channel
numbers and associated (Protocol Service Multiplexers)
PSM’s
Segmentation and reassembly to transfer packets larger
than the lower layers support
Quality of service management for high layer protocols
Author: D L Johnson
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Bluetooth Stack – Logical Link Control and Adaptation
Protocol (L2CAP)
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Example setting up an L2CAP connection over HCI
Author: D L Johnson
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Bluetooth Stack – Logical Link Control and Adaptation
Protocol (L2CAP)
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Segmentation and transport of L2CAP packets
Author: D L Johnson
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Building blocks of Bluetooth – the Bluetooth stack
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The Bluetooth Stack Overview
Bluetooth Stack – Radio
Bluetooth Stack – Baseband
Bluetooth Stack – Link controller
Bluetooth Stack – Link Manager
Bluetooth Stack – HCI
Bluetooth Stack – L2CAP
Bluetooth Stack – RFCOMM
Bluetooth Stack – SDP
Bluetooth Stack – Other Higher Layers
Author: D L Johnson
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Bluetooth Stack - RFCOMM
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RFCOMM is a simple reliable transport protocol which can
emulate the serial cable link settings and status of an RS232 serial port
It can handle multiple concurrent connections by relying on
the multiplexing features of L2CAP
It provides the following provisions
+ Modem status – RTS/CTS, DSR/DTR, DCD and RI
+ Remote line status – Break, Overrun, Parity
+ Remote port settings – Baud rate, parity, data bits etc.
+ Parameter negotiation (frame size)
+ Optional credit based flow control
Author: D L Johnson
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Building blocks of Bluetooth – the Bluetooth stack
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The Bluetooth Stack Overview
Bluetooth Stack – Radio
Bluetooth Stack – Baseband
Bluetooth Stack – Link controller
Bluetooth Stack – Link Manager
Bluetooth Stack – HCI
Bluetooth Stack – L2CAP
Bluetooth Stack – RFCOMM
Bluetooth Stack – SDP
Bluetooth Stack – Other Higher Layers
Author: D L Johnson
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Bluetooth Stack – Service Discovery Protocol
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Provides a means for an SDP client to access information
about service offered by SDP servers (examples: printing
services, Dial-up networking, LAN access)
SDP servers maintain a database of service records
which provide information that a client needs to access a
service (This will be the service name, protocols needed
for this service and even URL’s for executables and
documentation)
Services have UUID’s (Universally Unique Identifiers)
which have been allocated for the standard bluetooth
profiles but service providers can define their own using
a method that guarantees they cannot be duplicated
(there is no need for a central authority to allocate these)
Fits in well with Universal Plug and Play architecture
Author: D L Johnson
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Contents of Bluetooth lecture
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Origins and history of Bluetooth
What Bluetooth can do
Building blocks of Bluetooth – the bluetooth stack
Bluetooth ad-hoc networking
Bluetooth Security
Example applications – Bluetooth profiles
Bluetooth products on the market
Bluetooth in South Africa
Competing technology
The future of Bluetooth
Author: D L Johnson
52
Bluetooth ad-hoc networking
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Ad-hoc wireless networks are defined as a network where
each node operates not only as a host but also as a
router
Network is dynamically self-organizing and selfconfiguring
Nodes in the network automatically establish and
maintain routing among themselves as they move about
There is no requirement for existing infrastructure such
as access points or administration
Bluetooth is a natural choice over 802.11 for ad-hoc
networking due to its good performance under high
levels of contention
802.11 uses a carrier sense, collion detection & back off
scheme which requires no central arbiter whereas
bluetooth uses a master node as a bandwidth arbiter
Author: D L Johnson
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Bluetooth ad-hoc networking
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When the underlying technology for ad-hoc networking is
bluetooth, the technology specific name is scatternet
formation
A scatternet is formed when two or more bluetooth
piconets are joined
The bluetooth 1.1 specification does not describe a
method for forming scatternets
This is currently a key area of research and there is a
dedicated working group in the bluetooth SIG looking at
scatternet formation
Author: D L Johnson
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Bluetooth ad-hoc networking
Author: D L Johnson
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Bluetooth ad-hoc networking
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Example of self routing strategy - Bluetree
Author: D L Johnson
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Contents of Bluetooth lecture
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Origins and history of Bluetooth
What Bluetooth can do
Building blocks of Bluetooth – the bluetooth stack
Bluetooth ad-hoc networking
Bluetooth Security
Example applications – Bluetooth profiles
Bluetooth products on the market
Bluetooth in South Africa
Competing technology
The future of Bluetooth
Author: D L Johnson
57
Bluetooth Security - Overview
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Wireless signals can be easily intercepted and are
vulnerable to spoofing and eavesdropping
Bluetooth offers the following inherent security features
+ Two different modes of accessibility (confidentiality)
– Discoverable mode – Anyone can discover the device
– Non-discoverable, Limited discoverability, General discoverability
– Connectible mode – Only trusted devices can connect to the devices
+ Frequency hopping
+ Limited Range
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Bluetooth offers the following specific security services
+ Authentication to verify the device’s identity
+ Authorization to allow a device access to specific services
+ Encryption to protect the link privacy
Author: D L Johnson
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Bluetooth Security – Security Levels
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Not all applications warrant the use of security
Bluetooth defines three levels of security
+ Mode 1: Absence of security for users accessing non-critical
applications in public areas such as airports or for example
exchanging business cards
+ Mode2: Service level security which will enable or disable
security depending on the particular application which in run.
