• Autonomous Vehicles
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-autonomous-vehicles-toolkit.html
Radar - Frequency bands
1
W 75–110 GHz 2.7–4.0 mm used as
a visual sensor for experimental
autonomous vehicles, high-resolution
meteorological observation, and
imaging.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-autonomous-vehicles-toolkit.html
Autonomous car
Autonomous vehicles sense their
surroundings with such techniques as
radar, lidar, GPS, and computer vision.
Advanced control systems interpret
sensory information to identify
appropriate navigation paths, as well as
obstacles and relevant signage. Some
autonomous vehicles update their maps
based on sensory input, allowing the
vehicles to keep track of their position
even when conditions change or when
they enter uncharted environments.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-autonomous-vehicles-toolkit.html
Autonomous car
1
Numerous major companies and research
organizations have developed working
prototype autonomous vehicles, including
Mercedes-Benz, General Motors, Continental
Automotive Systems, Autoliv Inc., Bosch,
Nissan, Toyota, Audi, Vislab from University
of Parma, Oxford University and Google,
however last mentioned firm is not
developing but more or less producing from
what has been found in the user generated
bigdatabase owned by the company
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-autonomous-vehicles-toolkit.html
Autonomous car - 1980s
1
In the 1980s, a vision-guided MercedesBenz robotic van, designed by Ernst
Dickmanns and his team at the
Bundeswehr University Munich in Munich,
Germany, achieved a speed of 39 miles
per hour (63 km/h) on streets without
traffic. Subsequently, EUREKA conducted
the €749 million Prometheus Project on
autonomous vehicles from 1987 to 1995.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-autonomous-vehicles-toolkit.html
Autonomous car - 2000s
1
Autonomous vehicles have also
been used in mining
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-autonomous-vehicles-toolkit.html
Autonomous car - 2010s
1
In 2010, Italy's VisLab from the University
of Parma, lead by Professor Alberto
Broggi, ran the VisLab Intercontinental
Autonomous Challenge (VIAC), a 9,900mile (15,900 km) test run which marked
the first intercontinental land journey
completed by autonomous vehicles
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-autonomous-vehicles-toolkit.html
Autonomous car - 2010s
In 2013, on July 12, VisLab conducted
another pioneering test of autonomous
vehicles, during which a robotic vehicle
drove in downtown Parma with no human
control, successfully navigating
roundabouts, traffic lights, pedestrian
crossings and other common hazards.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-autonomous-vehicles-toolkit.html
Autonomous car - 2010s
Although as of 2013, fully autonomous
vehicles are not yet available to the public,
many contemporary car models have
features offering limited autonomous
functionality
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-autonomous-vehicles-toolkit.html
Autonomous car - Official projections
1
By Mid-2010's, Toyota plans to roll out
near-autonomous vehicles dubbed
Automated Highway Driving Assist
with Lane Trace Control and
Cooperative-adaptive Cruise Control.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-autonomous-vehicles-toolkit.html
Autonomous car - Legislation
In the United States, state vehicle
codes generally do not envisage — but
do not necessarily prohibit — highly
automated vehicles. To clarify the
legal status of and otherwise regulate
such vehicles, several states have
enacted or are considering specific
laws. As of the end of 2012, three U.S.
states, (Nevada, Florida, and
California) have successfully enacted
laws addressing autonomous vehicles.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-autonomous-vehicles-toolkit.html
Autonomous car - Legislation
1
Nevada thus became the first jurisdiction
in the world where autonomous vehicles
might be legally operated on public roads
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-autonomous-vehicles-toolkit.html
Autonomous car - Legislation
1
On 1 July 2012, Florida became the
second state to recognize the legality
of autonomous vehicles. Florida's law
clarifies that, "the State does not
prohibit or specifically regulate the
testing or operation of autonomous …
vehicles on public roads."
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-autonomous-vehicles-toolkit.html
Autonomous car - Legislation
1
In the 2013–2014 legislative session,
Colorado and Michigan introduced
legislation addressing the regulation of
autonomous vehicles. Michigan's
proposed bill is currently in the State
Senate Transportation Committee.
