Final Exam Information • ~25-30% on last lectures (reefs, mangroves, conservation) • ~70-75% cumulative • Same basic format – a bit longer (25% of grade) • Will include short matching section (example on handout) • Makeup exam – Friday (tomorrow) 10-12 in 334 Illick • Final -- 4 May, 12:30-2:30 in 139 Baker (HERE) Final Exam Information • Website – – – – – – Outlines Oceans in the news Power Point Files Exam keys Review question answers This review file (this afternoon) • Extra Office Hours – Schulz: Today – 2-4, Monday – 2-4, Tuesday – 9-10:30 – TAs – normal office hours Miscellaneous • If you want to provide photos (I can scan) for the field trip file (will be on web) – see me this week • Course overview • Questions? Overview of Course Content • Abiotic Environment – Physical/geological factors – Chemical factors www.nii.net/~celestialmassage/ ocean-waves%20a.JPG Overview of Course Content • General Marine Ecology http://www.mermaid1.demon.co.uk Sunstar, Crossaster papposus Overview of Course Content Plankton Overview of Course Content Nekton www.gristmagazine.com/grist/images/ features/tuna-school.jpg Overview of Course Content Marine Mammals Overview of Course Content Sole Marine Fisheries http://www.mermaid1.demon.co.uk Overview of Course Content Sharks, skates and rays Overview of Course Content Deep Sea Overview of Course Content Subtidal Benthic Kelp forest http://www.mermaid1.demon.co.uk Overview of Course Content Intertidal Overview of Course Content Meiofauna Overview of Course Content Estuaries and Salt Marshes Overview of Course Content Coral Reefs Overview of Course Content • Human Impacts and Marine Conservation Questions? The Review Game • If you want to play, pick up one A,B,C, and D (these are not grades!) • Stand up • Multiple choice questions – hold up your answer choice; sit down if you are incorrect • Last 5 left standing will win prizes! Coral reefs are unique among major marine habitats because they: A. Occur everywhere in the world B. Are made by corals, the only organisms to secrete calcium carbonate C. Contain no other organisms but corals D. Are formed entirely by biological action Coral reefs are unique among major marine habitats because they: A. Occur everywhere in the world B. Are made by corals, the only organisms to secrete calcium carbonate C. Contain no other organisms but corals D. Are formed entirely by biological action Minamata disease found in people living in a town in Japan was caused by which one of the following pollutants? A. B. C. D. Toxic bacteria from sewage Methyl-mercury Lead Toxic viruses from sewage Minamata disease found in people living in a town in Japan was caused by which one of the following pollutants? A. B. C. D. Toxic bacteria from sewage Methyl-mercury Lead Toxic viruses from sewage Most oil spilled into the ocean each year comes from: A. B. C. D. Natural seepage Ship maintenance Runoff from sewer drains Tanker accidents Most oil spilled into the ocean each year comes from: A. B. C. D. Natural seepage Ship maintenance Runoff from sewer drains Tanker accidents Which of the following zones of the ocean has the lowest species richness/diversity? A. B. C. D. Coral reefs Open ocean pelagic Deep sea benthos Rocky intertidal Which of the following zones of the ocean has the lowest species richness/diversity? A. B. C. D. Coral reefs Open ocean pelagic Deep sea benthos Rocky intertidal Charles Darwin’s hypothesis about coral reefs: A. Said that atolls were formed around subsiding seamounts – it was later supported B. Said that atolls were formed around subsiding seamounts – it was later disproved C. Said that atolls were formed around rising seamounts – it was later supported D. Said that atolls were formed around rising seamounts – it was later disproved Charles Darwin’s hypothesis about coral reefs: A. Said that atolls were formed around subsiding seamounts – it was later supported B. Said that atolls were formed around subsiding seamounts – it was later disproved C. Said that atolls were formed around rising seamounts – it was later supported D. Said that atolls were formed around rising seamounts – it was later disproved Among the ‘ecosystem services’ provided by mangals is: A. They prevent sedimentation in shipping canals B. They prevent shoreline erosion C. They allow for easy navigation to the coast D. They scare children and famous authors Among the ‘ecosystem services’ provided by mangals is: A. They prevent sedimentation in shipping canals B. They prevent shoreline erosion C. They allow for easy navigation to the coast D. They scare children and famous authors Which is not an invasive species that has had large system effects? A. B. C. D. The starfish, Pisaster The macroalgae, Caulerpa toxifolia The gastropod, Periwinkle The comb jelly (Ctenophore), Mnemiopsis