Murder
Constructive murder
Involuntary manslaughter:
Unlawful act
Involuntary manslaughter:
Criminal
negligence http://lawcorners.wordpress.com/
Actus
Act or omission causing death
(s 18(1)(a) CA)
Act/om done in attempt to commit crime punishable by life or 25 years (s 18(1)(a) CA)

Distinct crim offence

Act NOT omission
 Breach of duty through act or omission (Sood)

Act need not be unlawful (Nydam)
Mens→
Intention to kill/GBH s 18(1)(a) CA)
Reckless indifference to human life

Probability NOT possibility
(Crabbe)

No intent to murder

Guilty mind must coincides with felony
O/Subjective
SUBJECTIVE MENS
NEITHER subj/obj

Intention to do unlawful act
OBJ: RP with characteristics & knowledge of D & ordinary fortitude of mind (Lavender)
 Dangerous Act

Appreciable risk
OBJ: falls short of standard of care of RP (Nydam)

High risk of death/GBH
Penalty
Life (s 19A) or specified term
(s 21 CSPA)
As above
25 years (s 24)
Other
Omission: Duty to act

Special relationship (Russell)

Legal duty/duty imposed by statute


Voluntary assumption (Stone/Taktak)
Control over dangerous thing
Causation

Substantial contribution (Hallett)

Natural consequence (Royall)

Reasonable foreseeability (Royall)

Operating & sub cause (Smith)
Suicide is not murder (s 31A)
Aid or abet suicide = offence (s 31C(1))
Euthanasia is murder or aiding/abetting suicide
Foetus

Death of foetus = GBH to preg woman

GBH to child during/after del (s 42)

Death to child during/after del (s 21)

Abortion = offence (ss 82-4)
Death on the road

Death by culpable driving (s 52A)

Negligent driving causing death/GBH
(s 42 RTA)

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Insanity
See fitness to plead & involuntary
committal
Insane automatism
Non-insane automatism
Result
Special Verdict
(s 38 MHCA)
No appeal (Logan)
Appeal if convicted to CCA
As above
Acquittal
Substantial impairment
Partial defence
Murder  MS
(s 23A(5) CA)
 Protection of society vs culpability (Veen)
 longer sentence if no cure
Infanticide Partial defence
Punished like MS
(s 22A(2) CA)
Intoxication Negatives elements of offence
Provocation Partial defence
Burden Elements
PB on D on BOP M’Naghten test


Defect of reason: cognative (Sodeman)
Disease of the mind (Porter) o Presumption of sanity, excludes stupidity/lack of self control

Nature & quality of act: no understanding (Cheatham)

Unable to appreciate wrongness (Cheatham)
Judge may leave insanity to jury
EB on D, PB on P to prove BRD
Act done by the muscles without control by the mind (Bratty)
Falconer test: Malfunction must not arise from disease of the mind (insanity)

Recur/transitory

Internal/external cause
Not involuntary because:


Doer does not remember (Hill v Baxter)

Doer could not control impulse (Brown)
Unintentional, unforeseen consequences (Hill v Baxter)
EB on D, PB on P to prove BRD
Test (s 23A):
 At time of killing, sub impairment on D’s capacity to o Understand event o Judge right from wrong o Control self
 Impairment due to abnormality of mind arising from underlying cond.

Impairment so substantial as to warrant reduction to MS

Effect on D not result of self-induced intoxication
Wilful act or omission causing death of child < 12 mths, mind disturbed by reason of not having fully recovered from giving birth (s 22A(1))
EB on D, PB on P to prove BRD
/Guilty plea
Self induced/not self-induced

Evidence to determine specific intent (s 428C)

Except where D resolved to do act prior/ str resolve
NOT self-induced


Evidence to determine mens rea in non-specific intent (s 428D)

Evidence to determine mens rea in MS (s 428E)
Negatives voluntariness (s 428G) – common sense test (March)
RP is not intoxicated
EB on D, PB on P Two tiered gravity/self control test (Stingel)
Causes/Examples

Psychopaths/sociopaths not covered as defect is emotional (Willgoss)

