Drink driving in China: Results from research in two
cities
中国俩城市酒后驾驶的研究结果
George Keqin Jia 贾克勤
Dr. Mark King 马可• 金博士
Dr. Judy Fleiter 朱迪• 福雷特博士
Emeritus Prof. Mary Sheehan 名誉教授玛丽• 希恩
Prof. Wenjun Ma （China） 马文军教授 （中国）
Dr. Jing Lei （China）雷静主任（中国）
Dr. Jianzhen Zhang 张建珍博士
TRB January 2015
Acknowledgements
• CARRS-Q, QUT.
– CARRS-Q’s Vision is for a safer world in which injury-related harm is uncommon
and unacceptable.
– CARRS-Q’s Mission is to make an international impact on transport,
occupational and community safety by conducting high-quality research,
education and advocacy.
• All the participants for the project
• Partner organizations
– Guangdong Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Province
Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
– Yinchuan City CDC
• Funding supporting
– Australian Postgraduate Award
– 2012 Prime Minster’s Australia Asia Endeavour Awards
Overview
•
•
•
•
Road safety situation in China
Drinking and driving in China
Study design, methods and results
Conclusions and Recommendations
China Road Crash Situation
• China:
– had 2-3% of all vehicles in the world in 2010
– but accounted for 20% of global traffic deaths
in the same year (Sun, Ban, & Bai, 2013)
• Drink driving a key factor
• Two legal blood alcohol concentration limits
– Drink driving = 20mg-80mg/100 ml
– Drunk driving = >80mg/100ml
• Drunk driving criminal offence 1 May 2011
Alcohol-related crashes 2012
Year of study
•
•
•
•
5,254 crashes
2,228 fatalities
5,291 injuries
Direct economic loss 33 million RMB
(USD=5.3million)
Alcohol use in China
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Long History 7,000 year
ago
Strong drinking culture
Socially acceptable
100,000 alcohol
manufacturers
in 1996
Alcohol consumption: No. 1
Around the world
Illegal to sell alcohol to
people under 18 years old,
fine RMB 2000 Yuan ( US
Dollars 325)
No minimum legal drinking
age (MLDA) law in China
No concept of standard
drink
Two Study sites
Guangzhou: the capital of
Guangdong province,
southern China. The third
largest city in China,
• Yinchuan ; the capital of
Ningxia Hui Autonomous
Region, northwest China,
Two cities Introduction
Guangzhou
Yinchuan
The number of Traffic
police officers
2000
337
Population (million)
12.78
1.65
Number of Vehicles
2,145 million
410,000
Registered Drivers
N/A
(Guangdong 390,000
Province > 20 million)
Traffic crashes
2,664
1,259
Traffic fatalities
930
204
Directly economic loss
9,103,475 RMB
3, 575,656 RMB
(1,471,600 USD)
(578,100 USD)
1644
396
Drunk driving cases
(Source: two local PSP and the Traffic Management Bure, PSB of China 2012)
Main research questions
1. Current levels of drivers’ knowledge and practices
associated with drink driving?
2. Alcohol-related problems among drunk driving offenders
and general drivers?
3. What influences offenders’ drink driving behaviour?
4. Drivers’ experience of traffic police officers conducting
Breath Alcohol Tests (BAT) and enforcement practices?
5. Police officers’ knowledge, attitudes and perceptions
regarding drink driving, and importance of their
enforcement practices?
