Clinical, Radiologic, and
Diagnostic Procedures
MEDL 2350
1.
A.
B.
C.
D.
The combining form that means
hardening
Choroid/o
scler/o
Retin/o
Hard/o
2.
A.
B.
C.
D.
A keratotome is used to
Incise the middle ear
Cut into the cornea
Examine the eye
Correct vision
3.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Blepharitis is inflammation of the
eyeball
Eyelid
Cornea
retina
4.
A.
B.
C.
D.
If someone is myopic, then they are
Farsigheted
Nearsighted
Hyperopic
blind
5.
A.
B.
C.
D.
The blood vessels of the eye are
found in which layer?
Retina
Choroid
Sclera
cornea
6.
A.
B.
C.
D.
A salpingoscope is used to examine
the
Eustachian tube
Sphinx
Semicircular canals
cochlea
7.
A.
B.
C.
D.
The malleus, incus, and stapes are
found in the
Middle ear
External ear
Ear drum
Inner ear
8.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Of the following structures, which is
for audition?
Tympanic membrane
Semicircular canals
Choroid
Rods and cones
9.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Vertigo
Dizziness
A bad movie
Ringing in the ears
Complete hearing loss
10.
A.
B.
C.
D.
A progressive form of deafness due
to ossification in the bony labyrinth
of the inner ear.
Presbycusis
Meniere’s Disease
Otosclerosis
anacusis
Arthroscopy
Direct Joint Visualization
Instrument is Arthroscope
Done by an orthopedic surgeon
Knee, shoulder, and ankle are most
common. Toe joints are also scoped with
increasing frequency.
Can be a diagnostic tool or a treatment tool
by removing tissue that is “dead”
Aspiration




Withdrawal of fluid from a joint
Can be done by any doctor in an
office setting.
A large bore needle is inserted into
the joint to remove the synovial
fluid.
Fluid can be examined under a
microscope for crystals (gout) or
cultured for bacteria (infection).
Biopsy





Remove of skin or other tissue for
examination.
Microscopic examination can reveal
“changed” cells. Ie: cancer
Breast, bone, muscle, and skin
Usually done to make a diagnosis.
When skin cancer is suspected, a
biopsy is also used to remove tissue.
Bronchoscopy



Used to visually examine the
bronchial tubes.
A “bronchoscope” is a flexible
camera that shows what the bronchi
look like.
The scope also serves as a suction
machine enabling the surgeon to
remove tissue to biopsy, examine
sputum, or foreign bodies.
Colonoscopy



A visual examination of the colon.
A colonoscope is used to biopsy or
excise tissue.
Done by a gastroenterologist.
Electrocardiogram




A visual record of the electrical
activity of the heart.
The instrument used is an
electrocardiograph.
Done by placing a series of
electrodes on the thorax to measure
electrical activity.
Can be done by a physician,
technician, or nurse.
Holter Monitoring
A device worn on the belt of a patient
with abnormal cardiac rhythm.
This is done when a regular EKG
shows no abnormality but when
symptoms still persist.
The device records all activity over a
24 hour period.
A cardiologist interprets the results.
Laparoscopy




Visual examination of the abdominal
cavity by the use of a laparoscope.
A small incision in the abdomen
allows a small camera to be inserted.
Used for gynecological procedures.
Also can be called a Peritoneoscopy.
Ophthalmoscopy




Visual examination of the eye.
Use of an ophthalmoscope
Is diagnostic for detection of eye
disorders
Done by an optometrist or
ophthalmologist.
Otoscopy


Visual examination of the ear and
eardrum (tympanic membrane)
Instrument is an otoscope.
Palpation



Physical touch
Examination of size, texture,
hardness, fluid, contents
Can be done by anyone
Pulmonary Function Tests



Determines the capacity of the lungs
by a series of tests of inspiration and
expiration.
Measures oxygen and carbon dioxide
use.
Instrument is a spirometer.
Retinoscopy



Tests to check “refractive index” of
eye.
Light is shone into eye and the
examiner sees how the light bends
(refraction).
Also to check the integrity of the
back of the eye.
Tonometry