Hyperglycaemia (Hennessy)

Epilepsy (Sullivan)

Sleepwalking (Burgess)

Concussion (Wogandt)

Intoxication (O’Connor)

Hypoglycaemia (Quick)


Psychological trauma (Falconer)

Sleepwalking (Jiminez, Parks)
Dissociation (Donyadideh)

Biology, gender, responsibility

PMS/testosterone
Provoking circumstances: words (Lees), within

M  MS (s 23(1)
Self Defence Acquittal when
REASONABLE response (s 418(1))
Partial when
UNREASONABLE
Necessity
Duress response (s 421)
M  MS
Complete defence at CL
 Justification, not excuse
(Loughnan)
Application vague
Murder excluded
(Howe) to prove BRD 
Subj: Lost self control due to gravity/offensiveness (s 23(2))

Obj: Could OP lose control to same extent (s 23(2)) – OP: only age
PB on D on BOP Two tiered test (s 418):

Subj: D believes conduct necessary to defend self/other, prevent deprivation of liberty, protect property, prevent trespass

Subj/Obj: Conduct is a reasonable response in circumstances as D perceives them
Murder: SD does not apply to protect prop/ prevent trespass (s 420)
PB on D on BOP 3 elements (Loughnan)
 Irreparable harm – imminence & immediacy
 Belief on reasonable ground of imminent peril (subjective)
 Proportionality between act done and peril avoided (objective)
P prove voluntary to eliminate duress
(Abusfiah)
Test:


Act under threat of serious harm (Hurley)
Person of ordinary firmness (obj), age & sex likely to yield in circumstance (Lawrence)

Present and continuing threat (Hudson)

D reasonably apprehended that threat will be carried out (Hurley)

D had no means of safety, could not prevent execution of threat
(Hurley) http://lawcorners.wordpress.com/ sight or hearing (Davis), self-induced (Edwards)

SD not excluded if D responded to lawful conduct, or conduct for which other person is not crim responsible (s
422)

Evidence of BWS admissible
(Runjanjic)

Medical necessity (Quayle)


Political protest (Dixon-Jenkins)
Abortion (s 82-84, Wald test)

No duress if opportunity to request protection (Hudson)
 No duress where D voluntarily joined criminal enterprise (Palazoff)

Evidence of BWS admissible (Runjanjic)

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Assault @ CL
Common assault
(s 61)
Aggravated assault (see statute)
Actus
Application of force or act causing apprehension of immediate force (Knight)

Circumstances (Barton)

Immediate fear (Zanker)

Mere words (Barton)

Silence (Ireland)

Small force/spitting (JWH)

Omission & co-incidence (Fagan)
Mens
Intent to effect unlawful contact or apprehension of imminent unlawful contact (MacPherson)

Recklessness: inadvertence to consequences

Not, failing to advert to consequences
Consent
Consent is material in sports etc (Brown)
Consent is immaterial where degree of violence results in probable infliction of bodily harm (Brown)


Protection of society
Hostility not an element
Medical treatment (Richardson)
Penalty/other



Female genital
mutilation (s 45 CA)
Chastisement of
children (s 61AA)
Violence in sport @ CL
Not occasioning ABH Summarily 12mths 20pu
Indictment 2yrs

Causing particular injury: ABH, GBH, wounding

Specific intent: murder, GBH, resist lawful arrest, commit other indictable offence

Maliciously causing dog to inflict harm

Causing disease

With offensive weapon and dangerous substances

In particular circumstances: schools, public disorder

Based on status of victim: Law enforcement officer, public justice official and related persons, clergy, preserving wreak, children, wife/apprentice, crew
Reasonable grounds to fear or in fact fears personal violence, intimidation, stalking
Prohibitions and restrictions
(s 35 CDPVA)
Domestic violence APVO
(s 19 CDPVA)
ADVO (s 16 CDPVA)
Stalking & intimidation A person who stalks or intimidates (s 13
CDPVA)