Which is not an invasive species that has had large system effects? A. B. C. D. The starfish, Pisaster The macroalgae, Caulerpa The gastropod, Periwinkle The comb jelly (Ctenophore), Mnemiopsis Hermatypic corals get A. No energy from zooxanthellae B. Most energy from zooxanthellae and some from catching zooplankton C. Most energy from catching zooplankton and some from zooxanthellae D. No energy from catching zooplankton Hermatypic corals get A. No energy from zooxanthellae B. Most energy from zooxanthellae and some from catching zooplankton C. Most energy from catching zooplankton and some from zooxanthellae D. No energy from catching zooplankton Which hypothesis for explaining coral reef fish diversity proposes that the outcome of fish competition is determined by which species are lucky enough to recruit? A. B. C. D. Competition model Recruitment limitation model Lottery model Predation-disturbance model Which hypothesis for explaining coral reef fish diversity proposes that the outcome of fish competition is determined by which species are lucky enough to recruit? A. B. C. D. Competition model Recruitment limitation model Lottery model Predation-disturbance model If a container had all of the following layers of water, which would be at the bottom? A. B. C. D. Cold, low salinity water Cold, high salinity water Warm, low salinity water Warm, high salinity water If a container had all of the following layers of water, which would be at the bottom? A. B. C. D. Cold, low salinity water Cold, high salinity water Warm, low salinity water Warm, high salinity water The water circulation pattern that causes wind rows is called: A. B. C. D. Coriolus effect Convection circulation Langmuir circulation Neap tides The water circulation pattern that causes wind rows is called: A. B. C. D. Coriolus effect Convection circulation Langmuir circulation Neap tides Light levels are lowest in the: A. B. C. D. Epipelagic zone Littoral zone Abyssalpelagic zone Mesopelagic zone Light levels are lowest in the: A. B. C. D. Epipelagic zone Littoral zone Abyssalpelagic zone Mesopelagic zone An example of an omnivore would be: A. A crab that eats detritus B. A crab that eats phytoplankton and sea grass C. A crab that eats periwinkles and herbivorous nudibranchs D. A crab that eats sea grass and periwinkles An example of an omnivore would be: A. A crab that eats detritus B. A crab that eats phytoplankton and sea grass C. A crab that eats periwinkles and herbivorous nudibranchs D. A crab that eats sea grass and periwinkles Which situation favors the growth of reef-building corals rather than algae? A. B. C. D. High nutrient levels in the water High abundances of herbivorous fish Low average water temperatures Low abundances of zooplankton Which situation favors the growth of reef-building corals rather than algae? A. B. C. D. High nutrient levels in the water High abundances of herbivorous fish Low average water temperatures Low abundances of zooplankton Which of the following terms refers to the total amount of living material in a trophic level at any instant in time? • • • • A. B. C. D. productivity trophic structure heterotroph standing crop Which of the following terms refers to the total amount of living material in a trophic level at any instant in time? • • • • A. B. C. D. productivity trophic structure heterotroph standing crop Which of the following organisms would be most likely to be growth limited by a lack of silica? A. Dinoflagellates B. Cyanobacteria C. Diatoms D. Haptophytes Which of the following organisms would be most likely to be growth limited by a lack of silica? A. Dinoflagellates B. Cyanobacteria C. Diatoms D. Haptophytes The rete mirabile is a small network of blood vessels that: A. replaces sodium ions with lighter ammonium ions in the body cavity of squids. B. regulates blood flow to the melon of cetaceans. C. secretes gas into a physoclist swim bladder of some fish. D. reduces turbulent flow over the skin of pteropods. The rete mirabile is a small network of blood vessels that: A. replaces sodium ions with lighter ammonium ions in the body cavity of squids. B. regulates blood flow to the melon of cetaceans. C. secretes gas into a physoclist swim bladder of some fish. D. reduces turbulent flow over the skin of pteropods. Bycatch is largest relative to landed catch in which fishery? A. B. C. D. cods shrimps squids tunas Bycatch is largest relative to landed catch in which fishery? A. B. C. D. cods shrimps squids tunas El Niño Southern Oscillation events are characterized by: A. B. C. D. Cessation of upwelling off the Pacific coast of South America and a decline in ocean productivity in this area. Cessation of upwelling off the Pacific coast of South America and an increase in ocean productivity in this area. Increased