PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Bell Work
•Read A Day in the Life
•Answer these questions for Task #2
• What is the sum of 363 and 499
• You found Brand A soup in aisle 10, how will you
find Brand B?
• College X and college Y both offer you a
scholarship, how will you choose each one?
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Chapter 8
THINKING AND LANGUAGE
Section 1: What Is Thinking?
Section 2: Problem Solving
Section 3: Reasoning
Section 4: Decision Making and Judgment
Section 5: Language
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 8
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Motivator
 “Dog”
 Form a mental picture of this word
 What did you come up with?
 You just illustrated the 3 units of thought
 Symbols, concepts, prototypes
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 8
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Task #2 and 3
 #3: Write down the T/F from pg. 178
 #4: PQ4R Section 1: Based on the its initial
Title…..hint……… should be 4 ?’s
 You should be able to answer these questions later
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 8
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Thinking is……
 1. thinking is the mental activity that is
involved in the understanding, processing, and
communicating of information. Made possible
through the use of symbols, concepts, and
prototypes.
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 8
Section 1: What Is Thinking?
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: What are the three units of thinking?
THREE UNITS OF THOUGHT
 SYMBOLS – objects or acts that stand for something
else
 CONCEPTS – mentally grouping together objects,
events, or ideas that have similar characteristics such
as dogs, horses, etc.
 PROTOTYPES – examples of concepts that best
exemplify that concept
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 8
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: What are the three units of thought?
Thinking
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Symbols
Concepts
Prototypes
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 8
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Lesson Closing
 Go over Thinking about Psychology Answers
 Task #5: Read/Respond to Case Study
Reading in back of room
 Keep this packet in your folder
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 8
Home
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
US Flag: What do the stars and stripes mean?
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 8
Home
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
What are all of these?
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 8
Home
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
When you hear the word “Paper” what do you think of?
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 8
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Bell Work
 Get books/folders
 Task #6 Solve problems A-E of Figure 8.1 on
pg. 180
 Go over answer to A
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 8
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Task #7: PQ4R Section 2
 What is problem solving?
 What are Algorithms and Heuristics?
 What are some Problem solving methods?
 4 More Questions
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 8
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
What are Algorithms and Heuristics
 Algorithms: a specific procedure that, when
used properly and in the right circumstances,
will always lead to the solution of a problem.
Ex: formulas.
 Heuristics: rules of thumb that often, but not
always, help us find the solution to a problem.
They are shortcuts. Ex: C_ _ FF (cliff)
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 8
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Problem Solving Methods: 9’oclock partners
 Trial/Error
 Difference Reduction
 Means-End Analysis
 Working Backward
 Analogies
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 8
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
What is Insight/Incubation?
 Insight: coming to understanding suddenly
 incubation effect: When we arrive at the
solution to a problem when we have not been
consciously working on the problem. Ex:
taking a break from math problem then
suddenly coming up with the solution.
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 8
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
What are some obstacles to solving
Problems
 mental set: the tendency to respond to a new problem
with an approach that was successfully used with similar
problems. Can sometimes solve a problem, can sometimes
cause a problem
 functional fixedness: is the tendency to think of an
object as being useful only for the function that the object
is usually used for.
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 8
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
What is meant by creativity and problem solving? (popcorn)
 convergent thinking: though is limited to available facts, one
tries to narrow thinking to find the single best solution.
 divergent thinking: one associates more freely to the various
elements of a problem. One follows leads that run in various
directions; perhaps one that will lead to the solution
unexpectedly.
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 8
Section 2: Problem Solving
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: What steps can be used to solve problems?
THE ABCDEs OF PROBLEM SOLVING
 Assess the problem
 Brainstorm approaches to the problem
 Choose the approach that seems most likely to work
 Do it – try the most likely approach
 Evaluate the results
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 8
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Lesson Closing
 Look @ figure 8.6 to solution C-E
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 8
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Bell Work
 Task #8: Attempt to problem solve Figure 8.3
on pg. 186
 Will Draw example of answer on board
 Task #9
 Complete thinking about psychology pg. 188
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 8
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Task #10: PQ4R Section 3
 What is reasoning?
