Table S1. Reference sources for sampling methods and results of Eastern Arc Mountains (EAM) of
Kenya and Tanzania’s forest vertebrate surveys by mountain bloc conducted since Burgess et al.
(2007) and used for the present study.
EAM bloc
Source
Taita
Loader, S.P., Measey, G.J., Sa R.D. & Malonza, P.K. (2009) A new
Brevicipitid species (Anura: Brevicipitidae: Callulina) from the
fragmented forests of the Taita Hills, Kenya. Zootaxa, 2123, 55-68.
Tilbury, C. (2010) Chameleons of Africa: An Atlas, Including the
Chameleons of Europe, the Middle East and Asia. Chimaira, Frankfurt.
J. Fjeldså (unpublished data).
North Pare
Doggart, N., Leonard, C., Perkin, A., Menegon, M. & Rovero, F. (2008)
The vertebrate biodiversity and forest condition of the North Pare
Mountains. TFCG Technical Paper 17, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Available at: http://www.tfcg.org/pdf/TFCG-MTSN-North-PareBiodiversity-Survey-Report.pdf (accessed December 2013).
South Pare
TFCG & MUSE (unpublished data).
Loader, S.P., Gower, D.J., Ngalason, W. & Menegon, M. (2010) Three
new species of Callulina (Amphibia: Anura: Brevicipitidae) highlight
local endemism and conservation plight of Africa’s Eastern Arc forests.
Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 160, 496-514.
West Usambara
Bowie, R.C.K, Fjeldså, J., Kiure, J. & Bolding, J.T. (in press) Description
and affinities of a new member of the Greater Double-collared Sunbird
complex (Passeriformes: Nectariniidae) discovered in the Eastern Arc
Mountains of Africa. Zootaxa.
Voelker, G., Outlaw, R.K., Reddy, S., Tobler, M., Bates, J.M., Hackett,
S.J., Kahindo, C., Marks, B.D., Peterhans, J.K. & Gnoske, T.P. (2010) A
new species of boubou from the Albertine Rift (Laniidae: Laniarius). Auk,
127, 678-689.
Center of Macroecology, Evolution and Climate’s database, University
of Copenhagen, Denmark.
East Usambara
Voelker, G., Outlaw, R.K., Reddy, S., Tobler, M., Bates, J.M., Hackett,
S.J., Kahindo, C., Marks, B.D., Peterhans, J.K. & Gnoske, T.P. (2010) A
new species of boubou from the Albertine Rift (Laniidae: Laniarius). Auk,
127, 678-689.
Center of Macroecology, Evolution and Climate’s database, University
of Copenhagen, Denmark.
Pickersgill, M. (2007) Frog Search. Results of Expeditions to Southern
and Eastern Africa from 1993-1999. Frankfurt Contributions to Natural
History Volume 28 [Frankfurt am Main], Chimaira, Frankfurt.
Mariaux, J., Lutzmann, N. & Stipala, J. (2008) The two-horned
chamaeleons of East Africa. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society,
152, 367-391.
Tilbury, C. (2010) Chameleons of Africa: An Atlas, Including the
Chameleons of Europe, the Middle East and Asia. Chimaira, Frankfurt.
Uluguru
Fjeldså, J., Bowie, R.C.K. & Kiure, J. (2006) The forest batis, Batis
mixta in two species: description of a new, narrowly distributed Batis
species in the Eastern Arc biodiversity hotspot. Journal of Ornithology,
147, 578-590.
Broadley, D.G. (2001) A review of the genus Thelotornis A. Smith in
eastern Africa, with the description of a new species from the Usambara
mountains (Serpentes: Colubridae: Dispholidini). African Journal of
Herpetology, 50, 53-70.
Nguu
TFCG & MUSE (unpublished data).
Harper, E.B., Measey, J., Patrick, D.A., Menegon, M. & Vonesh, J.R.
(2010) Field Guide to the Amphibians of the Eastern Arc Mountains and
Coastal Forests of Tanzania and Kenya. Camerapix Publishers
International, Nairobi.
Nguru
Loader, S.P., Müller, H., Gower, D.J. & Menegon, M. (2010) Two new
species of Callulina (Amphibia: Anura: Brevicipitidae) from the Nguru
Mountains, Tanzania. Zootaxa, 2694, 26-42.
Doggart, N. & Loserian. D. (2007) South Nguru Mountains: a
description of the biophysical landscape. TFCG Technical Paper 11, Dar
es Salaam, Tanzania. Abvailable at:
http://www.tfcg.org/downloads/TFCG-South-Nguru-biodiversityreport.pdf (accessed December 2013).
Owen, N., Wilkins, V., Fanning, E. & Howell, K.H. (2009) Biodiversity
Research and Awareness in the lesser-known Eastern Arc Mountains
(BREAM) Volume II: Nguru Mountains Report, Mvomero District.
Society for Environmental Exploration and the University of Dar es
Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Menegon, M., Doggart, N. & Owen, N. (2008) The Nguru Mountains of
Tanzania, an outstanding hotspot of herpetofaunal diversity. Acta
Herpetologica, 3, 107-127.
Rubeho
TFCG, MUSE & Frontier Tanzania (unpublished data).
Rovero, F., Menegon, M., Leonard, C., Perkin, A., Doggart, N.,
Mbilinyi, M. & Mlawila, L. (2008) A previously unsurveyed forest in
the Rubeho Mountains of Tanzania reveals new species and range
records. Oryx, 42, 16-17.
Ukaguru
Frontier Tanzania (unpublished data).