Outline of the Research
Case study in Guangzhou
Case study in Yinchuan
Each case study
includes three studies
Study2
Study1
Interview Traffic
Police officers (P1)
Opinions and
Experience on
Alcohol Breath
Testing
Survey Traffic
Police officers (P2)
Opinions on
Drink Driving
Study3
Survey General
Drivers (G)
Knowledge, and
Practices
+AUDIT
Summary and Conclusion Regarding Drink Driving for
two cities (P1 + P2 + G + D)
Conclusion and Recommendations for China
Survey Drunk
drivers (D)
Convicted
Drunk Drivers
+AUDIT
Participants
Yinchuan
Guangzhou
10
6
50
55
General drivers
survey
406
406
Drunk driving
offenders survey
101
106
Police
interviewee
Police survey
Study 1
Case study in Guangzhou
Case study in Yinchuan
Each case study
includes three studies
Study2
Study1
Interview Traffic
Police officers (P1)
Opinions and
Experience on
Alcohol Breath
Testing
Survey Traffic
Police officers (P2)
Opinions on
Drink Driving
Study3
Survey General
Drivers (G)
Knowledge, and
Practices
+AUDIT
Summary and Conclusion Regarding Drink Driving for
two cities (P1 + P2 + G + D)
Conclusion and Recommendations for China
Survey Drunk
drivers (D)
Convicted
Drunk Drivers
+AUDIT
Reasons for Drink Driving Reported by
Traffic Police (from survey)
Reasons
GuangZhou
(n=55)
Yinchuan
(n=50)
1. People think they are lucky (including that
they won’t get caught)
32
26
2. Strong social drinking culture in China
16
4
3. Insufficient public awareness about the
harmfulness of drink driving
14
3
7
3
3
2
6
10
0
1
4. Lack of awareness of law
5. Penalties not severe enough
6. Sensation Seeking
7. Lack of trust in car parking places, don’t
want to leave car parked outside. Close to
their living place.
Reasons for Drink Driving
- from police interviews
Guangzhou
Yinchuan
1
Being lucky and prepared to take the
chance of not being apprehended by
police;
Same as
Guangzhou’s
2
The strong traditional Chinese drinking
culture;
Penalties not severe
enough
3
Insufficient public awareness about the
harmfulness of alcohol-related driving
Lack of awareness
of law
Police Survey Results
Who drinks and drives?
Occupation
Hospitality industry
workers
Production,
transportation and
manual workers
Professional, technical
workers
Commercial workers
Guangzhou Yinchuan
(n=55)
(n=50)
21
9
16
21
15
16
10
16
Police Interviews Results
Who drinks and drives?
• private enterprise owner
• individual business owners
• less likely to be public servants and public
institute staff.
Knowledge of Amended Law & Legal BAC
Question
Answer
Guangzhou
(n=55)
Yinchuan
(n=50)
Where did you first
learn of amended
law?
TV
Police training
Flyers, book, documents
Newspapers
Internet
Relative, friends and others.
19
10
9
8
6
3
19
2
0
7
10
12
Knowledge of
Drink driving level
Current BAC level? Drunk driving level
15
48
35
34
Severe penalties
for drunk driving is
an effective means
to reduce the
number of traffic
crashes.
50
3
1
45
4
1
Agree
Disagree
Neutral
Breath Alcohol Testing (BAT)
Guangzhou
(n=55)
BAT
- effective in reducing the number of 50
people killed
- severe penalties (criminal
50
offence) for drunk driving descried as
effective means to reduce crashes
Police resources
- insufficient equipment
- insufficient traffic police officers
19
21
Yinchuan(n=50)
47
45
33
36
Problems associated with BAT
• Strategies used to avoid detection
- Change driving route
- Intentionally perform breath testing
incorrectly
- Argue with police
- Violence towards police
- Drive through checkpoints, injure police
- Use others to drive past checkpoint
- Use Guangxi to avoid drunk driving penalties
Study 2 and Study 3
Case study in Guangzhou
Case study in Yinchuan
Each case study
includes three studies
Interview Traffic
Police officers (P1)
Opinions and
Experience on
Alcohol Breath
Testing
Study3
Study2
Study1
Survey Traffic
Police officers (P2)
Opinions on
Drink Driving
Survey General
Drivers (G)
Knowledge, and
Practices
+AUDIT
Summary and Conclusion Regarding Drink Driving for
two cities (P1 + P2 + G + D)
Conclusion and Recommendations for China
Survey Drunk
drivers (D)
Convicted
Drunk Drivers
+AUDIT
The Alcohol Use Disorders
Identification Test
1. How often do you have a drink containing alcohol?
2. How many drinks containing alcohol do you have one typical day when you are
drinking?