 2 more ?s
 Read entire section
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 8
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Key Vocabulary
 Reasoning
 Use of information to reach conclusions
 Premise
 An idea or statement that provides the basic
information that allows us to draw conclusions
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 8
Section 3: Reasoning
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: How do deductive reasoning and inductive
reasoning differ?
DEDUCTIVE AND INDUCTIVE REASONING DIFFER
 9. Deductive Reasoning – a conclusion is arrived at by
reasoning from a general principle to a specific conclusion
 10. Inductive Reasoning – a conclusion is arrived at by
reasoning from many specific observations to a general
principle
 11. confirmation bias: tendency to prove, or confirm, one’s
hypothesis rather than disprove it.
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 8
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Examples
Deductive
 All Men are Mortal
 Spiderman is a man
 Therefore Spiderman is
Mortal
 All apples are a fruit
 Fruit grow on trees
 So, all apples grow on
trees
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 8
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Lesson Closing
 Task #11: Complete Thinking about
Psychology on Pg. 191
 Answer Task #9 as class
 Work on Projects
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 8
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Bell work
 Task #12: PQ4R Section 4
 What strategies can be used in Decision
making?
 4 more ?s
 Go over Answers to Task #11
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 8
Section 4: Decision Making and Judgment
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: What strategies can be made in decision making?
STRATEGIES IN DECISION MAKING
 Weighing the Pluses and Minuses – choosing among
goals or courses of action to reach goals by using a
balance sheet
 Shortcuts in Decision Making and Judgment – use
heuristics or shortcuts
 The Framing Effect (read)– refers to a way in which
wording affects decision making
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 8
Section 4: Decision Making and Judgment
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: What strategies can be made in decision making?
HEURISTICS OR SHORTCUTS
 Representativeness Heuristic – making decisions about a
sample according to the population that the sample appears to
represent
 Availability Heuristic – making a decision on the basis of
information that is available in the immediate consciousness
 Anchoring Heuristic – making a decision based on certain ideas
or standards that a person holds and which hold an anchor for
the person
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 8
Section 4: Decision Making and Judgment
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
What is Over-Confidence?
 People tend to have too much confidence in their
decisions, right or wrong
 Reasons
 Unaware of how flimsy evidence is
 Pay attention to ex.’s that confirm, ignore those that do not
 Tend to bring about things they believe in
 Studying for a test when you think you are capable of an A if you do
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 8
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Lesson Closing
 Watch part of video: Thinking and Language
 Finish it tomorrow
 Test Monday
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 8
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Bell Work
 Task #13: Thinking bout Psych. Pg.194
 Finish Video
 Test Monday
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 8
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Task #14
 PQ4R
 Section 5
 5 ?s
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 8
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
What is Language and its components?
 The communication of ideas through symbols
that are arranged according to rules of
grammar
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 8
Section 5: Language
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: What are the basic elements of
language?
BASIC ELEMENTS OF LANGUAGE
 Phonemes – basic sounds of a language
 Morphemes – units of meaning in language
 Syntax – way in which words are arranged to
make phrases and sentences
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 8
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
What are Semantics
 Semantics (Read aloud)
 Study of word meaning
 Involves the relationship b.t. languages and the things
depicted in language
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 8
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
What are the Stages of Language Dev.?
 Crying, cooing, and Babbling
 Most effective form of expression for newborns
 Similar World wide up to 9-10 months
 Words, Words, Words
 Beginning of word formation and TRUE language
 18 months = 24 words
 Overextension: Extending meanings to refer to things they don’t yet have
words for
 Dev. Of Grammar (Read aloud)
 Age development gradually leads to the increase of words in a sentences to
convey their meaning
 Over-regularization: applying normal rules to all words
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 8
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
How do we learn language?
 Hereditary Influences
 (LAD) Language acquisition device which people
believe we have the natural tendency to acquire
language
 Environmental Influences
 Children learn language in part, by observing and
imitating other people
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 8
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
What is Bilingualism?
 Bilingualism
 Ability to speak more than one language
 The earlier a child starts on another language the better
as research supports
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
Chapter 8
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Lesson Closing
 Task #14
 Exploring Diversity Answer: pg. 197
 Task #15: Case Study: Answer pg. 200
 Task #16: Time to work on Monday
 Thinking bout Psych: pg. 201
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HOLT, RINEHART
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WINSTON