Mahenge
Bracebridge, C., Beharrell, N.K., Fanning, E. & Howell, K.H. (2004)
Mahenge Scarp Forest Reserve: a biodiversity survey. Frontier Tanzania
Environmental Research Report 107. Society for Environmental
Exploration and University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Available at: http://www.easternarc.or.tz/mahenge (accessed December
2013).
Owen, N., Wilkins, V., Fanning, E. & Howell, K.H. (2007) Biodiversity
Research and Awareness in the lesser-known Eastern Arc Mountains
(BREAM) Volume I: Mahenge Mountains Report, Ulanga District.
Society for Environmental Exploration and the University of Dar es
Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Available at:
http://easternarc.or.tz/downloads/07/BREAM_Vol_1_Mahenge_Mtns_
Ulanga_District_Report.pdf (accessed December 2013).
Malundwe
Norton, G. (2006) Proceedings of a Workshop to document lessons
learnt from the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund’s investment in
research, monitoring and awareness raising in the Eastern Arc
Mountains and Coastal Forests of Kenya and Tanzania. Presentation 16:
Malundwe Mountain: exploring a little known Eastern Arc forest. Dar es
Salaam, Tanzania. Available at:
http://cepf.tfcg.org/downloads/CEPF.SFD3.
Workshop.Proceedings.pdf (accessed December 2013).
Lawson, L.P. & Collett, L. (2011) Herpetofauna of Montane Areas of
Tanzania. 1. Results from Two Amphibian Surveys of Malundwe
Mountain, Mikumi National Park. Fieldjana, 4, 74-80.
Stanley, W.T., Norton, G., Kihaule, P.M., Collett, L. & McQuaid, K.
(2007) Additional Notes on the Small Mammals of Malundwe
Mountain, Mikumi National Park, Tanzania. Journal of East Africa
Natural History, 96, 203-214.
Collett, L., Hawkins, D., Kidung’ho, C., Marwa, W. & Norton, G.W.
(2007) A description and evaluation of Malundwe Mountain forest in
Mikumi National Park, Tanzania. Proceedings of the 6th TAWIRI
Scientific conference, 3-6 Dec 2007, Arusha, Tanzania.
Udzungwa
Doggart, N., Leonard, C., Perkin, A., Menegon, M. & Rovero, F. (2008)
The biodiversity and forest condition of Udzungwa Mountain Forests in
Mufindi District. TFCG Technical paper 18, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Available at: http://www.tfcg.org/pdf/TFCG-MTSN-MufindiBiodiversity-Survey-Report.pdf (accessed December 2013).
Rovero, F., Rathbun, G.B., Perkin, A., Jones, T., Ribble, D.O., Leonard,
C., Mwakisoma, R.R. & Doggart, N. (2008) A new species of giant
sengi or elephant-shrew (genus Rhynchocyon) highlights the exceptional
biodiversity of the Udzungwa Mountains of Tanzania. Journal of
Zoology (London), 274, 126-133.
Bowie, R.C.K, Fjeldså, J., Kiure, J. & Bolding, J.T. (in press) Description
and affinities of a new member of the Greater Double-collared Sunbird
complex (Passeriformes: Nectariniidae) discovered in the Eastern Arc
Mountains of Africa. Zootaxa.
Fjeldså, J., Bowie, R.C.K. & Kiure, J. (2006) The forest batis, Batis
mixta in two species: description of a new, narrowly distributed Batis
species in the Eastern Arc biodiversity hotspot. Journal of Ornithology,
147, 578-590.
Rovero, F. & De Luca, D.W. (2007) Checklist of mammals of the
Udzungwa Mountains of Tanzania. Mammalia, 71, 47-55.
Menegon, M., Tolley, K., Jones, T., Rovero, F., Marshall, A.R. &
Tilbury, C. (2009) A new species of chameleon (Sauria:
Chamaeleonidae: Kinyongia) from the Magombera forest and the
Udzungwa Mountains National Park, Tanzania. African Journal of
Herpetology, 58, 59-70.
Mariaux, J., Lutzmann, N. & Stipala, J. (2008) The two-horned
chamaeleons of East Africa. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
152, 367-391.
Tilbury, C. (2010) Chameleons of Africa: An Atlas, Including the
Chameleons of Europe, the Middle East and Asia. Edition Chimaira,
Frankfurt.
Table S2. Survey effort scores by forest site for forest vertebrates in the Eastern Arc Mountains of
Kenya and Tanzania, used to calculate the bloc-level index of cumulative survey effort reported in
Table S3 (see Methods for details on deriving the score and calculating the index).
Bloc
Forest name
Forest area (ha)
Birds
Mammals
Amphibians
Reptiles
E. Usambara
E. Usambara
E. Usambara
E. Usambara
E. Usambara
E. Usambara
E. Usambara
E. Usambara
E. Usambara
E. Usambara
E. Usambara
E. Usambara
E. Usambara
E. Usambara
E. Usambara
E. Usambara
E. Usambara
E. Usambara
E. Usambara
E. Usambara
E. Usambara
E. Usambara (lowlands)
E. Usambara (lowlands)
E. Usambara (lowlands)
E. Usambara (lowlands)
E. Usambara (lowlands)
E. Usambara (lowlands)
E. Usambara (lowlands)
Mahenge
Mahenge
Mahenge
Mahenge
Mahenge
Mahenge
Mahenge
Mahenge
Malundwe
N. Pare
N. Pare
N. Pare
N. Pare
N. Pare
N. Pare
Nguru
Nguru
Nguru
Nguru
Nguu
Nguu
Nguu
Nguu
Nguu
Nguu
Nguu
Handeni Hill
Bombo West
Amani Nature Reserve
Nilo
Mtai
Kwamkoro
Manga
Kwamgumi
Bamba
Segoma
Kambai
Longuza Teak plantation
Semdoe
Derema
Mlinga
Mfundia
Magrotto (estate)
Mlungui
Handei
Kizee
Kizangata
Kwani
Tongwe
Mgambo
Bombo East I
Kwamarimba
Bombo East II
Mpanga
Mselezi
Nambiga
Sali
Nawenge
Muhulu
Mahenge scarp
Myoe
Ligamba
Mikumi National Park
Mramba
Kiverenge
Kindoroko
Minja
Kamwella II
Kamwella I
Nguru South
Kanga
Mkindu
Magotwe
Nguru North
Kilindi
Derema
Mkuli Extn.
