COST ACCOUNTING SYSTEMS
Cost accounting involves
 The measuring
 The recording, and
 The reporting of product costs
Consists of the various manufacturing costs
that are fully integrated into the general
ledger system.
An important feature is the use of a perpetual
inventory system to provide immediate, up-todate information on the cost of a product.
COST ACCOUNTING SYSTEMS
There are two basic types of
cost accounting systems:
and
a. Job order cost system
Provides a separate record for the cost of
each quantity of product that passes
through the factory
b. Process cost system
System in which costs are accumulated
for each of the departments or processes
within the factory
Job Order Cost System
Costs are assigned to each job or batch
A job may be for a specific order or inventory
A key feature:
Each job or batch has its own distinguishing
characteristics
The objective: to compute the cost per job
Measures costs for each job completed - not for set
time periods
Job Order Cost System
Process Cost System
Used when a large volume of similar products are
manufactured.
 Cereal
 Automobiles
 Compact Discs
 Paint
Cost are accumulated for a specific time period
(a week or a month)
Costs are assigned to departments or processes for
a set period of time.
Process Cost System
JOB ORDER COST FLOWS
The cost flow parallels the physical flow of the
materials as they are converted into finished goods.
 Manufacturing costs are assigned to Work in
Process.
 Cost of completed jobs is transferred to Finished
Goods Inventory.
 When units are sold, the cost is transferred to
Cost of Goods Sold.
JOB ORDER COST FLOWS
Overview
JOB ORDER COST FLOWS
System
Overview of Job Order Costing
Costs & Expenses
Product Costs
Materials
Purchases
Direct
Direct
Labor
Labor
Factory
Factory
Overhead
Overhead
Balance Sheet
Materials
Inventory
Work in
Process
Inventory
Finished
Goods
Inventory
Cost of goods
manufactured
Overview of Job Order Costing
Costs & Expenses
Product Costs
Materials
Purchases
Direct
Direct
Labor
Labor
Factory
Factory
Overhead
Overhead
Period Costs
Selling and
Administrative
Balance Sheet
Materials
Inventory
Work in
Process
Inventory
Finished
Goods
Inventory
Period costs flow
directly to the
income statement
Income Statement
Cost of
Goods Sold
Selling and
Administrative
SUMMARY OF JOB ORDER COST FLOWS
SUMMARY OF JOB ORDER COST FLOWS
CHARACTERISTICS of PROCESS COSTING
• Homogeneous units pass
through a series of similar
processes.
• Each unit in each process
receives a similar dose of
manufacturing costs.
• Manufacturing costs are
accumulated for a process
for a given period of time
CHARACTERISTICS of PROCESS COSTING (continued)
• There is a work in process account for each process.
• Manufacturing cost flows and the associated
journal entries are generally similar to job-order
costing.
• The departmental production report is the key
document for tracking manufacturing activity
and costs.
• Unit costs are computed by dividing the
departmental costs of the period by the output for
the period.
PROCESS COSTING COST FLOW
Direct Materials
Direct Labor
Applied Overhead
Picking
Encapsulating
Bottling
Finished Goods
COMPARISON of JOB-ORDER and
PROCESS COSTING
Job-Order Costing
Process Costing
1. Wide variety of distinct
products
1. Homogeneous products
2. Cost accumulated by job
2. Costs accumulated by
process or department
3. Unit cost computed by
dividing total job costs
by units produced on that
job
3. Unit cost computed by
dividing process costs of
the period by the units
produced in the period
BASICS of OPERATION COSTING
Operation costing is a blend of job and process
costing procedures applied to batches of
homogeneous products. This costing system uses
job-order procedures to assign materials costs to
batches and process procedures to assign
conversion costs.
Work orders are used to collect production costs
for each batch.
METODE PENENTUAN BIAYA PRODUKSI
FULL COSTING
Merupakan metode penentuan kos produksi
yang memperhitungkan semua unsur biaya
produksi ke dalam kos produksi ditambah biaya
non produksi
Kos Non
Produksi
BBB + BTKL + BOP Fix + BOP Var
+
B. Adm Umum + B. Pemasaran
Kos
Produksi
METODE PENENTUAN BIAYA PRODUKSI
VARIABLE COSTING
 Merupakan metode penentuan kos produksi
yang hanya memperhitungkan biaya produksi
yang berperilaku variabel kedalam kos produksi
BTKL
BBB
BOP VAR
B. AD UM
VAR
B. MARK
VAR
BOP FIX
B. MARK
FIX
B. AD UM
FIX
Contoh Isi Laporan Kos Produksi
Perusahaan Tegel Cap GAJAH
Lampiran A: Laporan Kos Produksi
untuk tahun berakhir 31 Desember 2001
Sediaan tegel dalam proses, 1 Januari
Pemakaian semen dan pasir:
Sediaan semen dan pasir, 1 Januari
Pembelian semen dan pasir
Bahan baku tersedia diproses
Sediaan semen dan pasir, 31 Desember
Bahan baku yg dipakai
Tenaga kerja langsung
Overhead pabrik
Gaji pengawas produksi
Depresiasi bangungan-Pabrik
Depresiasi mesin cetak dan pres
Pemakaian bahan penolong
Listrik dan air
Asuransi-Pabrik
Kos produksi masuk proses
Sediaan tegel dalam proses, 31 Desember
Kos barang manufakturan
Rp 2.450.000
Rp 4.200.000
13.400.000
Rp17.600.000
3.800.000
13.800.000
7.490.000
Rp 2.140.000
850.000
1.500.000
840.000
357.000
152.000
235.000
6.074.000
Rp29.814.000
2.100.000
Rp27.714.000
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS for MANUFACTURING
COMPANIES
BALANCE SHEET
INCOME STATEMENT
Inventoriable
Costs
Materials
Inventory
Work in
Process
Inventory
Sales Revenue
Finished
Goods
Inventory
when
sales
occur
deduct
Cost of
Goods Sold
equals Gross Margin
deduct
Operating
Period
Costs
Expenses
equals Operating Income
INCOME STATEMENT
The income statement for a manufacturer is
similar to that of a merchandiser except for
the cost of goods sold section.
Manufacturing Company Example
•
•
•
•
The data of Kendall Manufacturing
Company:
Beginning and ending work-in-process
inventories were $20,000 and $18,000.
Direct materials used were $70,000.
Direct labor was $100,000.
Manufacturing overhead incurred was
$150,000.
Manufacturing Company Example
• What is the cost of goods manufactured?
Beginning work in process
Direct labor
$100,000
Direct materials
70,000
Mfg. overhead
150,000
Ending work in process
Cost of goods manufactured
$ 20,000
320,000
(18,000)
$322,000
Manufacturing Company Example
• Kendall Manufacturing Company’s
beginning finished goods inventory was
$60,000 and its ending finished goods
inventory was $55,000.
–How much is the cost of goods sold?
Manufacturing Company Example
Beg. finished goods inventory
+ Cost of goods manufactured
= Cost of goods available for sale
– Ending finished goods
= Cost of goods sold
$ 60,000
322,000
$382,000
55,000
$327,000
Manufacturing Company Example
• Kendall Manufacturing Company had
sales of $627,000 for the period.
–How much is the gross margin?
Sales
– Cost of goods sold
= Gross margin
$627,000
327,000
$300,000
Manufacturing Company Example
• Kendall Manufacturing Company had
operating expenses as follows:
• $80,000 Sales salaries
10,000 Delivery expense
30,000 Administrative expenses
$120,000 Total
–What is Kendall’s operating income?
Manufacturing Company Example
Gross margin
– Operating expenses
= Operating income
$300,000
120,000
$180,000