Stalking s 8, intimidation s 7
Act of intercourse (s 61H) without consent Knowing nonconsensual intercourse
(s 61I)
As above + aggravating circumstance Aggravated sexual assault (s 61J)
Assault with intent to have intercourse
(s 61K)
Indecent assault (s 61L);
Aggravated (s 61M)
Act of indecency (s61N);
Aggravated (s 61O)
Intentional reckless ABH, threaten to inflict
ABH with weapon
Assault and indecent act; sexual connotation
(Harkin)
Act of indecency committed with/towards/inciting someone
Intention of causing them to fear physical or mental harm (s 13)
Intends offence, has knowledge of non-consent (s 61HA)
Consent: actual, reckless or no reasonable grounds (s 61HA)

Must take steps

Consent may be no defence where child < 16 (s 77)
5 yrs, 50 pu (s 13)
14 yrs
20 yrs (s 61J)
In company life (s 61JA)
20 yrs
5 yrs (s 61L)
7 yrs + (s 61M)
18 mths + (s 61N)
3 yrs + (s 61O)

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Larceny (Ilich)
By bailee (s 125
CA)
Joyriding (s 154A)
Carjacking (s 154C)
Embezzlement (s
157)
Fraudulent
appropriation (ss
125-527)
Robbery
General Fraud
Other fraud offences
False/misleading info
False instruments
ID theft and fraud
Actus

Without owner’s consent or claim of right, fraudulently takes and carries away property that can be stolen (Ilich)

Prop that can be stolen (Croton)

Possession (Hibbert)


Asportation (Wallis)
No consent (Kennison)
Mens

Intent to perm deprive (Foster)

Dishonesty (Peters)

Claim of right (Fuge)
Penalty

5 yrs max (s 117 CA)

Embezzlement – 10 yrs (s 157)

Carjacking - 10 yrs, 14 if armed or maliciously inflicts bodily harm (s 154C)

Fraudulent appropriation (ss 125, 527)- to secure reward for restoration – 2 yrs/20pu/both (s 124(b) CA)

Rob/assault with intent to rob /stealing (s
94)
 Aggravated – corporal violence, int/reck inflicting ABH, depriving liberty (s 95)

Armed or in company (s 97)

Intent to rob /stealing (s 94)

Robbing – 14 yrs (s 94)

Aggravated robbery – 20 yrs (s 94)

Aggravated with wounding/GBH – 25 yrs (s 96)

Armed/in company – 20 yrs (s 97) o With dangerous weapon – 25 yrs

Deception (s 192B) by words/conduct

Intentional/reckless

(192B(2)

Need not be deceptive initially (Ray)

Obtaining property from another (s 192C)

Int to deprive permanently (s 4)

Obtaining financial adv for oneself or

Intent to permanently or temporarily deprive (s another; inducing 3 rd party; keeping adv
 for oneself (s 192D(1))
Causing/inducing 3 rd party to cause
192D)

Dishonestly – obj (s 4B)

Claim of LEGAL right (Love)
Arms AND wounding – 25 yrs (s 98)

10 yrs (s 192E) financial disadvantage (s 192D)

False/misleading info- to gov authorities

Knowing or reckless in attempt to gain benefits

False/misleading info- 2 yrs (ss 307A, 307B, 307C)

Forgery/false instruments – 10 yrs (s 253)

False instruments –false impression re entire nature/way created (s 250)

No dishonesty required (Welham)

ID theft – dealing with info, possessing info or having equip to misuse info

Dealing with ID with int. of committing/facilitating indictable offence - 10 yrs (s 129J)
 Possessing ID info with int. – 7 yrs (s 192K)

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
Equipment to make ID with int. – 3 yrs (s 192L)
Aggravated trespass
Breaking and entering
Receiving stolen prop
Goods in custody

Aggravating circs (s 105A) : o armed with offensive weapon o in company o violence, actual bodily harm, o deprive of liberty o knowing someone is in building
(s
Receiving stolen goods

Receiving/disposing/attempting to dispose stolen goods
 Prop must be stolen (s 187)

Possession, not mere custody (Fien)

Could be jointly (Gleed)

Constructive through employee (Miler)