Pumula
Mkongo
Mbwegere
544
3523
8380
6025
3107
2209
1635
1149
1109
1100
1050
996
980
960
840
786.4
215
200
156
39.4
6.2
2545.1
1560
1346
1120
1032
470
26
2245
1390.1
983
623
609.9
387
93.1
15.8
100
3355
2155
885
520.4
293
199
18792.6
6664.2
5244
709
14041.5
4949
3928
2931.2
1062
984.6
740
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.2
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0.2
0.2
0.5
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.5
0.5
0
0.5
0.5
0
0
0.5
0.5
0
0
0.5
0.5
0
0
0
0
0
0.2
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.2
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0.2
0.2
0.5
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.5
0.5
0
0.5
0.5
0
0
0.5
0.5
0
0
0.5
0.5
0
0
0
0
0
0.2
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.2
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0.2
0.2
0.5
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.5
0.5
0
0.5
0.5
0
0
0.5
0.5
0
0
0.5
0.5
0
0
0
0
0
0.2
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.2
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0.2
0.2
0.5
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.5
0.5
0
0.5
0.5
0
0
0.5
0.5
0
0
0.5
0.5
0
0
0
0
0
Nguu
Nguu
Nguu (outlier)
Nguru (outlier)
Nguu (outlier)
Rubeho
Rubeho
Rubeho
Rubeho
Rubeho
Rubeho
S. Pare
S. Pare
S. Pare
S. Pare
S. Pare
S. Pare
S. Pare
S. Pare
S. Pare
S. Pare
S. Pare
S. Pare
S. Pare
S. Pare
Taita hills
Taita hills
Taita hills
Udzungwa
Udzungwa
Udzungwa
Udzungwa
Udzungwa
Udzungwa
Udzungwa
Udzungwa
Udzungwa
Udzungwa
Udzungwa
Udzungwa
Udzungwa
Udzungwa
Udzungwa
Udzungwa
Udzungwa
Udzungwa
Udzungwa
Udzungwa
Udzungwa
Udzungwa
Udzungwa
Udzungwa
Udzungwa
Udzungwa
Udzungwa
Udzungwa
Udzungwa
Udzungwa
Udzungwa
Udzungwa
Udzungwa
Udzungwa
Mkuli/W. of River
Kwediboma
Rudewa South
Pagale
Jungu
Mangalisa
Mafwomero
Wota
Ukwiva
Pala-Ulanga
Ilole forest
Chome
Chambogo
Kwizu
Vumari
Mwala
Kwamwenda
Kiranga-Hengae
Chongweni
Kankoma
Kisiwani
Maganda
Dido
Mambugi
Ishereto
Ngangao
Chawia
Other fragments
W. Kilombero Scarp
Uzungwa scarp
Kisinga-Lugalo
Image
New Dabaga
Ulagambi
Kilanzi Kitungulu
Njerera (Luhega)
Brook Bond
Ihang'ana
Kigogo
Mufindi Scarp East
Mufindi Tea
Mufindi Scarp West
Lugoda Lutali
Malenda Farm
Idewa
Luhunga
Kidegemsitu
Lulanda
Mpanga
Kibao
Kidete
Mkonge
Ipafu
Ukami
Madisi
Kitwile
Kyfulilo Farm
Myangala
Lufuna
Igoda
Duma
Ndynduli
599.8
285
555.6
12950
261
4988
3237
1024
78780
10610.3
2500
14282
5466.6
3070
1829
1373
583
321
92.3
74
50
28
?
?
?