Colorado's proposed bill was rejected in
committee in February 2013.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-autonomous-vehicles-toolkit.html
Autonomous car - Forecasts
Navigant Research forecasts that
autonomous vehicles will gradually gain
traction in the market over the coming two
decades and by 2035, sales of
autonomous vehicles will reach 95.4
million annually, representing 75% of all
light-duty vehicle sales.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-autonomous-vehicles-toolkit.html
Autonomous car - Notable projects
The Google driverless car project
maintains a test fleet of autonomous
vehicles that has driven 300,000 miles
(480,000 km) with no machine-caused
accidents as of August 2012.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-autonomous-vehicles-toolkit.html
Autonomous car - Notable projects
The €800 million EC EUREKA
Prometheus Project conducted
research on autonomous vehicles
from 1987 to 1995. Among its
culmination points were the twin robot
vehicles VITA-2 and VaMP of DaimlerBenz and Ernst Dickmanns, driving
long distances in heavy traffic.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-autonomous-vehicles-toolkit.html
Autonomous car - Notable projects
The 2010 VIAC Challenge saw four
autonomous vehicles drive from Italy to
China on a 100-day 9,900-mile (15,900
km) trip with only limited human
intervention, such as in traffic jams and
when passing toll stations. At the time, this
was the longest-ever journey conducted
by an unmanned vehicle.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-autonomous-vehicles-toolkit.html
Autonomous car - In film
The 2004 film I, Robot features
autonomous vehicles driving on highways,
allowing the car to travel safer at higher
speeds than if manually controlled. The
option to manually operate the vehicles is
available.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-autonomous-vehicles-toolkit.html
Automobile
1
Fully autonomous vehicles, also known as
driverless cars, already exist in prototype
(such as the Google driverless car), and
are expected to be commercially available
around 2020
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-autonomous-vehicles-toolkit.html
Mercedes-Benz - Robot cars
Partially encouraged by Dickmanns'
success, in 1987 the European Union's
EUREKA programme initiated the
Prometheus Project on autonomous
vehicles, funded to the tune of nearly €800
million
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-autonomous-vehicles-toolkit.html
Computer vision - Applications for computer vision
1
Space exploration is already being made
with autonomous vehicles using computer
vision, e.g., NASA's Mars Exploration
Rover and ESA's ExoMars Rover.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-autonomous-vehicles-toolkit.html
Areas of robotics - Branches of robotics
1
* Simultaneous localization and mapping a technique used by robots and
autonomous vehicles to build up a map
within an unknown environment (without a
priori knowledge), or to update a map
within a known environment (with a priori
knowledge from a given map), while at the
same time keeping track of their current
location.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-autonomous-vehicles-toolkit.html
Areas of robotics - Robotics competitions
* DARPA Grand Challenge - prize
competition for American vehicle
automation|autonomous vehicles, funded
by the Defense Advanced Research
Projects Agency, the most prominent
research organization of the United States
United States Department of
Defense|Department of Defense.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-autonomous-vehicles-toolkit.html
DARPA Grand Challenge
1
The 'DARPA Grand Challenge' is a prize
competition for American vehicle
automation|autonomous vehicles, funded
by the Defense Advanced Research
Projects Agency, the most prominent
research organization of the United States
United States Department of
Defense|Department of Defense
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-autonomous-vehicles-toolkit.html
DARPA Grand Challenge - History and background
1
Fully autonomous vehicles have been
an international pursuit for many
years, from endeavors in Japan
(starting in 1977), Germany (Ernst
Dickmanns and VaMP), Italy (the
ARGO Project), the European Union
(EUREKA Prometheus Project), the
United States of America, and other
countries.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-autonomous-vehicles-toolkit.html
Google driverless car - Commercialization
The first bill is an amendment to an
electric vehicle bill that provides for the
licensing and testing of autonomous
vehicles
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-autonomous-vehicles-toolkit.html
EUREKA Prometheus Project
The 'Eureka (organization)|Eureka
PROMETHEUS Project' ('PRO'gra'M'me
for a 'E'uropean 'T'raffic of 'H'ighest
'E'fficiency and 'U'nprecedented 'S'afety,
1987-1995) was the largest RD project
ever in the field of driverless cars. It
received in funding from the EUREKA
member states, and defined the state of
the art of autonomous vehicles.
