Sarah Gorrell
Ms. Scott
AP US History Period 4
17 October 2012
PEDLIGS:
Chapter 17:
People:
Cornelius Vanderbilt: earned millions from steamboat business and in 1867 he used his money to merge
RR’s in the New York City Railroad
Jay Gould: made quick profits off of RR; made millions by selling assets and watering stock
J. Pierpoint Morgan: monopoly over the banking industry, took control of RR with money.
William Vanderbilt: son of Cornelius; inherits father’s RR monopoly, tried to regulate the RR’s through
laws, did not work.
Andrew Carnegie: monopoly over steel, used steel, vertical integration.
John D. Rockefeller: monopoly over oil industry
Herbert Spencer: most influential of social Darwinists who thought that Darwin’s ideas of natural
selection should be applied to the marketplace
Russel Conwell: preached in his lecture “acres of Diamonds”, everyone has a duty to become rich
Samuel F.B. Morse: in 1844, created the first radical change in the speed of communications by
inventing telegraph
Alexander Graham Bell: invented the telephone in 1876
Thomas A. Edison research laboratory: in 1876, established a laboratory in Menlo Park, NJ for inventing
new technologies. Electric light bulb, concept of mechanics and engineers working as a team
George Westinghouse: developed an airbrake for RR in 1869 and a transformer for producing high
voltage alternating current in 1885
White-collar workers: salaried workers whose jobs did not involve Manuel labor (wore white-collared
shirts)
Samuel Gompers: leader of the American Federation of Labor from 1884 to 1924. Wanted higher wages
and improved working conditions, directed local unions of skilled workers to negotiate new contracts
Euggene V. Debs: leader of the American RR Union who directed workers not to handle any trans with
Pullman cars because Pullman cut wages, boycott that tied up RR transportation
Terence Powderly: leader of the Knights of Labor
Events:
Panic of 1893:forced a quarter of all RR companies into bankruptcy, JP Morgan took control of the
bankrupt RRs and consolidated them, eliminated competition and created a monopoly of the RR system
Second Industrial Revolution: the growth of heavy industry in the production of steel and petroleum,
electric power, and industrial machinery to produce other goods
Bessemer Process: blasting air through molten iron produced high quality steel which Carnegie used in
replacing RRs tracks and became a millionaire
Antitrust Movement: when trusts came under wide scrutiny and attacks because the middle class feared
the unregulated power of monopolies and government
Railroad Strike of 1877: one of the worst outbreaks of labor violence during an economic depression
when RR companies cut wages in order to reduce costs, went on strike across the country and after,
sparked the creation of the National Labor Union
Haymarket Bombing (1886):
•
•
•
•
•
80,000 Knights of Labor gathered in Chicago at the site of the first May Day movement
The Union grew rapidly and declined just as rapidly
Violence broke out as a response to the movement which called for a general strike to achieve an
eight-hour day at Chicago’s McCormick Harvester plant
Workers held a meeting on May 4th in Haymarket Square and as police were trying to break it
up, someone threw a bomb that killed seven police officers
8 anarchists were tried and 7 were sentenced to death, union lost popularity and membership as a
result
Homestead Strike (1892):
•
•
•
Henry Clay Frick (manager of Andrew Carnegie’s Homestead Plant in Pittsburgh) started a strike
by cutting wages by 20%
Used the weapons of lockout, guards and strikebreakers to defeat the steelworkers’ walkout after
five months
Failure of the Homestead strike set back the union movement in the steel industry until the New
Deal in the 1930s
Pullman Strike (1894):
•
Strike of the workers living in George Pullman’s model company town near Chicago- Pullman
manufactured the famous railroad sleeping cars
•
•
•
•
•
1894- announced to cut wages and fired the leaders of the workers delegation who came to
negotiate with him
The workers laid down their tools and appealed for help from the American Railroad Union,
whose leader Eugene V. Debs told workers not to handle any trains with Pullman cars
The union’s boycott tied up RR transportation across the country
RR owners supported Pullman by linking Pullman cars to mail trains but the federal court issued
an injunction forbidding the inference with the operation of mails and ordered RR workers to
abandon the strike and boycott
Didn’t follow the injunction, Debs and other union leaders were jailed – this ended the strike
Documents:
The Wealth of Nations: written by economist Adam Smith in 1776 which argued that business should be
separate from government. Proposes laissez faire, hands off by government.
Iron Law of Wages: David Ricardo, advocated low wages as raising wages would only increase the
working population and the availability of more workers would cause wages to fall- bad cycle of
starvation and bad lives.
Gospel of Wealth: Andrew Carnegie’s idea that it is the rich’s’ responsibility to give back to the
community as to die rich is a sin.
Laws:
Sherman Antitrust Act: 1890: forbade contracts, combinations and conspiracies in the form of a trust in
restraint of trade or commerce. Very vague and did not define what a conspiracy was. Was ineffective,
Gilded age presidents were controlled by big businesses thus they did not enforce. Teddy Roosevelt was
the first to enforce
Ideas:
U. S. Steel: First billion dollar company created by Carnegie and sold to JP Morgan. Largest enterprise in
the world, monopoly controlled/5 of the nation’s steel business.
Standard Oil Trust: Rockefeller’s company, in 1881 controlled 90% of oil refinery business. Horizontal
integration to create a trust.
Middle class: expanded during this time as a result to industrialization creating jobs, large crops needed
white-collar workers and middle management.