92
50
13
38500
19384
9360
4897
3296
2057
1100
23833
12000
2882
2522
2300
1000
835
440
400
291
252
218
197
116
108
105
97
88
85
84
69
50
35
35
33
11
5
0
0
0
0
0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.2
0
0
0
0.5
0.5
0.5
1
0.5
0.5
0.5
1
0
0
0
0.5
0
0.2
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.2
0
0
0
0
0.5
0
0
0
0
0.2
0.2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.5
0.5
0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.5
0.5
0.5
1
0.5
0.2
0.2
1
0.2
0
0
0.2
0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.2
0
0
0
0
0.5
0
0
0
0
0.2
0.2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.2
0.2
0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.5
0.5
0.5
1
0.5
0.2
0.2
1
0
0
0
0.2
0
0.2
0
0
0
0.2
0
0
0
0
0.5
0
0
0
0
0.2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.2
0.2
0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.5
0.5
0.5
1
0.5
0.2
0.2
1
0
0
0
0.2
0
0.2
0
0
0
0.2
0
0
0
0
0.5
0
0
0
0
0.2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Udzungwa
Udzungwa
Udzungwa
Udzungwa
Udzungwa
Udzungwa
Udzungwa
Udzungwa
Udzungwa (outlier)
Udzungwa
Udzungwa
Udzungwa
Udzungwa
Ukaguru
Ukaguru
Ukaguru
Ukaguru
Ukaguru
Ukaguru
Ukaguru
Uluguru
Uluguru
Uluguru
Uluguru
Uluguru
Uluguru
Uluguru
Uluguru
Uluguru
Uluguru
Uluguru
Uluguru
Uluguru
Uluguru
Uluguru
Uluguru
Uluguru
Uluguru
Uluguru
Uluguru
Uluguru
Uluguru
Uluguru
Uluguru (outlier)
Uluguru (outlier)
Uluguru (outlier)
Uluguru (outlier)
Uluguru (outlier)
W. Usambara
W. Usambara
W. Usambara
W. Usambara
W. Usambara
W. Usambara
W. Usambara
W. Usambara
W. Usambara
W. Usambara
W. Usambara
W. Usambara
W. Usambara
W. Usambara
Iyondo
Uzungwa scarp (part)
Matundu
Nyanganje
Iwonde
Ihanga
Ibiti
Mwanihana
Magombera
Kimala
Kitonga
Kitemele
Kawemba
Mlali
Mamiwa Kisara North
Mamiwa Kisara South
Ikwamba
Mamboya
Uponera
Mamboto
Uluguru south
Uluguru north
Ruvu
Kilengwe (Mvuha)
Chamanyani
Konga
Kimboza
Mvuha
Kisego (Matombo)
Kasanga
Lukenge (Matombo)
Mhangala
Mlaliwila
Nemele (Mkuyuni)
Mangala
Gunaye (Mkuyuni)
Ngambaula (Mkuyuni)
Tongeni river
Shikurufumi
Bunduki I-III
Bunduki IV
Bunduki VI
Bunduki VI
Nguru ya Ndege
Mindu
Kitulang'halo
Mkungwe
Dindili
Shume Magamba
Shagayu
Mkusu
Baga -II
Kisima Gonja
Kisimagonja
Ndelemai
Bumba Mavumbi
Mweni Gombero
Balangai West
Chambogo
Kitara ridge
Mzinga
Yumbu
27974.5
20720
10000
9000
6166
3467
?
18000
1578
1000
629
273
58
6216
6775
6266.4
899
455
375
137
17292.7
8356.7
3093.5
995
796
503
405
141.6
118.6
70
57.9
34.8
12.8
8.2
7
2.8
2.8
?
260
111
6.1
3.7
2.6
2407.7
2285
2238
1966.8
1006.9
12225
7834
3674
3059
1440.3
1423.6
1421
1044
1029
1003.3
605
388
355.5
350
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0
0.5
0.5
0
0
0
0
0.2
0.5
0.5
0
0
0
0
1
1
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0
0
0
0.5
0.5
0
0.5
0
0
0.5
0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0
0
0.5
0
0.5
0.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.2
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0
1
0.5
0
0
0
0
0
0.5
0.5
0
0
0
0
1
1
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.2
0.5
0.5
0
0
0
0.2
0.2
0
0.2
0
0
0.5
0.5
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.5
0
0
0.2
0
0.2
0.2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.2
0.5
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.5
0
0.2
0.2
0
0
0
0
0
0.5
0.5
0
0
0
0
1
1
0.5
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.5
0.2
0
0
0
0.2
0.2
0
0.2
0
0
0.5
0.5
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.5
0
0
0.2
0
0.2
0.2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.2
0.5
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.5
0
0.2
0.2
0
0
0
0
0
0.5
0.5
0
0
0
0
1
1
0.5
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.5
0.2
0
0
0
0.2
0.2
0
0.2
0
0
0.5
0.5
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.5
0
0
0.2
0
0.2
0.2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
W. Usambara
W. Usambara
W. Usambara
W. Usambara
W. Usambara
W. Usambara
W. Usambara
W. Usambara
W. Usambara
W. Usambara
W. Usambara
W. Usambara
W. Usambara
W. Usambara
W. Usambara
W. Usambara
W. Usambara
W. Usambara
W. Usambara
W. Usambara
W. Usambara
W. Usambara
W. Usambara
W. Usambara
W. Usambara
W. Usambara
W. Usambara (outlier)
W. Usambara (outlier)
W. Usambara (outlier)
Mazashai
Baghoi
Mahezangulu
Mtumbi
Bombo Makole
Kikongoloi
Mzongoti
Kwamongo
Manka
Kifulio
Shukilai
Sekigoto
Tanda
Deai
Dindira
Shume Magamba Extn.
Kwebagu/Hebangwe
Shambalai
Kwenyashu
Lutindi (KKKT)
Ndolwa
Ambangulu
Dindira
Balangai East
Mgombani
Vugiri
Mafi Hill
Bumba Mavumbi
Mahenzangulu
350
334.7
322
304
263
245.2
154
142
133.6
130
100
100
100
100
80
48.9
33.6
21
16.2
2150
1173.8
772
599
325.8
95
40
4508
1056
325.8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Table S3. Index of cumulative survey effort deployed for forest vertebrates in the Eastern Arc
Mountains of Kenya and Tanzania (see Methods for details on calculation of the index).