upwelling off the Pacific coast of South America and a decline in ocean productivity in this area Increased upwelling off the Pacific coast of South America and an increase in ocean productivity in this area. El Niño Southern Oscillation events are characterized by: A. B. C. D. Cessation of upwelling off the Pacific coast of South America and a decline in ocean productivity in this area. Cessation of upwelling off the Pacific coast of South America and an increase in ocean productivity in this area. Increased upwelling off the Pacific coast of South America and a decline in ocean productivity in this area Increased upwelling off the Pacific coast of South America and an increase in ocean productivity in this area. Due to the Coriolis effect, a water current moving away from the equator in the northern hemisphere will appear to as it moves along its course (from the perspective of an observer at the equator looking north). A. B. C. D. Curve to the right Curve to the left Continue on a straight path Make a figure eight pattern Due to the Coriolis effect, a water current moving away from the equator in the northern hemisphere will appear to as it moves along its course (from the perspective of an observer at the equator looking north). A. B. C. D. Curve to the right Curve to the left Continue on a straight path Make a figure eight pattern Which of the following colors of light reaches the greatest depth in the open ocean before being completely absorbed? A. B. C. D. green red yellow blue Which of the following colors of light reaches the greatest depth in the open ocean before being completely absorbed? A. B. C. D. green red yellow blue The pycnocline is the depth zone of which of the following? A. B. C. D. Maximum density change Maximum temperature change Minimum density change Minimum temperature change The pycnocline is the depth zone of which of the following? A. B. C. D. Maximum density change Maximum temperature change Minimum density change Minimum temperature change These plankton catch their prey with sticky cells A. B. C. D. Chaetognaths Copepods Cnidarians Ctenophores These plankton catch their prey with sticky cells A. B. C. D. Chaetognaths Copepods Cnidarians Ctenophores Which of the following animals is not carnivorous? A. B. C. D. baleen whale manatee squid tuna Which of the following animals is not carnivorous? A. B. C. D. baleen whale manatee squid tuna Sharks and fish tend to be the top predators in: A. B. C. D. Tropical oceans Temperate oceans Antarctic oceans Benthic communities world wide Sharks and fish tend to be the top predators in: A. B. C. D. Tropical oceans Temperate oceans Antarctic oceans Benthic communities world wide A soft bottom intertidal area with low wave action would be expected to have A. B. C. D. Gravel substrate Coarse sand substrate Fine sand substrate Mud substrate A soft bottom intertidal area with low wave action would be expected to have A. B. C. D. Gravel substrate Coarse sand substrate Fine sand substrate Mud substrate The base of the food chain for marine hydrothermal vents is which of the following? A. B. C. D. Algae Copepods Vestimentiferan worms Bacteria The base of the food chain for marine hydrothermal vents is which of the following? A. B. C. D. Algae Copepods Vestimentiferan worms Bacteria Exclusion of one species from a shallow subtidal region due to the activities of another species (not including predation) is called: A. B. C. D. Competitive interference Disturbance Keystone exploitation Grazing Exclusion of one species from a shallow subtidal region due to the activities of another species (not including predation) is called: A. B. C. D. Competitive interference Disturbance Keystone exploitation Grazing In the rocky intertidal zone, which of the following resources is in limited supply? A. B. C. D. Food Oxygen Space Mates In the rocky intertidal zone, which of the following resources is in limited supply? A. B. C. D. Food Oxygen Space Mates Members of which of the following phyla live only in the marine interstitial? A. B. C. D. Cnidaria Gnathostomulida Echinodermata Nematoda Members of which of the following phyla live only in the marine interstitial? A. B. C. D. Cnidaria Gnathostomulida Echinodermata Nematoda Which of the following is not a problem in the open water of the mesopelagic or deep-sea? A. B. C. D. Finding food Salinity changes High pressure Finding mates Which of the following is not a problem in the open water of the mesopelagic or deep-sea? A. B. C. D. Finding food Salinity changes High pressure Finding mates Extreme changes in temperature are not a physical characteristic in which environment? A. B. C. D. Deep sea vents Tidal pools Subtidal benthos Salt marshes Extreme changes in temperature are not a physical characteristic in which environment? A. B. C. D. Deep