3. How often do you have six or more drinks on one occasion?
4. How often during the last year have you found that you were not able to stop drinking
once you had started?
5. How often during the last year have you failed to do what was normally expected of
you because of drinking?
6. How often during the last year have you needed a first drink in the morning to get
yourself going after a heavy drinking session?
7. How often during the last year have you had a feeling of guilt or remorse after
drinking?
8. How often during the last year have you been unable to remember what happened the
night before because of your drinking?
9. Have you or someone else been injured because of your drinking?
10. Has a relative, friend, doctor, or other health care worker been concerned about your
drinking or suggested you cut down?
General drivers’ socio-demographic characteristics
Yinchuan
Guangzhou
Key Measures
No
%
No
%
Gender
Male
Female
278
126
68.3
31
270
136
66.5
33.5
Age
In years (Mean; SD)
37.8; 9.8
19-71(range)
35.7; 9.1
18-70 (range)
Occupations
Professional, technical workers
Civil servants
General white collar workers
Commercial workers
Hospitality industry workers
Agriculture, forest, fishery
Manual workers
Students, unemployed
Others
118
40
41
36
68
2
51
14
29.1
9.9
10.1
8.9
16.7
0.5
12.6
3.4
140
32
47
57
48
3
39
9
34.5
7.9
11.6
14
11.8
0.7
9.6
2.2
Marital status
Married
Single
Divorced and widowed
329
58
18
81
14.3
4.4
308
85
12
75.9
20.9
3.0
Education
levels
Primary school
Middle school
High school and middle college
Bachelor degree and higher
3
60
150
193
0.7
14.8
36.9
47.5
16
26
116
246
3.9
6.4
28.6
60.6
Yinchuan and Guangzhou offenders’ socio-demographic
characteristics
Yinchuan
Guangzhou
Key Measures
No
%
No
%
Gender
Male
Female
100
4
94.3
3.8
91
10
90.1
9.9
Age
(in years)
31.7 (average)
18-57 (range)
33.6(average)
17-59 (range)
Occupations
Professional, technical workers
Civil servants
General white collar workers
Commercial workers
Hospitality industry workers
Agriculture, forest, fishery
Manual workers
Students, unemployed
Others
17
4
1
17
9
0
22
5
27
16
3.9
0.9
16
8.5
0
20.8
4.7
25.5
15
5
4
10
21
2
16
7
17
14.9
5
4
9.9
20.8
2
15.8
6.9
16.8
Marital status
Married
Single
Divorced and widowed
59
38
6
55.7
35.8
5.7
64
29
8
63.4
28.7
7.9
Education
levels
Primary school
Middle school
High school and middle college
Bachelor degree and higher
9
41
35
19
8.5
38.7
33
17.9
11
22
35
33
10.9
21.8
34.7
32.7
Driver knowledge about BAC levels and
amended law about drunk driving
Yinchuan
% with correct
answers
Guangzhou
% with correct
answers
General drivers
-Drink driving BAC
-Drunk driving BAC
-Aware of penalty change
34%
29%
93%
19%
19%
84%
Drunk driving offenders
-Drink driving BAC
-Drunk driving BAC
-Aware of penalty change
16%
19%
79%
28%
41%
84%
Drink driving behaviour (General drivers)
Yinchuan
Guangzhou
%
%
Car
Ridden a motorbike
Driven another vehicle
Ridden a bicycle
10.8
8.9
5.9
28.8
14.8
11.3
7.4
22.2
In the last 12 months, driven a car, motorbike or other motor vehicle on a
public road while over the legal BAC at least once
Never
1 time
In the last twelve months, how many times have you
2 times
been stopped by police conducting breath alcohol
3 and more
testing?
14.1
13.4
76.4
9.1
5.9
7.6
62.6
13.1
6.7
8.1
Had you been in detention (jailed) for drunk driving?