Mountain bloc
Birds
Mammals
East Usambara
Mahenge
Malundwe
Nguru
Nguu
North Pare
Rubeho
South Pare
Taita
Udzungwa
Ukaguru
Uluguru
West Usambara
0.974
0.246
0.500
0.287
0.313
0.321
0.500
0.303
0.500
0.500
0.385
0.161
0.205
0.974
0.246
0.500
0.287
0.313
0.321
0.445
0.303
0.500
0.822
0.385
0.403
0.092
Amphibians Reptiles
0.974
0.246
0.500
0.287
0.313
0.321
0.178
0.263
0.500
0.227
0.385
0.403
0.075
0.974
0.246
0.500
0.287
0.313
0.321
0.178
0.263
0.500
0.227
0.385
0.403
0.075
All vertebrates
0.974
0.246
0.500
0.287
0.313
0.321
0.325
0.283
0.500
0.444
0.385
0.343
0.112
(Arizelocichla fusciceps)
Arizelocichla masukuensis
Arizelocichla milanjensis
Arizelocichla neumanii
Anthreptes pallidigaster
Anthreptes rubritorques
Apalis chapini
Apalis chariessa
Apalis fuscigularis
Arcanator orostruthus
Artisornis metopiasa
Artisornis moreaui
new name
record
removed,
new name
new name
new name
new name
0
1
1
0
1
1
Udzungwa
1
Mahenge
1
Malundwe
Uluguru
Nguru
Nguu
East Usambara
West Usambara
South Pare
North Pare
Taita
Rubeho
BIRDS
Arizelocichla chlorigulaa
Record type
Ukaguru
Species
IUCN Threat Status
Endemism
Table S4. List of vertebrates that are endemic (E) or regional endemic (RE) in the Eastern Arc Mountains of Kenya and Tanzania. Record type
indicates new species, new records (species not recorded before) and species whose name was changed since Burgess et al. (2007). Presence of
species among forest blocks is indicated with ‘1’ (in bold when new records), while ‘0’ indicates a removed record. Following standard
nomenclature codes, authority names are in parenthesis when the original name was changed. For the 6 new species awaiting full description but
already assessed as being new, the authority column indicate the reference to published morphological and molecular assessment (full reference in
footnotes). They are listed with their proposed genus name followed by ‘sp. nov.’, except for Laniarius (fuelleborni) usambaricus (see footnotes).
Authority
(Reichenow, 1899)
RE
(Shelley, 1893)
Shelley, 1897
(Shelley, 1896)
(Shelley, 1893)
Reichenow, 1905
Sclater & Moreau, 1935
Friedmann, 1928
Reichenow, 1879
Moreau, 1938
(Vincent, 1933)
(Reichenow, 1907)
(Sclater, 1931)
RE
RE LC
RE LC
E LC
RE EN
E VU
RE LC
RE VU
E CR
RE LC
RE LC
RE CR
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Batis crypta
Batis mixta
Bubo vosseleri
Cinnyricinclus femoralis
Cisticola nigriloris
Cisticola njombe
Crithagra melanochrous
Crithagra whytii
Hyliota usambarae
Laniarius fuelleborni
Laniarius (fuelleborni)
usambaricusb
Lanius marwitzi
Malaconotus alius
Modulatrix stictigula
Nectarinia fuelleborni
Nectarinia loveridgei
Nectarinia mediocris
Nectarinia moreaui
Nectarinia rufipennis
Nectarinia whytei skyeorum
Nectarinia usambarica
Oriolus chlorocephalus
Ploceus nicolli
Poeoptera kenricki
Scepomycter rubehoepsis
Scepomycter winifredae
Sheppardia aurantiithorax
Sheppardia gunningia
new species
new name
new name
new species
new record
new record
(new
subspecies)
new species
Fjeldså, Bowie & Kiure,
2006
(Shelley, 1889)
Reichenow, 1907
(Richmond, 1897)
Shelley, 1897
Lynes, 1933
Reichenow, 1900
Shelley, 1897
Sclater, 1932
(Reichenow, 1900)
RE LC
RE LC
E VU
RE VU
RE LC
RE LC
RE LC
RE LC
E EN
RE LC
Voelker et al. 2010
Reichenow, 1901
Friedmann, 1927
Reichenow, 1906
Reichenow, 1899
(Hartert, 1922)
(Shelley, 1885)
(Sclater, 1933)
Jensen, 1983
E
RE LC
E CR
RE LC
RE LC
E EN
RE LC
E LC
E VU
Bowie et al., 2013c
(Grote, 1922)
Shelley, 1896
Sclater, 1931
Shelley, 1894
Bowie, Fjeldså & Kiure,
2009
(Moreau, 1938)
Beresford et al., 2004
(Reichenow, 1878)
E
E
RE
E
RE
1
1
1
E
E VU
E EN
RE NT
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
LC
EN
LC
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
Sheppardia lowei
Sheppardia montana
Sheppardia sharpeia
Stactolaema olivaceaa
Swynnertonia swynnertoni
Turdus helleri
Turdus roehli
Xenoperdix obscurata
Xenoperdix udzungwensis
Zosterops silvanus
Zosterops winifredae
MAMMALS
Beamys hindei
Cephalophus spadix
Cercocebus sanjei
Congosorex phillipsorum
Crocidura desperata
Crocidura monax sensu lato
Crocidura tansaniana
Crocidura telfordi
Crocidura usambarae
Dendrohyrax validus
Galagoides orinus
Galagoides zanzibaricus
Hylomyscus arcimontensis
Rungwecebus kipunji
Myonycteris relicta