sea vents Tidal pools Subtidal benthos Salt marshes In salt marshes and estuaries, which nutrient is most often limiting to primary production? A. B. C. D. Phosphorus Iron Sulfur Nitrogen In salt marshes and estuaries, which nutrient is most often limiting to primary production? A. B. C. D. Phosphorus Iron Sulfur Nitrogen The predators with the biggest effects on entire infaunal communities in the subtidal are: A. B. C. D. Surface predators Digging predators Burrowing predators Meiofauna The predators with the biggest effects on entire infaunal communities in the subtidal are: A. B. C. D. Surface predators Digging predators Burrowing predators Meiofauna These subtidal benthic communities have high species diversity and endemism A. B. C. D. Antarctic Arctic Temperate Onondaga Lake These subtidal benthic communities have high species diversity and endemism A. B. C. D. Antarctic Arctic Temperate Onondaga Lake Kelp forests form throughout the world in: A. Cold temperate waters with sandy bottoms B. Cold temperate waters with hard bottoms C. Warm temperate waters with sandy bottoms D. Warm temperate waters with hard bottoms Kelp forests form throughout the world in: A. Cold temperate waters with sandy bottoms B. Cold temperate waters with hard bottoms C. Warm temperate waters with sandy bottoms D. Warm temperate waters with hard bottoms As you go deeper in the sediments through the redox potential discontinuity, the redox potential changes rapidly from A. B. C. D. Zero at surface to negative at depth Zero at surface to positive at depth Positive at surface to negative at depth Negative at surface to positive at depth As you go deeper in the sediments through the redox potential discontinuity, the redox potential changes rapidly from A. B. C. D. Zero at surface to negative at depth Zero at surface to positive at depth Positive at surface to negative at depth Negative at surface to positive at depth Most deep water abyssal animals are A. B. C. D. Herbivores Parasites Primary producers Scavengers Most deep water abyssal animals are A. B. C. D. Herbivores Parasites Primary producers Scavengers Many chemosynthetic organisms use as their primary inorganic energy source A. B. C. D. H2O H2S CO2 SeO2 Many chemosynthetic organisms use as their primary inorganic energy source A. B. C. D. H2O H2S CO2 SeO2 One example of allochthonous food sources in an estuary is: A. B. C. D. Detritus from benthic diatoms Detritus from estuarine phytoplankton Detritus from seagrass beds Detritus from rivers One example of allochthonous food sources in an estuary is: A. B. C. D. Detritus from benthic diatoms Detritus from estuarine phytoplankton Detritus from seagrass beds Detritus from rivers This organism is a: A. Osmoconformer at low salinities and an osmoregulator at high salinities B. Osmoregulator at low salinities and an osmoconformer at high salinities C. Always an osmoconformer D. Always and osmoregulator This organism is a: A. Osmoconformer at low salinities and an osmoregulator at high salinities B. Osmoregulator at low salinities and an osmoconformer at high salinities C. Always an osmoconformer D. Always and osmoregulator In the deep sea, most of the food is: A. B. C. D. Autochthonous and evenly distributed Autochthonous and patchily distributed Allochthonous and evenly distributed Allochthonous and patchily distributed In the deep sea, most of the food is: A. B. C. D. Autochthonous and evenly distributed Autochthonous and patchily distributed Allochthonous and evenly distributed Allochthonous and patchily distributed One adaptation of estuarine plants to high salinities is: A. B. C. D. Aerenchyma High rates of photosynthesis Succulence Strong root systems One adaptation of estuarine plants to high salinities is: A. B. C. D. Aerenchyma High rates of photosynthesis Succulence Strong root systems Which of the following is not a hypothesis to explain deep sea diversity? A. B. C. D. Stability time hypothesis Keystone predation hypothesis Cropper/disturbance hypothesis Area hypothesis Which of the following is not a hypothesis to explain deep sea diversity? A. B. C. D. Stability time hypothesis Keystone predation hypothesis Cropper/disturbance hypothesis Area hypothesis In which of the following communties is there little or no chemosynthesis? A. B. C. D. Rocky intertidal Muddy intertidal Deep sea vents Cold seeps In which of the following communties is there little or no chemosynthesis? A. B. C. D. Rocky intertidal Muddy intertidal Deep sea vents Cold seeps There are lots of periwinkles (gastropods) in the: A. B. C. D. Supralittoral fringe Midlittoral zone Infralittoral fringe Infralittoral zone There are lots of periwinkles (gastropods) in the: A. B. C. D. Supralittoral fringe Midlittoral zone Infralittoral fringe Infralittoral zone