Taking with intention to give to police is
NOT receiving (Matthews)
Goods in custody  D had any ‘thing’ in his/another’s custody /premises, must be reasonably suspected by the court to be stolen (s
527C)
 Dispose: includes selling (Gilroy)
 Possession at time of apprehension, except in disposal (English)

Knowledge that it is stolen (ss 188, 189)


Subj actual belief, not mere suspicion (Raad)
Belief at time of receipt (Balough) unless D
‘disposes’
 No mens inferred it is a status offence
 DEFENCE: Where not reasonable for D to suspect goods were stolen (s 527C)

Obj. mens? - Enough that it may be reasonably suspected of being stolen (Haken)

Enter dwelling with intent to commit (srs indictable offence) SIO - 10yrs; aggravated - 14 (s 111) o If serious indictable offence successful - 14 yrs; aggravated 20 (s 112)

Breaks and enters any building with int. to commit SIO,
10 yrs; agg 14 (s 113)

Enter/remain on land with intent to commit SIO offence/misdemeanour, 7 yrs (s 114(1)(d))

Enter with intent/commit offence, then break out, 14 yrs; agg 20 (s 109)

Tools/mat for manu – 4 yrs (s 192)
 if finds larceny and receiving, charged with lesser (s 121;
Clarke)
 If motor vehicle/part, 1 yr imp/10 p.u/both; 6 mths/5 p.u for other things (s 527C)

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Attempt
See also early intervention & statutory offences
Conspiracy
Joint criminal enterprise
Extended JCE: common purpose
Accessory b4 the fact & 2 nd degree princpal
Accessory after the fact
Burden/Penalty
P bears onus BRD
Penalty same as completed offence (s 344A)

Attempted murder
25 years (ss 29, 30)
Commit murder 25 yrs
(s 26) otherwise at discretion of the judge
Crown must find JCE and participation by D; onus on crown to negate withdrawal
Primary liability (Osland)
Primary liability
Accessory liability
Accessory liability
Murder – 25 yrs (s 349)
Robbery – 14 yrs (s 349)
SIO – 5 yrs (s 350)
Minor indictable offence – sentence same as principal
Actus
Tests

No other purpose/ unequivocality test (People)

Substantial step (proximity) test (O’Connor)
Agreement to do unlawful act between 2 or more persons (Yip
Chiu-Cheung)
1. Agreement & act carried out by and act carried out by 1 or more persons (Osland)
2. All parties present at commission of offence
Additional crime is committed
(McAuliffe)

Even if foundational crim is not committed (Miller)
Aid, abet (principal in 2 nd degree)
Counsel, procure (accessory b4 the fact) (AG’s Reference)
Assistance after crim to person who committed offence (Barlow)
Mens
Intention to commit completed offence (Knight)

Recklessness will not suffice except for sexual assault (Khan)
Intention to agree (Gerakiteys), mere consideration/ recklessness/ negligence will not suffice (Siracusa)
Intention to enter into agreement
(Osland)
Foresight/contemplation of possibility of additional crime being committed (McAuliffe)
Subjective intention based on actual
(not imputed or presumed) knowledge of essential matters
Recklessness is insuff (Giorgianni)
Specific knowledge of all relevant facts to establish precise crime
(Stone); mere enjoyment of proceeds not enough (Young)
Impossibility
Physical impossibility not a bar to conviction (Britten)

Punish intention rather than harm (Mai)

Drug supply & manu
No defence (Britten)
No conviction where conduct agreed on is infact lawful (Barbouttis)
Withdrawl
Can withdraw before proximity test is satisfied only
Need to withdraw completely (Tiete)
Must be timely (White)
Must make known to others
& dissuade
Innocent Agency: can be liable if principal lacked
MR/capacity (Pinkstone)

(s 351)
Concealing SIO Failure to notify – 2 yrs
Accepting benefit – 5 yrs
(s 316)
Incitement Murder – 25 yrs (s 26)
See antidiscrimination & homosexually
Failure to notify/accepting benefit Knowledge/belief that SIO has been committed
Incite or solicit another person to commit offence; no agreement necessary http://lawcorners.wordpress.com/