Myosorex geata
(Grant & MackworthPraed, 1941)
(Reichenow, 1907)
(Shelley, 1903)
(Shelley, 1880)
(Shelley, 1906)
(Mearns, 1913)
Reichenow, 1905§
Fjeldså & Kiure 2003
Dinesen et al., 1994
Peter & Loveridge, 1935
Sclater, 1935
Thomas, 1909
True, 1890
Mittermeier, 1986
Stanley et al., 2005
Hutterer et al., 1991
Thomas, 1910
Hutterer, 1986
Hutterer, 1986
Dippenaar, 1980
(True, 1890)
Lawrence & Washburn,
1936
(Matschie, 1893)
Carleton & Stanley, 2005
Jones et al., 2005
Bergmans, 1980
(Allen & Loveridge,
1927)
RE VU
E EN
RE LC
RE LC
RE VU
E CR
E
E
E EN
E
E
RE
RE
E
E
RE
RE
E
E
E
RE
LC
EN
EN
CR
EN
LC
EN
EN
EN
LC
E DD
RE LC
RE
RE CR
RE VU
E
EN
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Myosorex kihaulei
Paraxerus lucifer
Paraxerus vexillarius
Procolobus gordonorum
Rhinolophus deckenii
Rhinolophus maendeleo
Rhynchocyon petersi
Rhynchocyon udzungwensis
Sylvisorex howelli
new record
new species
REPTILES
Afrotyphlops gierrai
new name
Afrotyphlops nigrocandidus
Afrotyphlops usambaricus
new name
new name
Agama montana
Amblyodipsas teitana
Aparallactus werneri
Atheris barbouri
Atheris ceratophora
Buhoma procterae
Buhoma vauerocegae
Cnemaspis barbouri
Cnemaspis uzungwae
Cordylus ukingensis
Crotaphopeltis tornieri
Dipsadoboa werneri
Elapsoidea nigra
Gastropholis prasina
Kinyongia bohemei
new name
new name
new record
new record
Stanley & Hutterer, 2000
(Thomas, 1897)
(Kershaw, 1923)
(Matschie, 1900)
Peters, 1867
Kock, Csorba & Howell,
2000
Bocage, 1880
Rathbun & Rovero, 2008
Jenkins, 1984
Mocquard, 1897
Broadley & Wallach,
2000
(Laurent, 1964)
Barbour & Loveridge,
1928
Broadley, 1971
Boulenger, 1895
Loveridge, 1930
Werner, 1895
(Loveridge, 1922)
(Tornier, 1902)
Perret, 1986
Perret, 1986
(Loveridge, 1932)
Werner, 1908
(Boulenger, 1897)
Günther, 1888
Werner, 1904
(Lutzmann & Necas,
2002)
E EN
RE DD
RE NT
E EN
RE DD
1
1
EN
1
E
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
E
E
E
E
RE
RE
E
E
E
RE
RE
RE
RE
E
E
RE
1
1
1
RE DD
RE VU
E VU
E EN
E
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
DD
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
VU
VU
1
1
1
1
1
1
EN
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
Kinyongia fischeri
Kinyongia magomberae
Kinyongia matschiei
Kinyongia multituberculata
Kinyongia oxyrhina
Kinyongia tavetana
Kinyongia tenue
Kinyongia sp. nov.
Kinyongia uluguruensis
Kinyongia voesseleri
Leptosiaphos rhomboidalis
new name
new species
Letheobia uluguruensis
Lycophidion uzungwense
Lygodactylus conradti
Lygodactylus gravis
Lygodactylus uluguruensis
Lygodactylus williamsi
Melanoseps uzungwensis
Philothamnus macrops
Proscelotes eggeli
new name
Prosymna ornatissima
Prosymna semifasciata
Rhampholeon acuminatus
Rhampholeon beraduccii
Rhampholeon moyeria
Rhampholeon spinosum
Rhampholeon temporalis
Rhampholeon uluguruensis
(complex) a
Rhampholeon viridis
Rieppeleon brevicaudatus
new name
new record
new name
new species
new record
new record
new record
new record
new record
new record
(Reichenow, 1887)
Menegon et al., 2009
(Werner, 1895)
(Neiden, 1913)
Klaver & Böhme, 1988
(Steindachner, 1891)
Matschie, 1892
Tolley et al., 2011 d
(Loveridge, 1957)
(Neiden, 1913)
Broadley, 1989
Barbour & Loveridge,
1928
Loveridge, 1932
Matschie, 1892
Pasteur, 1964
Pasteur, 1964
Loveridge, 1952
(Loveridge, 1942)
(Boulenger, 1895)
Tornier 1902
Barbour & Loveridge,
1928
Broadley, 1995
Mariaux & Tilbury, 2006
Mariaux & Tilbury, 2006
Menegon et al., 2002
Matschie, 1892
Matschie, 1892
Tilbury & Emmrich,
1996
Mariaux & Tilbury, 2006
(Matschie, 1892)
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
E
E
RE
RE VU
RE
CR
E
RE
E
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
E CR
RE
E
E
E
E EN
E
E
E
RE
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Scelotes uluguruensis
Tetradactylus udzungwensis
Thelotornis usambaricus
Trioceros deremensis
Trioceros goetzei
Trioceros laterispinis
Trioceros tempeli
Trioceros werneri
Urocotyledon rasmusseni
Urocotyledon wolterstorffi
new name
new name
new name
new name
new name
new species
Xyeledontophis uluguruensis
AMPHIBIANS
Afrixalus morerei
Afrixalus uluguruensisa
Afrixalus sp. nov.
Amietia tenuoplicata
Amietia viridireticulata
Amietophrynus brauni
Petropedetes martiensseni
Petropedetes yakusinia
Petropedetes sp. nov.