For example a hotel bluetooth network could have no security
for accessing local town information but could add security if
you wanted to access your email.
+ Mode3: Link-level security where security is enforced at a
common level for all applications – for example if ATM
transactions were done via bluetooth.
Author: D L Johnson
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Bluetooth Security - Components
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Security is based on the SAFER+ security protocol
All link-level security is based on 128-bit link keys
A secret PIN number (variable from 4 to 16 octets) which is
common to the two devices wishing to communicate forms
one of the key inputs into forming the initial link key.
Authentication in Bluetooth uses a device-to-device
challenge and response scheme to determine if the two
devices share a common link key
Encryption generates a cipher stream based on an
encryption key which is generated from a common link key
– encryption is symmetrical
Author: D L Johnson
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Contents of Bluetooth lecture
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Origins and history of Bluetooth
What Bluetooth can do
Building blocks of Bluetooth – the bluetooth stack
Bluetooth ad-hoc networking
Bluetooth Security
Bluetooth profiles
Bluetooth products on the market
Bluetooth in South Africa
Competing technology
The future of Bluetooth
Author: D L Johnson
61
Bluetooth Profiles
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The blueooth SIG has created profiles which give a clear
description of how the bluetooth specification should be
used for a given end-user function – this is to ease
interoperation between different bluetooth devices
Author: D L Johnson
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Contents of Bluetooth lecture
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Origins and history of Bluetooth
What Bluetooth can do
Building blocks of Bluetooth – the bluetooth stack
Bluetooth ad-hoc networking
Bluetooth Security
Example applications – Bluetooth profiles
Bluetooth products on the market
Bluetooth in South Africa
Competing technology
The future of Bluetooth
Author: D L Johnson
63
Bluetooth Products
Notebooks Printers and keyboards
Camcorders
Access points
PC and flash cards
Phones and accessories
Headsets
PDA’s and accessories
USB and serial ports
Author: D L Johnson
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Bluetooth Products - Bluetags
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Track: Registration of the
tagged item leaving a
predefined area or range.