Numerous universities and car
manufacturers participated in this PanEuropean project.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-autonomous-vehicles-toolkit.html
Laser radar - Autonomous Vehicles
Autonomous vehicles use LiDAR for
obstacle detection and avoidance to
navigate safely through environments.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-autonomous-vehicles-toolkit.html
Real-Time Control System - Overview
1
Over three decades, it has evolved into a
real-time control architecture for intelligent
machine tools, factory automation
systems, and intelligent autonomous
vehicles.Jim Albus, Tony Barbera, Craig
Schlenoff (2004)
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-autonomous-vehicles-toolkit.html
Alberto Broggi - Main Milestones
1
namely races amongst
autonomous vehicles
that
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-autonomous-vehicles-toolkit.html
Alberto Broggi - Main Milestones
the history of autonomous vehicles: in
2005 TerraMax (vehicle)Deborah Braid,
Alberto Broggi, and Gary Schmiedel, The
TerraMax Autonomous Vehicle, Journal of
Field Robotics, 23(9):693-708, September
2006 -a 14 ton truck1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-autonomous-vehicles-toolkit.html
Bowler Wildcat - Research platform
The second is used by the
[http://www.robots.ox.ac.uk/~mobile
Mobile Robotics Group] at Oxford
University as part of their ongoing
research into lifelong infrastructure-free
navigation for autonomous vehicles.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-autonomous-vehicles-toolkit.html
Simultaneous localization and mapping
1
'Simultaneous localization and mapping'
('SLAM') is a technique used by robots
and autonomous vehicles to build up a
map within an unknown environment
(without a priori knowledge), or to update a
map within a known environment (with a
priori knowledge from a given map), while
at the same time keeping dead
reckoning|track of their current location.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-autonomous-vehicles-toolkit.html
Navlab
1
'Navlab' is a series of autonomous and
semi-autonomous vehicles developed by
teams from The Robotics Institute at the
Carnegie Mellon School of Computer
Science|School of Computer Science,
Carnegie Mellon University. Later models
were produced under a new department
created specifically for the research called
the The Carnegie Mellon University
Navigation Laboratory.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-autonomous-vehicles-toolkit.html
History of transport - Aviation
In the beginning of the 21st century,
subsonic military aviation focused on
eliminating the pilot in favor of remotely
operated or completely autonomous
vehicles
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-autonomous-vehicles-toolkit.html
Driverless car
1
Some autonomous vehicles Simultaneous
localization and mapping|update their
maps based on sensory input, allowing the
vehicles to keep track of their position
even when conditions change or when
they enter uncharted environments.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-autonomous-vehicles-toolkit.html
Driverless car
Numerous major companies and
research organizations have
developed working prototype
autonomous vehicles, including
Mercedes-Benz, General Motors,
Continental Automotive Systems,
Autoliv Inc., Robert Bosch
GmbH|Bosch, Nissan, Toyota, Audi,
Vislab from University of Parma,
Oxford University and Google
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-autonomous-vehicles-toolkit.html
Vehicular communication systems - Driver assistance systems
Roadside units can provide drivers
with information which help them in
controlling the vehicle. These may be
conventional vehicles driven by
humans or they could even be
autonomous vehicles. Even in the
absence of RSUs, small transmitters
may be able to issue warnings such as
bridge or tunnel height or gate width:
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-autonomous-vehicles-toolkit.html
VaMP - Overview
The VaMP was constructed by the
team of Ernst Dickmanns at the
Bundeswehr University of Munich and
Mercedes-Benz in the 1990s as part of
the 800 million ECU EUREKA
Prometheus Project on autonomous
vehicles (1987–1995)
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-autonomous-vehicles-toolkit.html
Unmanned vehicle (disambiguation)
An 'unmanned vehicle' is a vehicle
without a person (man) on board.
Unmanned vehicles can either be
'remote controlled' or 'remote guided
vehicles', or they can be 'autonomous
vehicles' which are capable of sensing
their environment and navigating on
their own.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-autonomous-vehicles-toolkit.html
Renault-Nissan Alliance - USA
Renault does not currently sell cars in the
United States, but the Renault–Nissan
Alliance operates a Silicon Valley Research
Center in Sunnyvale, California, specializing
in autonomous driving and connected cars.
The office works with Silicon Valley-based
technology companies and collaborates with
Renault and Nissan technical centers in
France and Japan. Areas of research include:
autonomous vehicles; Internet-connected
vehicles; and the area of human machine
interface.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-autonomous-vehicles-toolkit.html
Robert C. Michelson - Representative publications
1
*“Autonomous Vehicles,” Proceedings of the IEEE,
Vol. 84, No. 8, August 1996, pp.1147–1164
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-autonomous-vehicles-toolkit.html
Robotic car - Potential obstacles
1
* Liability for damage.Gurney, Jeffrey K.
[http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cf
m?abstract_id=2352108 Sue My Car Not
Me: Products Liability and Accidents
Involving Autonomous Vehicles], 2013
U. Ill. J. L. Tech. Pol'y, Fall 2013.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-autonomous-vehicles-toolkit.html
Robotic car - 2000s
1
Autonomous vehicles have also
been used in mining
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-autonomous-vehicles-toolkit.html
VIAC
'VIAC', the 'VisLab Intercontinental
Autonomous Challenge', is the challenge
conceived by VisLab as an extreme test of
Intelligent car|autonomous vehicles. It ran
from July 20, 2010 to October 28, 2010,
involving four driverless car|driverless
vehicles driving with
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-autonomous-vehicles-toolkit.html
VIAC - The idea
1
The aim was to test and stress the current
technology in a unique event: nonpolluting and non-oil based Driverless
car|autonomous vehicles in real traffic
conditions on an extreme journey between
two continents, the final outcome being a
huge dataset with a very large variety of
situations to be further used to refine the
onboard perception system.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-autonomous-vehicles-toolkit.html
VIAC - Technical details
During the trip, demonstrations were
scheduled in specific hot spots, showing
autonomous vehicles following given
routes, negotiating traffic, avoiding
obstacles, and stopping when required.