Arthroleptis affinisa
Arthroleptis anotis
Arthroleptis fichika
Arthroleptis nguruensis
Arthroleptis kidogo
Arthroleptis nikeae
Arthroleptis reicheia
new species
new species
new species
new name
new name
new name
new species
new species
new species
new species
new species
Barbour & Loveridge,
1928
Salvidio et al., 2004
Broadley, 2001
(Matschie, 1892)
(Tornier, 1899)
(Loveridge, 1953)
(Tornier, 1899)
(Tornier, 1899)
Bauer & Menegon, 2006
Tornier, 1900
Broadley & Wallach,
2002
Dubois, 1986 "1985"
Barbour & Loveridge,
1928
Menegon et al., 2011 e
Pickersgill, 2007
Pickersgill, 2007
Nieden, 1910
Nieden, 1910
Channing et al., 2002
Menegon et al., 2008e,;
Loader et al., 2013f
Ahl, 1939
Loader et al., 2011
Blackburn, 2009
Poynton et al., 2009
Blackburn, 2009
Poynton, 2003
Nieden, 1910
E
E
RE
E
RE
E VU
RE
E
E
RE
1
0
1
1
1
1
VU
RE
E
E
E
E
RE
E
EN
E
RE
E
E
E
E
E
RE
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
DD
DD
EN
EN
EN
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
LC
EN
VU
CR
EN
NT
1
0
E
E
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Arthroleptis stridens
Arthroleptis tanneri
Arthroleptis xenodactylus
Boulengerula boulengeria
Boulengerula niedeni
Boulengerula taitana
Boulengerula uluguruensisa
Callulina dawidae
Callulina hanseni
Callulina kanga
Callulina kisiwamsitu
Callulina krefftia
Callulina laphami
Callulina meteora
Callulina shengena
Callulina stanleyi
new species
new species
new species
new species
new species
new species
new species
new species
Churamiti maridadi
Hoplophryne rogersi
Hoplophryne uluguruensisa
Hoplophryne sp. nov.
new species
Hyperolius kihangensis
Hyperolius minutissimus
Hyperolius pseudargus
Hyperolius substriatusa
Hyperolius spinigularis
Hyperolius tannerorum
Hyperolius tornieri
Leptopelis barbouria
new record
new name
Pickersgill, 2007
Grandison, 1983
(Boulenger, 1909)
Tornier, 1896
Müller et al., 2005
Loveridge, 1935
Barbour & Loveridge,
1928
Loader et al., 2009
Loader et al., 2010
Loader et al., 2010
de Sa et al., 2004
Nieden, 1911 "1910"
Loader et al., 2010
Menegon et al., 2011
Loader et al., 2010
Loader et al., 2010
Channing & Stanley,
2002
Barbour & Loveridge,
1928
Loveridge, 1925
Menegon et al., 2011e
Schiøtz and Westergaard,
1999
Schiøtz, 1975
Schiotz & Westergaard,
1999
Ahl, 1931
Stevens, 1971
Schiøtz, 1982
Ahl, 1931
Ahl, 1929
E
E
E
E
E
E
DD
VU
VU
LC
EN
EN
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
LC
CR
CR
EN
LC
CR
CR
CR
CR
E
CR
E
E
E
EN
EN
E
RE
EN
VU
1
1
RE
RE
RE
E
E
RE
LC
LC
LC
EN
DD
VU
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Leptopelis parkeri
a
Leptopelis uluguruensisa
Leptopelis vermiculatusa
Mertensophryne usambarae
Mertensophryne uzunguensis
Nectophrynoides asperginis
Nectophrynoides cryptus
Nectophrynoides frontierei
Nectophrynoides laevis
Nectophrynoides laticeps
Nectophrynoides minutusa
Nectophrynoides paulae
Nectophrynoides poyntoni
Nectophrynoides
pseudotornieri
Nectophrynoides tornieria
Nectophrynoides
vestergaardi
Nectophrynoides viviparusa
Nectophrynoides wendyae
Nectophrynoides sp. nov. 1
Nectophrynoides sp. nov. 2
new name
new name
new record
new species
new species
new species
Parhoplophryne usambarica
Phlyctimantis keithae
Phrynobatrachus kreffti
Phrynobatrachus
uzungwensis
Probreviceps loveridgei
new record
Probreviceps macrodactylusa
Probreviceps rungwensisa
Barbour & Loveridge,
1928
Barbour & Loveridge,
1928
(Boulenger, 1909)
Poynton & Clarke, 1999
Loveridge, 1932
Poynton et al., 1999
Perret, 1971
Menegon et al., 2004
Menegon et al., 2004
Channing et al., 2005
Perret, 1972
Menegon et al., 2007
Menegon et al., 2004
E
EN
E
RE
E
RE
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
EN
VU
EN
VU
EW
EN
DD
DD
EN
EN
CR
CR
Menegon et al., 2004
Roux, 1906
E
RE
EN
LC
Menegon et al., 2004
Tornier, 1905
Clarke, 1988, 1989
Menegon et al., 2011e
Menegon et al., 2011e
Barbour & Loveridge,
1928
Schiøtz, 1974
Boulenger, 1909
Grandison & Howell,
1983
Parker, 1931
Nieden, 1926
(Loveridge, 1932)
E
RE
E
E
E
EN
VU
CR
E
E
E
CR
VU
EN
E
E
E
RE
VU
EN
EN
EN
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
Probreviceps uluguruensis
(Loveridge, 1925)
E
EN
1
a
Scolecomorphus kirkii
Boulenger, 1883
RE LC
1 1
1
1 1
Scolecomorphus
Barbour & Loveridge,
uluguruensisa
1928
E
LC
1
a
Scolecomorphus vittatus
Boulenger, 1895
E
LC
1 1 1 1 1
1 1
1
Spelaeophryne methneri
Ahl, 1924
RE LC
1
1 1
a
Unpublished molecular data suggests differentiation of additional cryptic species (M.M. & J.F., unpublished data).
b
Laniarius (fuelleborni) usambaricus is a subspecies that awaits description as a new species.
c
Bowie, R.C.K, Fjeldså, J., Kiure, J., Bolding, J.T., 2013. Description and affinities of a new member of the Greater Double-collared Sunbird complex
(Passeriformes: Nectariniidae) discovered in the Eastern Arc Mountains of Africa. Zootaxa in press.
d
Tolley, K.A., Tilbury, C.R., Measey, G.J., Menegon, M., Branch, W.R., Matthee, C.A., 2011. Ancient forest fragmentation or recent radiation?
