Absolute Pressure
Definition of temperature
Archimedes’ Principle
First Law of Thermodynamics
Equation for buoyant force…
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Two equations for flow rate
Clockwise cycle on a PV diagram
(net work by the gas is…)
Bernoulli’s Equation
Counterclockwise cycle on a PV
diagram
(net work by the gas is…)
Average kinetic energy of the
molecules
Gauge pressure plus atmospheric
pressure
Δ𝑈 = 𝑄𝑖𝑛 + 𝑊𝑜𝑛
Buoyant force is equal to the weight of
displaced fluid
Entropy of an isolated system always
increases over time
𝐹𝑏 = 𝜌𝑉𝑔
Heat engine
Positive net work
Av
or
V/t
(Av = V/t)
Refrigerator
Negative net work
1
𝑃 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦 + 𝜌𝑣 2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡.
2
Thermodynamic process where
volume is constant
Formula for velocity of a wave
Thermodynamic process where
temperature is constant
Formula for index of refraction
Thermodynamic process where
pressure is constant
Snell’s Law
Thermodynamic process where
internal energy is constant
Lensmaker’s equation
The theoretical maximum efficiency
of any engine
Relationship between focal length and
radius of curvature
𝑣 = 𝑓𝜆
𝑛=
𝑐
𝑣
Isovolumetric
Isothermal
𝑛1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑛2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Isobaric
1
1
1
+
=
𝑑𝑖 𝑑𝑜 𝑓
Adiabatic
𝑓=
𝑅
2
Carnot efficency
1) Equation for pressure due to an
applied force
2) Equation for pressure due to a
column of liquid
The apparent change in frequency of
a sound source caused by its relative
motion to a listener
Colors of light, from least energy to
most energy
Colors of light, from highest
frequency to lowest frequency
This experiment is evidence for the
particle nature of light
This experiment is evidence for the
wave nature of light
Types of waves in the electromagnetic
spectrum, from most energy to least
energy
𝜶 particle
Equation for the energy of a photon
β particle
1) 𝑃 =
𝐹
𝐴
The Doppler Effect
2) 𝑃 = 𝜌𝑔𝑦
Violet, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange,
Red
Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue,
Violet
Young’s Double Slit Experiment
The photoelectric effect
Helium nucleus
( 42𝐻𝑒)
Gamma, x-rays, ultraviolet, visible,
infrared, microwave, radio
An electron or a positron
𝐸 = ℎ𝑓
or
ℎ𝑐
𝐸=
𝜆
When light enters a medium with a
lower index of refraction, it does this
When light enters a medium with a
higher index of refraction, it does this
The minimum path difference for two
waves to exhibit constructive
interference
The order of the dark fringes in a
double slit experiment
Real images are
always_______________, while
virtual images are
always_______________.
An object traveling in a circular path
is accelerating this way
Two special things about a
centripetal force
These forces can all act as centripetal
forces
The equation for gravitational force
between two masses
Equation for the tangential velocity of
an object in circular motion
Light bends towards the normal,
velocity gets smaller, and frequency
does not change
Light bends away from the normal,
velocity gets greater, and frequency
does not change
𝜆 3𝜆 5𝜆
, , …
2 2 2
One wavelength ( 𝜆 )
Towards the middle of the circle
inverted; upright
Gravitational force, normal force,
lift force, tension force
𝑣=
2𝜋𝑟
𝑇
1) Not a special force, it is always
caused by another labeled force.
2) The net force is always pointed
toward the center of the circle
𝐹=𝐺
𝑚1 𝑚2
𝑟2
Net force in situations where an
object is not accelerating
Net force in a situation where an
object is accelerating
The direction of the normal force
The frictional force on an object is
proportional to the______________
force on the object.
Equation for the coefficient of
friction (µ)
Equation for the force exerted by a
spring
Equation to find work done by a
force
Work is equal to…
There is no work done when the
applied force and the direction of
displacement are ________________.
