The Enjoyment of Music 10th
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The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Unit VIII
Instrumental Music
of the Baroque
Vivaldi
J.S. Bach
Handel
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25. The Baroque Sonata and Concerto
• The Rise of Instrumental Music
• Early- vs. late-Baroque instrumentation
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Baroque Instruments
• Instrument designs were improved
• Finest violins in history came from shops of
Stradivarius
Guarneri
Amati
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The Baroque Orchestra
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Violin strings made of gut
Woodwinds made of wood
Horns and trumpets: valveless, called “natural”
Timpani
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Baroque Keyboard Instruments
• Organ
• Harpsichord
• Clavichord
harpsichord
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Sonata Types
• Sonata da camera
• Sonata da chiesa
• Written for 1–8 instruments
• Favored combination: two violins and continuo
• Trio sonata
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Baroque Concerto
• Contrast and unity
• Latin concertare (“to contend with”)
• Opposition of different forces
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Two Types of Concerto
Solo Concerto
Vivaldi: Concerto for Piccolo in C, I
Concerto Grosso
Concertino
Ripieno, or tutti
Handel: Concerto Grosso in G, II
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Antonio Vivaldi (1678–1741)
• Italian violinist and
composer
• “The red priest”
• Conservatorio
del’Ospedale della Pietà
(Venice)
• Prolific composer
“Above all, he was
possessed by music.”
—Marc Pincherle
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Vivaldi: The Four Seasons
(Le quattro stagioni) (Listening Guide)
• Group of four violin concertos
• Each concerto accompanied by a poem
• Music depicts specific lines of the poem
– No. 1: “Spring” (La primavera)
– No. 2: “Summer” (L’estate)
– No. 3: “Autumn” (L’autunno)
– No. 4: “Winter” (L’inverno)
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Vivaldi: The Four Seasons
(Le quattro stagioni) (Listening Guide)
“Spring” (La primavera)
Solo violin, string orchestra, continuo
Three movements:
I: Evokes animals and nature
Ritornello form
II: Largo in triple meter
Imagery form a sleeping goatherd’s poem
Ostinato “dog bark” in violas
III: Rustic dance, drone of bagpipes
Listening Guide PDF
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26. The Baroque Suite
Suite: Each movement is A-A-B-B
• Allemande
• Courante
• Sarabande
• Gigue (jig)
Corelli. Violin Sonata, Gigue
• Other optional dances: minuet, gavotte,
bourrée, passepied
• Repeated sections ornamented second time
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Handel and the Orchestral Suite
Two notable suites by Handel
• Water Music
• Music for the Royal
Fireworks
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Water Music, Suite in D major, II
(Listening Guide)
• Royal party on the Thames River in London,
July 17, 1717
• 22 numbers
• Performed without continuo
• Divided into three suites
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Water Music, Suite in D major, II
(Listening Guide)
D-major Suite
• Opens with fanfare-like theme in trumpets
• Answered by horns and strings
• Followed by lively hornpipe (dance)
Listening Guide PDF
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Music at the French Royal Court
• Grand entertainments of Louis XIV and
Louis XV
– Court composer: Jean-Baptiste Lully
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Composer at the Palace of Versailles (outside
Paris)
Director of the 24 Violons du Roy
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Jean-Joseph Mouret (1682-1738)
• Theatrical composer at the court in Paris
– Stage works
– Divertissements
• Instrumental suites
– Suite de symphonies
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Mouret: Rondeau, from
Suite de symphonies (Listening Guide)
• Written for a full Baroque orchestra
• Familiar fanfare
– used as theme music for television show
• 5-part rondo structure (A-B-A-C-A)
– A section serves as a refrain
• Regular phrasing, with a strong, even beat
Listening Guide PDF
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27. Other Instrumental Forms
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Passacaglia
Purcell: Come, ye sons of art away
Chaconne
French overture
Italian overture
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Keyboard forms
Two basic types
(1) Based on harmony with strong element
of improvisation
Bach: The Well-Tempered Clavier
Prelude
Chorale prelude Bach: Jesu, Joy of Man’s Desiring
(2) Stricter forms based on counterpoint
Bach: Fugue in D
Fugue
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The Fugue and Its Devices
• Fuga
• Contrapuntal, based on imitation
• Subject unifies the work
• Choral or instrumental
• Melodic lines are referred to as voices
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Episodes are interludes
between subject statements
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Modulation to foreign keys
Use of contrapuntal devices
Use of stretto is common
Piece ends in tonic key
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Contrapuntal Devices
Original:
Inversion:
Retrograde:
Retrograde inversion:
Augmentation:
Diminution:
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Form: Opening of Exposition
Fugue Exposition (4 voice)
Subject Countersubject I Countersubject 2 Contrapuntal line
Answer
Countersubject I Countersubject 2
Subject
Countersubject 1
Answer
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Form: Exposition and Episode
Exposition Episode Subject Episode Subject Episode Subject
Entry
Entry
Entry
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Bach's Contrapunctus I, from The Art of
Fugue (Listening Guide) Listening Guide PDF
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4-voice fugue
Exposition:
– Subject is presented in order: alto-soprano-basstenor
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Episode:
– Subject appears partially, in stretto
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Incorporates musical symbolism
– His name in notes Bb-A-C-H
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Transition II: To the Age of
Enlightenment
• Rococo, in France
• Empfindsamkeit, in Germany
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The Rococo and the Age of Sensibility
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Rococo
French rocaille, a “shell”
Reaction against Baroque style
François Couperin (1668–1733)
Precursor to Age of Enlightenment
Systematization of knowledge
Jean-Philippe Rameau (1683–1784),
Treatise on Harmony (1722)
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Age of Sensibility
• In Germany: Empfindsamkeit
• Sons of Bach:
Wilhelm Friedmann
Carl Philipp Emanuel
Johann Christoph
Johann Christian
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Expanded forms
• Pre-Classical period (c. 1725–75)
• Classical multimovement cycle
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The Changing Opera
• Satirization of Opera
London: John Gay’s The
Beggar’s Opera (1728)
Paris: Giovanni Battista
Pergolesi’s La serva
padrona (1752)
• War of the Buffoons
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John Gay
Gluck and Opera Reform
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Christoph Willibald Gluck (1714–1787)
German-born, Italian-trained
Changed conventions
Words are master to the music
“Simplicity, truth, naturalness”
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