Testing refugial speciation models in an African biodiversity hotspot. J. Biogeogr. 38, 1748-1760.
e
Menegon, M., Doggart, N., Owen, N., 2008. The Nguru Mountains of Tanzania, an outstanding hotspot of herpetofaunal diversity. Acta Herpetol.
3, 107-127.
f
Menegon, M., Bracebridge, C., Owen, N., Loader, S., 2011. Herpetofauna of Montane Areas of Tanzania. 4. Amphibians and Reptiles of Mahenge
Mountains, with Comments on Biogeography, Diversity, and Conservation. Fieldjana 4, 103-111.
g
Loader, S.P., Ceccarelli, F.S., Wilkinson, M., Mariaux, J., De Sa, R.O., Howell, K.H., Gower, D.J., 2013. Species boundaries and biogeography of
East African torrent frogs of the genus Petropedetes (Amphibia: Anura: Petropeditidae). Afr. J. Herpetol. 62, 40-48.
Table S5. Results of Generalized Linear Models for predictors of richness of forest vertebrates that are endemic (E), single-bloc endemic (SBE) or
regional endemic (RE) in the Eastern Arc Mountains of Kenya and Tanzania.
Variable
All vertebrates
Mammals
Estimate
SE
z value
P
Null deviance Residual
deviance
128.457
7.192
Model Fit
0.944
E
Log area
Rainfall
Forest loss
0.839
0.001
0.029
0.133
0.000
0.008
6.296
5.314
3.846
0.000
0.000
0.000
SBE
Effort
Log funding
Rainfall
% trees cut
-1.666
1.315
0.001
0.049
0.850
0.295
0.000
0.024
-1.960
4.459
4.277
2.058
0.049
0.000
0.000
0.034
65.256
9.205
0.859
RE
Log area
Log funding
Human density
Rainfall
Forest loss
% trees cut
0.397
0.234
-0.003
0.000
0.014
-0.021
0.119
0.111
0.002
0.000
0.009
0.013
3.332
2.097
-2.032
2.689
1.516
-1.596
0.001
0.036
0.042
0.007
0.129
0.111
85.509
7.989
0.907
E+RE
Log area
Log funding
Rainfall
Forest loss
% trees cut
0.518
0.219
0.001
0.011
-0.016
0.098
0.085
0.000
0.005
0.010
5.292
2.589
5.356
2.051
-1.659
0.000
0.009
0.000
0.040
0.097
196.091
13.347
0.932
E
Log area
1.661
0.437
3.802
0.000
25.202
6.052
0.760
Birds
Reptiles
SBEa
Elevation range
Log funding
16.090
15.400
34610
34610
0.000
0.000
1.000
1.000
RE
Effort
Log funding
Elevation range
Human density
-2.562
1.291
0.000
-0.006
1.471
0.602
0.002
0.004
-1.742
2.143
1.751
-1.424
0.082
0.032
0.080
0.154
14.324
2.03
0.859
E+RE
Elevation range
Human density
Forest loss
Log funding
0.001
-0.004
0.027
-0.265
0.000
0.003
0.015
0.162
3.154
-1.591
1.807
1.638
0.002
0.112
0.007
0.101
28.117
3.422
0.878
E
Log area
Elevation range
Forest loss
0.632
0.001
0.033
0.402
0.000
0.015
1.570
1.472
2.257
0.116
0.141
0.024
23.668
1.474
0.938
SBEa
Elevation range
0.003
0.001
2.713
0.007
RE
Log area
% trees cut
0.626
-0.026
0.152
0.018
4.128
-1.471
0.000
0.141
29.901
7.220
0.759
E+RE
Log area
0.731
0.136
5.381
0.000
43.594
8.146
0.813
E
Log area
Rainfall
Forest loss
% trees cut
0.865
0.001
0.052
-0.049
0.255
0.000
0.015
0.033
3.393
4.690
3.414
-1.498
0.001
0.000
0.001
0.134
62.878
2.017
0.968
Amphibians
SBEa
Log area
Effort
Log funding
Rainfall
Forest loss
-4.119
-8.041
5.816
0.007
0.164
2.540
4.777
3.075
0.004
0.147
-1.622
-1.683
1.891
1.661
1.120
0.105
0.092
0.059
0.097
0.263
RE
Log area
Effort
Rainfall
Forest loss
0.973
1.184
0.001
0.036
0.357
0.560
0.000
0.023
2.725
2.114
3.077
1.583
0.006
0.034
0.002
0.113
43.213
6.374
0.853
E+RE
Log area
Effort
Rainfall
Forest loss
% trees cut
0.904
0.634
0.001
0.045
-0.038
0.211
0.329
0.000
0.013
0.026
4.286
1.929
5.521
3.491
-1.485
0.000
0.054
0.000
0.002
0.137
101.871
4.561
0.955
E
Log area
Rainfall
Forest loss
0.537
0.001
0.024
0.203
0.000
0.012
2.645
3.745
1.964
0.008
0.000
0.050
44.158
8.117
0.816
SBE
Rainfall
Forest loss
0.001
0.055
0.000
0.021
3.456
2.553
0.001
0.011
25.957
7.591
0.708
RE
Log funding
Human density
Rainfall
Forest loss
% trees cut
0.406
-0.010
0.001
0.037
-0.068
0.211
0.004
0.000
0.020
0.040
1.934
-2.454
3.211
1.867
-1.699
0.053
0.014
0.001
0.062
0.090
41.727
14.803
0.645
E+RE
a
Log area
Log funding
Rainfall
Fitting problems due to excess of zeros.
0.380
0.319
0.001
0.177
0.146
0.000
2.144
2.179
4.040
0.032
0.029
0.000
71.378
16.509
0.769