Search: Registration of
the tagged item entering
a predefined area or
range
Write: Information can be
written and stored
directly in the BlueTag
Read: Information stored
in the BlueTag can be
accessed and read
Author: D L Johnson
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Bluetooth Products – Ericsson Chatpen
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Used together with patterned
paper it enables you to store
and transmit basically
anything you write or draw
Can store several pages of
information
The information is
transmitted by the Bluetooth
transceiver, either directly to
your computer, or forwarded
to someone via a relay
device such as a cell phone
Author: D L Johnson
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Bluetooth Products – Commil’s Cellarion system
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Your mobile phone with Bluetooth inside becomes your “all-inone” handset: a cellular phone outdoors
and a cordless extension of your desk phone at your office
Your Bluetooth PDA becomes an extension of
your PC, continuously connected to the Internet and to the
office LAN
Author: D L Johnson
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Contents of Bluetooth lecture
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Origins and history of Bluetooth
What Bluetooth can do
Building blocks of Bluetooth – the bluetooth stack
Bluetooth ad-hoc networking
Bluetooth Security
Example applications – Bluetooth profiles
Bluetooth products on the market
Bluetooth in South Africa
Competing technology
The future of Bluetooth
Author: D L Johnson
68
Bluetooth in South Africa
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Bluetooth is still in its infancy in South Africa
Red-M have representation in South Afirca – they
specialize in bluetooth networking solutions for buildings
(supply bluetooth access nodes and servers)
Axis are represented in South Africa and also provide
access points
ATIO piloted bluetooth networking in a hospital
Electrowave in Durban have produced two qualified
bluetooth products
+ Cabchat hands-free car kit
+ GSM and bluetooth based road emergency SOS system
Author: D L Johnson
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Bluetooth in South Africa
Very little low level design work and R&D is currently
being carried out in bluetooth but a need exists
Author: D L Johnson
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Bluetooth in South African
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CSIR has been carrying out research and created
Bluetooth prototype systems for the past 2 years
+ Bluetooth Serial port adapters
+ Heart rate over Bluetooth system
+ Assistive communication device
+ Low cost fixed and mobile access point
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Non- OFS (Off The Shelf) solutions are needed for the
Transport sector, Energy sector, Emergency services and
Scientists
Currently a bluetooth chip costs between $4 and $5 when
purchased in bulk
South African markets need to create indigenous
solutions based on the raw chipset and not only purchase
OTS solutions from overseas suppliers
Author: D L Johnson
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Bluetooth in South Africa
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Current potential markets are
+ Home and industrial security
+ Home automation
+ Emergency services
+ Motor vehicle industry
+ Industrial control and automation
+ Military
+ Scientific instrumentation
Author: D L Johnson
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Contents of Bluetooth lecture
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Origins and history of Bluetooth
What Bluetooth can do
Building blocks of Bluetooth – the bluetooth stack
Bluetooth ad-hoc networking
Bluetooth Security
Example applications – Bluetooth profiles
Bluetooth products on the market
Bluetooth in South Africa
Competing technology
The future of Bluetooth
Author: D L Johnson
73
Competing Technology
Author: D L Johnson
74
Competing Technology
HomeRF
Bluetooth
802.11b
Physical layer
FHSS
FHSS
FHSS, DSSS
Hop frequency
50 hops/s
1600 hops/s
2.5 hops/s
Transmitting
power
100mW
10mW-100mW
100mW
Power
consumption
(100mW device)
Approx 200mA
720kbps 53mA
Standby 57uA
Sleep 20uA
TX <420mA
RX <260mA
Data rates
1 or 2 Mbps
1 Mbps
11 Mbps
Range
50m
10m-100m
100m (Legal!)
Cost
R1000
USB R238
Chipset $4 - $5
Pcmcia
R256 to R1000
Terminals
Laptop and
Desktop
Anything
electronic
Laptop and
desktop
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Contents of Bluetooth lecture
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Origins and history of Bluetooth
What Bluetooth can do
Building blocks of Bluetooth – the bluetooth stack
Bluetooth ad-hoc networking
Bluetooth Security
Example applications – Bluetooth profiles
Bluetooth products on the market
Bluetooth in South Africa
Competing technology
The future of Bluetooth
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The Future
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Version 1.2 draft has been released
+Backward compatible with 1.1
+Improves wifi co-existence with Adaptive Frequency Hopping (AFH)
+Improved connection times
+Higher quality audio link
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Current version 2.0 working group
+ High rate bluetooth 10 Mb/s
+ HI_FI quality non-compressed audio, video suitable for video conferencing
+ Local positioning for indoor and built-up areas
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The Future
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Despite the delays, Bluetooth is still projected to be a $5 billion market
within the next five years (Merrill Lynch February 8, 2001).
The majority of market forecasting for Bluetooth applications remain in
mobile phones, headsets, PDAs, and PCs, accounting for over 80% of
units by 2006.
Bluetooth penetration rate for digital still cameras is expected to be 60%
in 2006 and the same rate for digital TV is expected to hit 65% in 2006
(Merrill Lynch, February 8, 2001).
Cost per bluetooth chip is expected to fall to $5 by 2003
Based on analysts pricing estimates, this could translate to $18.5 billion
of data access revenues, $2.4 billion of m-commerce, and $1.2 billion of
advertising revenues by 2005 (Goldman Sachs, “Mobile Internet Primer,”
July 14, 2000
Bluetooth remains a chicken or egg game – where the benefits of
Bluetooth only begin to reach their zenith as a function of
manufacturers’ willingness to introduce new products and make
Bluetooth a persistent element in the industry
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