Measures tension and pressure in the
eye.
A tonometer is the instrument used
to check for glaucoma.
Angiography



Radiographic study of the circulatory
system.
A radiopaque substance is used to detect
vascular abnormalities including tumors,
aneurysms, and clots (occulsions).
Different studies for body areas:
cerebral (head), coronary (heart),
peripheral (extremities), and pulmonary
(lungs)
Arthrography





Radiographic procedure to check for the
integrity of a joint.
Air (pneumoarthrograhy) or contrast dye
is injected.
Xrays taken under stress to check for
excess seepage into places where dye
shouldn’t be.
Done under local ansethesia by a
radiologist or orthopedic surgeon.
Podiatrists do arthrography to the foot and
ankle.
Bone Scan (scintography)




Radioactive isotope
Bone absorbs the isotope at places
where there is increased “blastic”
activity. Osteoblasts are cells that
lay down new bone.
Normal scans show no uptake.
Positive scans do not explain the
reason for the result. Very sensitive
but specific.
Cardiac Catheterization



Procedure to check the integrity of
the coronary blood vessels.
A catheter is placed in a large vessel
in the groin. The catheter is passed
to the heart vessels.
Xrays are taken to diagnose
occulsions of vessels.
Computer Axial Tomography (CAT)





Radiographic sectioning of the body.
X-rays are taken at a specified thickness.
When completed the individual slices are
put together by a computer (computer
generation).
The scanner and detector and parts of the
tube that encircle the body and record..
Can be used to examine the abdomen,
brain, chest, and extremities.
Done by specially trained technicians and
interpreted by radiologists.
Doppler Ultrasound



A test used to measure blood flow into a
body part.
Uses sound waves that are forced through
the skin and bounce back to a recording
probe. The result makes a sound that is
used to diagnose circulation problems.
Usually done on the large vessels of the
extremities. A specialized version is used
for the small vessels of the toes and penis.
Echocardiography



Uses sound waves (ultrasound) to
visualize the internal cardiac
structures (valves).
Used to examine the integrity of
heart valves.
Has taken the place of
catheterization for certain
procedures.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
(MRI)



No radiation
Uses magnetic fields to produce an
image.
Useful for soft tissue structures
(muscle, tendon, ligament) whereas
CAT scans are useful for bones.
Xeroradiography



Technique that produces an image
using electrical means instead of
chemical means.
Permits lower exposure times
Useful for breast tumor diagnosis.
Arterial Blood Gas



Percutaneous puncture to assess the
exchange of oxygen and carbon
dioxide.
Blood is taken from an artery.
More painful than an intravenous
sample.
Bleeding Time



Used to assess how long it takes to
form a clot of a small cut or wound.
Used to determine platelet function.
Increased bleeding times is found in
patients with low platelet counts and
deficiencies of fibrinogen.
Cardiac Enzymes
Increases in these enzymes indicate
myocardial infarction (heart attack).
Complete Blood Count (CBC)



Used to measure the components of
blood.
RBC, WBC, Platelets, Hemoglobin,
and Hematocrit
Differential separates the different
types of WBC’s
Medical Specialties
Specialist
Specialty
Description
Allergist
Allergy
Diagnosis and
treatment of allergy
or hypersensitivity
Cardiologist
Cardiology
Heart and blood
vessels
Dermatologist
Dermatology
Skin
Hematologist
Hematology
Blood and bloodforming tissues
Neonatologist
Neonatology
Newborn infants
Neurologist
Neurosurgeon
Neurology
Nervous system
Oncologist
Oncology
Cancer
Ophthalmologist
ophthalmology
Eyes
Orthopedist
Orthopedic Surgery
Bones, joints,
muscles
Otolaryngologist
otolaryngology
Ears, nose, throat
Pathologist
Pathology
tissue, death, find
cause of death
pediatrician
pediatrics
Children and teens
Plastic surgeon
Plastic surgery
Restores, repairs, or
reconstructs body
structures.
Physiatrist
Physiatrics
Treatment of disease
using natural methods
and physical therapy