The first demonstration was held in Rome
at the EUR district on October 29, 2009,
when Rome's Major, Gianni Alemanno,
officially presented the VIAC challenge.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-autonomous-vehicles-toolkit.html
VIAC - Organization and Logistics
1
The logistics were managed by Overland
Network, which provided 4 RVs (motor
homes) and 3 additional trucks as a
support. The expedition was therefore
formed by 4 autonomous vehicles, 4 RVs,
3 trucks, and occupied about 20 people
for three months. A satellite link
broadcast live data and video streaming
for the whole duration of the trip (except
in China) so that everybody on the
Internet was able to witness the progress
of the experiment.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-autonomous-vehicles-toolkit.html
Missouri University of Science and Technology - Student Engineering Projects
1
The team builds autonomous vehicles that
traverse obstacle courses consisting of
lane markers and obstacles
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-autonomous-vehicles-toolkit.html
University of Louisiana at Lafayette - Academic achievements
1
In 2004, UL Lafayette students and faculty
produced CajunBot, one of 25
autonomous vehicles that competed in the
U.S
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-autonomous-vehicles-toolkit.html
Image classification - Applications for computer vision
1
Space exploration is already being made
with autonomous vehicles using computer
vision, e.g., NASA's Mars Exploration
Rover and ESA's ExoMars Rover.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-autonomous-vehicles-toolkit.html
Johnny Cab
Numerous major companies and
research organizations have
developed working prototype
autonomous vehicles, including
Mercedes-Benz, General Motors,
Continental Automotive Systems,
Autoliv Inc., Robert Bosch
GmbH|Bosch, Nissan, Toyota, Audi,
Volvo, Vislab from University of
Parma, Oxford University and Google
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-autonomous-vehicles-toolkit.html
Johnny Cab - 2000s
Autonomous vehicles have also been
used in mining. In December 2008, Rio
Tinto Alcan began testing the Komatsu
Limited|Komatsu Autonomous Haulage
System – the world's first commercial
autonomous mining haulage system – in
the Pilbara iron ore mine in Western
Australia. Rio Tinto has reported benefits
in health, safety, and productivity. In
November 2011, Rio Tinto signed a deal to
greatly expand its fleet of driverless trucks.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-autonomous-vehicles-toolkit.html
Johnny Cab - 2010s
* The 2004 film I, Robot (film)|I, Robot
features autonomous vehicles driving on
highways, allowing the car to travel safer
at higher speeds than if manually
controlled. The option to manually operate
the vehicles is available.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-autonomous-vehicles-toolkit.html
Eshel Ben-Jacob - Multi-agent swarming
1
This work has led to the creating of a
new field of multi-agent swarming
(swarming intelligence) as it explains
the foundations of a wide variety of
phenomena ranging from collective
navigation (swarming intelligence) of
bacteria , amoeba and insects, to
flocking of birds and schools of fish as
well as to the design of autonomous
vehicles capable of functional selforganization even in the absence of an
overall omniscient controller.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-autonomous-vehicles-toolkit.html
Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University, Prescott - Academic buildings
1
This building contains a Design Suite
for Autonomous Vehicles and
Freshman Engineering Lab which allow
students to build robots, lighter-thanair vehicles, and more
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-autonomous-vehicles-toolkit.html
Traffic congestion: Reconstruction with Kerner’s three-phase theory - Bibliography
* Palmer J., Rehborn H. (2009)
Reconstruction of congested traffic
patterns using traffic state detection
in autonomous vehicles based on
Kerner’s three-phase traffic theory, In:
Proceedings of. 16th World Congress
on ITS, Stockholm
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-autonomous-vehicles-toolkit.html
National Oceanography Centre, Southampton - Research vessels
1
A range of submersibles and autonomous
vehicles is operated by scientists at NOCS
(such as the Autosub Under Ice
programme).
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-autonomous-vehicles-toolkit.html
For More Information, Visit:
• https://store.theartofservice.co
m/the-autonomous-vehiclestoolkit.html
The Art of Service
https://store.theartofservice.com