Philip J. Langlais, Ph.D.
Dept. of Psychology
Old Dominion University
International Workshop on Peer Review,
Research Integrity, and the Governance of
Science
May 21-23, 2012,
Dalian, China
“An unexamined life is not worth living”
Socrates
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Research Integrity – research behavior viewed
from the perspective of professional standards
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Research Ethics – research behavior viewed from
the perspective of moral principles
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Responsible Conduct of Research (RCR) –
conducting research in ways that fulfill the
professional responsibilities of researchers, as
defined by their professional organizations, the
institutions/organizations for which they work
and, when relevant the government and public.
*Steneck, NH. Science and Engineering Ethics, 12(1): 53-74, 2006.
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Confidentiality
Conflicts of Interest and Commitment
Authorship
Data Collection and Storage
Data Analysis & Interpretation
Publications and Presentations
Collaborations
Responding to unethical, illegal, inappropriate behaviors
(Whistleblowing)
Peer Review
Intellectual Property, Patents, Copyrights
Competency
Research involving Humans and/or Animals
Mentor-Mentee Relationships
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Public Trust
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Pressure of economic, corporate and academic
competitiveness for credit and intellectual
property rights.
Public Good
Integrity of the Scientific Community & Findings
Social Responsibility and Accountability
A highly effective scientific research enterprise
is considered essential to the U.S. and global
economies.
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The world’s researchers now number in the millions.
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In 2006, a total 966,384 peer review papers were
published. (http://informationr.net/ir/141/paper391.html)
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“Acknowledging possible shortcomings in the behavior
of researchers is necessary, but foregoing the principles
of research integrity risks undermining the entire chain
linking the creation of new knowledge in science to the
creation of wealth and welfare in society.” (Fostering
Research Integrity in Europe, Executive Report by the
European Science Foundation, 2010)
Government Funded research is carried out either by
government agencies, e.g., NASA, NIH-intramural or through
grants to academic and other researchers outside of the
government. Government sponsored research results are
publicly shared and motivated by the desire to enhance
knowledge and enhance the general public welfare.
Research funded by industries, Angel Investors and Venture
Capitalists are much less likely to fund projects for the sake of
knowledge but to concentrate on projects perceived to be most
likely to generate profits.
Among the 2010 Global Innovation 1000 Study key findings:
Fully 68 percent of all companies Booz & Company tracked
raised R&D spending in 2010, and three industries accounted for
more than three-quarters (77%), or $36.1 billion, of the total
$46.8 billion increase: Computing and electronics, health and
automotive.
Industries experiencing the greatest percentage increase in R&D
spending were software and internet (11%), health (9.1%) and
industrials (8.5%).
The top 20 global spenders averaged 10 percent R&D growth,
representing $142 billion in R&D on sales of $1.6 trillion.
In the 2006 OECD report, approximately 70% of R&D in scientific and
technical fields were funded & carried out by industries, 20% by
universities and 10% by governments.
In U.S., 2006 Total ISR&D = $312.535 billion
Percent Funded:
Private Sector: 63.7% ($200 billion)
Government: 31.0% ($97 billion)
Percent Executed:
Industry:
70.1
Academia:
13.6
Government: 12.3
*Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
Attitudes, Perceptions, Climate & Culture
Environment—population,
industry, resources
Organization—culture,
strategy, performance
Unit—structure, climate,
technology, performance
Group/team—norms,
cohesiveness, performance
Dyad—leadership (LMX),
relationships, perform.
Individual—attitudes,
values, beliefs, traits,
genes, performance
Levels of Analysis –
Reproduced with permission
from Donald Davis, ODU
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Is more complex than simply following a set of rules or
doing what one sees one’s mentor do.
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Requires the integration of the ethical values of one’s
chosen profession while understanding and maintaining
one’s own ethical/moral values and traditions.
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Is a process which continues throughout one’s
professional and personal life and involves making
adaptations on a continuous basis.
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Requires ethical decision-making skills and the ability to
identify issues, challenges, professional standards,
regulations and the consequences of one’s decisions and
behaviors.
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An individual’s ethical behavior and choices in research
activities are nested within multiple levels of
organizational context including:
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Leadership expectations
Group/team norms & expectations
Organizational policies, procedures…
Organizational climate,/culture/values
Professional Codes and Best Practices
Environmental – Industry, academia, societal
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World Medical Association International Code of Medical Ethics:
http://www.nspe.org/Ethics/CodeofEthics/index.html
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American Physical Society Guidelines for Professional Conduct:
http://www.aps.org/policy/statements/02_2.cfm
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Association of Business Schools/British Academy of
Management/Higher Education Academy: Business Management
Accountancy and Finance, Ethics Guide (2009)
hhtp://www.the=abs.org.uk/?id=560
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National Society of Professional Engineers – Code of Ethics:
http://www.nspe.org/Ethics/CodeofEthics/index.html
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American Sociological Association, Code of Ethics:
http://www2.asanet.org/members/ecoderev.html
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American Psychological Association, Ethical Principles and Code
of Conduct: http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/index.aspx
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Fostering Research Integrity in Europe, 2010 Executive
Report, European Science Foundation
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Recommendations for Promoting Research Integrity, Irish
Council for Bioethics, 2010.
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Honesty, Accountability and Trust: Fostering Research
Integrity in Canada, 2011 Report by The Expert Panel on
Research Integrity, Council of Canadian Academies.
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Singapore Statement on Research Integrity, 2nd World
Conference on Research Integrity, September 22, 2010
(http://www.singaporestatement.org/statement.html)
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Honesty
Accountability
Reliability
Objectivity
Impartiality & Independence
Openness & Accessibility
Duty of Care (Respect)
Fairness
Responsibility
Beneficence
Do-no-harm
*European Science Foundation (ESF), Irish Council for Bioethics; Council of
Canadian Academies; 2nd World Conference on Research Integrity.
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Shared values, ethics and best practices of Science
Professional Standards and Codes of Conduct
Organizational/Institutional Policies and norms
Discipline specific norms, traditions, best practices
Local, State and Federal Regulations
Personal values, morals and ethical approaches
Situations may arise in which one or more of these “guides” to
decision making are in direct conflict with each other.
SHARED GOVERNANCE
SHARED RESPONSIBILITY
SHARED OPPORTUNITIES