0.5
1.5
1.5
0.2
0.2
93
0.7
0.7
1.7
95.3
Key Measures
Have you ever been drinking over the
legal limit and driven these vehicles?
Had your licence been ____due to drink driving?
Confiscated
Suspended
Disqualified
None of these
Drink driving behaviour (Drunk driving
offenders)
Yinchuan
Guangzhou
%
%
Car
Ridden a motorbike
Driven another vehicle
Ridden a bicycle
46
27
10
23
42
48
14
35
In the last 12 months, driven a car, motorbike or other motor vehicle on a public road while over the
legal BAC at least once
43
39
71.7
14.2
13.2
72.3
18.8
8.9
10.4
21.8
3
3
18
76
15
14
11
59
Key Measures
Have you ever been drinking over the legal limit and
driven these vehicles?
In the last twelve months, how many times have you been stopped by
police conducting breath alcohol testing?
1 time
2 times
3 and more
Had you been in detention (jailed) previously for drunk driving?
Had your licence been ____due to drink driving?
Confiscated
Suspended
Disqualified
None of these
General Drivers AUDIT Scores
Key Measures
Severity of alcohol
drinking problem
AUDIT cut-off
scores
N/A
_
Yinchuan
**
Guangzhou
*
%
%
UDIT Scores for drunk driving offenders in
35.2
37.9
both kl;
Low
<8
33.5
38.9
Medium
8-
27.8
18.2
High Level
16 -
3.2
3.9
Need further diagnostic
evaluation for alcohol
dependence.
20 -
0.2
1.0
* Jia et al, “Knowledge and behaviours of drunk driving offenders in Guangzhou, China” will be published by the International Journal of Alcohol and Drug
Research forthcoming.
** Jia et al Manuscript under preparation “General Motor Vehicle Drivers’ Knowledge and Practices on Drink Driving in Yinchuan and Guangzhou, China”
Drunk driving offenders AUDIT Scores
Yinchu Guangz
an
hou
Key Measures
Alcohol drinking problem
severity
AUDIT scores
%
%
N/A
_
8.5
9.9
Low
<8
20.8
34.7
Medium
8-
52.8
44.6
High Level
16 -
14.2
6.9
Need further diagnostic evaluation
for alcohol dependence.
20 -
3.8
4.0
*Jia et al, “Knowledge and behaviours of drunk driving offenders in Guangzhou, China” will be published by the International Journal of Alcohol and Drug
Research forthcoming
**Manuscript under preparation “General Motor Vehicle Drivers’ Knowledge and Practices on Drink Driving in Yinchuan and Guangzhou, China”
Recidivist offenders AUDIT scores
First offenders AUDIT scores
Recidivist offenders AUDIT scores
16
14
12
AUDIT Score
10
8
6
4
2
0
Yinchuan
Guangzhou
Conclusions
• “China has entered the automobile era; however, the
civilization of driving behaviour has not come” (Zhang,
2010).
• Very poor knowledge of BACs
• Drink culture still affect people’s drink driving behaviours
• Alcohol drinking problems among two groups, especially
in drunk driving offenders and recidivists
• Traffic police conducting BATs frequency
• Insufficient traffic police resources: staffing levels and
equipment
Recommendations
• Increase public awareness about the harmfulness of
alcohol-related driving
• Improve legislation
– National Minimum Drinking Age
– Alcohol sell, purchase and consumption
– Concept of standard drink
• Enhance legal enforcement
• Improve Police resources
• Consider Alcohol ignition interlocks and rehabilitation
programs
Research strengths, limitations and future
directions
• Strengths: a cross-sectional study, three groups,
comprehensive study, AUDIT tool
• Limitations: Convenience samples, sample sizes
• Future directions:
– larger random samples
– attitudes to drink driving and perceptions of deterrence need
further study
– follow up first offenders, recidivists
– driving school teaching and training
Treasure life; Don’t drink and drive; Prevention is better than cure!
Thanks !
珍惜生命，绝不酒驾，预防为主！谢谢！
k.jia@qut.edu.au
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