The rate at which work is done
∑ 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎
∑𝐹 = 0
Normal force
Perpendicular to the surface the object is
on
𝐹 = −𝑘𝑥
𝜇=
𝐹𝑓
𝐹𝑛
the change in energy of an object
𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑
Power
P=W/t
perpendicular to each other
Equation for kinetic energy
Equation for gravitational potential
energy
Equation for elastic potential energy
A change in momentum is caused by
this
The difference between an inelastic
and an elastic collision
Equation describing the relationship
between impulse and momentum
Equation for momentum of an object
Equation describing the Law of
Conservation of Momentum
Equation for centripetal acceleration
The equations used to find the x and y
components of a projectile’s initial
velocity
1
𝑚𝑣 2
2
𝑈𝑔 = 𝑚𝑔𝑦
𝐾=
A force acting over a period of time
(an impulse)
𝑈𝑠 =
1 2
𝑘𝑥
2
𝐹Δ𝑡 = 𝑚Δ𝑣
Elastic collision – kinetic energy
conserved
Inelastic collision – kinetic energy not
conserved
𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2 = 𝑚1 ′ 𝑣1 ′ + 𝑚2 ′ 𝑣2 ′
𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣
𝑣0𝑥 = 𝑣0 cos 𝜃
𝑣0𝑦 = 𝑣0 sin 𝜃
𝑣2
𝑎𝑐 =
𝑟
For any projectile, the vertical
velocity is zero at this point
This is the acceleration of a projectile
at any
point along its path
For any projectile, the horizontal
component of its velocity is
______________, while the vertical
component is ________________.
The only variable that the same for
both the horizontal and vertical
components of projectile motion
Given the height from which an
object falls, this equation will tell you
how long the fall will take (freefall
equation)
Acceleration occurs when…
Equation for the velocity of an object
Kinematics equation #1 (final velocity
unknown)
Kinematics equation #2
(displacement unknown)
Kinematics equation #3 (time
unknown)
Acceleration due to gravity, pointing
downwards
(-9.8 m/s2)
time
an object’s velocity or direction of
travel changes.
1
𝑥 = 𝑥0 + 𝑣0 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2
2
𝑣𝑓2 = 𝑣02 + 2𝑎𝑥
The highest point along its path
constant; changing (accelerated)
𝑡=√
𝑣=
2𝑦
𝑔
Δ𝑑
Δ𝑡
𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣0 + 𝑎𝑡
Equation for Coulomb’s Law (force
between a pair of charged particles)
The electric field points in this
direction
How to determine the magnitude and
direction of electric force
Two equations for calculating electric
field
Electric field lines are _____________
to equipotential lines
Electric potential is defined as…
Equation for electric potential energy
Equation for electric potential
The purpose of an equipotential line
The capacitance of a parallel-plate
capacitor depends on…
the force on a positive test charge; away
from positive, towards negative
𝐸=
𝐹
𝑑
or
𝐸=𝑘
𝑞
𝑟2
𝐹=𝑘
𝑞1 𝑞2
𝑟2
magnitude – Coulomb’s Law
direction – sign of charges
The amount of work per unit of charge
done in moving a charge from infinity
to that point
perpendicular
𝑉 = 𝐸𝑑
or
𝑞
𝑉=𝑘
𝑟
𝑈𝐸 = 𝑞𝑉
or
𝑞1 𝑞2
𝑈𝐸 = 𝑘 2
𝑟
The area of the plates, the separation of
the plates, and the dielectric
No work is done in moving a charge
along an equipotential line
Equation for capacitance
Equation for energy stored in a
capacitor
Ohm’s Law
Kirchhoff’s Loop Rule
Kirchhoff’s Junction Rule
Adding resistors in series
Adding resistors in parallel
Magnetic fields point from the
_________ to the _________ on the
outside of a magnet
The right-hand rule
A particle entering a magnetic field
between two plates follows this path
1
𝑈𝐸 = 𝐶𝑉 2
2
or
1
𝑈𝐸 = 𝑞𝑉
2
The sum of all voltage gains and losses
around any closed loop must equal zero.
𝐶=
𝑞
𝑉
𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅
𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 …
The sum of all currents entering a
junction must equal the sum of all
currents leaving the junction
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
𝑅𝑒𝑞 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3
north; south
A circular path, with the electric force
acting as the centripetal force
fingers – field lines
thumb – movement of charge
palm – force
(palm is opposite for electron, or lefthand rule)
The slope of a position vs. time graph
The slope of a velocity vs. time graph
The integral of an acceleration vs.
time graph
The integral of a velocity vs. time
graph
The integral of a force vs. time graph
The integral of a force vs.
displacement graph
The integral of a pressure vs. volume
graph
The slope of a force vs. stretch graph
for a spring
Ideal Gas Law
Relationship between pressure,
volume, and temperature of an
isolated system
acceleration
velocity
change in position
change in velocity
work
change in momentum
spring constant
work
𝑃𝑉
= 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡.
𝑇
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