Chapter 9 APUSH Mrs. Price “Live so that your friends can defend you, but never have to.” – Arnold Glasow Election of 1828 Democratic Republican Party split National Republicans: J.Q. Adams Democratic-Republicans: Jackson Lots of mud-slinging Jackson wins Andrew Jackson Biographical Info: - Little formal education - Judge & Congressman from TN - Military hero “Old Hickory” - Country gentleman - President of firsts Personified New West Jackson cont. Used spoils system Poor cabinet (exception: Sec. of State Van Buren) Used Kitchen Cabinet Used Veto 12 times Eaton Malaria/Petticoat War Jacksonian Democracy Jackson’s theory of Democracy: - Equal protection & equal benefits to all white male citizens - Class or region is not important Increased Democratization Enlarged the Franchise Dorr Rebellion (Rhode Island) Reforms did not include women, free blacks, & slaves More voter participation - by 1828: voters could elect presidential electors - greater voter turnout Tariffs & the South Congress passed Tariff of 1832 S.C. state convention declared tariff null & void; threatened to secede Compromise: Tariff of 1833 (gradual reduction) Congress also passed the Force Bill (Bloody Bill): authorized President to use army & navy to collect tariffs Tariffs cont. S.C. backed down & repealed nullification ordinance Neither Jackson nor S.C. won the battle Webster-Hayne Debate In Senate During debate over nullification Robert Hayne (SC): Union was a voluntary association of independent states Daniel Webster (MA): People, not the states, had made the Constitution & no state could reject the Union Preview of debate that led to the Civil War Jackson & the Bank of the US • Jackson did not like the Bank of the US - Believed it was unconstitutional, antiwestern, & anti-American Vetoed Calhoun’s recharter bill Bank of the US Benefits: Promoted economic expansion Reduced bank failures Negatives: • Lent $ to influential people • Out of touch Jackson & the Bank cont. Jackson took out federal funds & put in “pet banks” (state banks) Biddle – Head of the Bank of the US - called in loans to force Congress to reconsider charter - caused problems for small banks – “Biddle Panic” • 1836: Bank died Jackson & Native Americans Wanted to open up Indian Territory to settlement Some tribes tried to Americanize Proposed removal of remaining eastern tribes to west of Mississippi River Indian Removal Act (1830) Forced removal of 100,000 Indians to Oklahoma Trail of Tears – thousands died Two Party System Re-emerges By mid 1830s due to opposition to Jackson Whigs vs. Democrats Both parties were more interested in gaining votes than in maintaining an ideology Whigs Favored expanding power of Federal govt Encouraged industrial & commercial development Feared westward expansion Support came from wealthy in Northeast, South & West Democrats Believed in limited government Believed in more opportunities, less privilege Opposed banks & corporations Support came from small merchants in NE, small planters in South & Westerners Martin Van Buren Elected in 1836 Not as popular as Jackson Came in at end of economic boom & federal surplus 1837: Economic hard times - Depression lasted for 5 years - unemployment, banks & businesses failed Few accomplishments – most important: creation of an independent treasury system Election of 1840 William Henry Harrison Elected in 1840 vs. Van Buren Whig Elected due to economic problems that were blamed on Van Buren Died after 1 month in office John Tyler Former Democrat Clashed with Whigs in Congress & his cabinet Refused to recharter a Bank of the US, vetoed internal improvements