National Labor Union: attempt to organize all both skilled and unskilled workers in all states. Advocated
8 hour work day, higher wages. Got 8 hour work day but lost support after depression in 1873
Knights of Labor: Terrence Powerderly, union of unskilled workers that welcomed anybody. Advocated
everything that the National Labor Union did with the exception of higher pay.
American Federation of Labor: union of skilled workers that wanted better pay founded in 1886
New York Central Railroad: 1867 ran from NYC to Chicago and operated more 4,500 miles of track,
consolidated the competing railroads and linking it with small outlying towns
Trunk line: consolidation of competing railroads, the major route between large cities; smaller branch lies
connected to the trunk line with outlying towns
Watered Stock: inflating the value of a corporations assets and profits before selling its stock to the public
Pools: an attempt to increase profits in which competing companies agreed secretly and informally to fix
rates and share traffic
Rebates: discounts offered by RR companies to favored shippers while charging high rates to smaller
customers such as farmers
Vertical Integration: a company controls every stage of the industrial process (Carnegie) to stomp out
completion and create a monopoly
Horizontal Integration: when former competitors are brought together under a single corporate umbrella
to monopolize an industry
Laissez-Faire Capitalism: individuals can pursue their own maximum profit without breaking the law,
competition makes for cheaper goods, free market, tries to avoid government regulation
Social Darwinism: survival of the fittest applied to the marketplace, those who are smarter and adapt
more with be more successful and gain more wealth and those who are poor and weaker people will
eventually die out
Protestant Work Ethic: hard work and material success are signs of God’s favor
Transatlantic Cable: created by Cyrus W. Fields in 1866 which made it possible to send messages across
the seas in an instants times
Telephone: invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876, which was huge leap in communication
technology
Consumer Goods: new inventions created a need for business to find ways of selling merchandise to a
large public
Sears, Roebuck; Montgomery Ward:two larger mail-order companies that improved the rail system to
ship goods from their catalogs to houses
Concentration of Wealth: the richest 10% of the US population controlled 90% of the nations wealth,
industrialization created millionaires
Upward Mobility: movement of people into a higher economic bracket (poor  middle)
Scab:unemployed people that were desperate for jobs
Lockout: closing the factory to break a labor movement before it could get organized
blacklist: names of pro-union workers that were received by employers
yellow-dog contract: contracts workers had to sign which said they wouldn’t join a union
injunction: court order that prevented people from going on strike
Government Stuff:
Federal Land Grants: the federal government provided grants to RR companies in the form of loans and
land grants because RR leading to the west meant more settlement in the west.
Transcontinental Railroads: railroads ran across the continent. Union Pacific westward across the Great
Plains, Central Pacific went across the Sierras to California, joined together in Ma.
Union and Central Pacific: Union Pacific westward across the Great Plains, Central Pacific went across
the Sierras to California, joined together in May 10th, 1869 which linked the Atlantic and Pacific states, 4
other transcontinental RRs across different sections of the west
Supreme Court Cases:
United States v. E. C. Knight: ruled that the Sherman Antitrust Act could be applied to only commerce,
not manufacturing.
In re Debs: 1895, the supreme court ruled that the use of court injunctions against strikes was allowed.
This gave employers the power to break unions.
Chapter 18
People:
Carry A. Nation: a woman who was unwilling to wait for legislation to change that created a sensation by
raiding saloons and smashing barrels of beer.
Anthony Comstock: formed Society of Suppression of Vice, created as a watchdog of American morals.
Oliver Wendell Holmes: preached that the law should evolve with the times and should respond to
changing needs and not remain restricted by legal precedents and judicial decisions of the past.
WEB du bois: first African American to receive a doctorate from Harvard, activist who advocated for
equal rights
Mark Twain: realist Arthur; wrote about real situations, revealed violence and corruption in American
society.
Jack London: a young Californian writer and adventurer that was known for his naturalist. Described how
human emotions shape human experience. The Call of the Wild
James Mc Neil Whistler: American expatriate and artist who sailed to Europe and lived in London and
Paris. Arrangement of Grey and Black- painting
Mary Cassatt: portrait painter who spent most of her life in Parish where she learned techniques of
impressionism. Painted everyday life in urban neighborhoods
“old” immigrants: mainly literate, immigrants from western Europe. Many Irish and German Catholics
who blended into America well.
“New” immigrants: Southern and Eastern European illiterate and non- English speaking immigrants who
were unaccustomed to democracy and who had a harder timie blending into America.
Political machine: an organization or political party on the municipal level, provided services for their
constituency, very corrupt, used graft and intimidation to get why they wanted, bought votes.
Party boss: the leader of a political machine, very corrupt
Jane Addams: a women who took it upon herself to care and take action in social issues. Would educate
the poor. Settlement worker, started Hull House in Chicago in 1889
Louis Sullivan: Chicago artist who rejected historic styles and embraced tall steel-framed office buildings,
believed that the form of the building flowed from its function
Daniel Burnham: Chicago artist who designed skyscrapers
Frederick Law Olmsted: planned public enjoyment such as city parks and scenic boulevards. He
established the foreground for urban landscaping.
John Phillip Sousa: set up outdoor bandstand in smaller cities which acted as entertainment for the public
Jelly Roll Morton Buddy Bolden: African American jazz musician from New Orleans.
Henry Hobson Richardson: responsible for change to urban architecture in 1870’s, based on the
Romanesque style of round arches.
Events:
Armory Show of 1913: an art show where abstract paintings that were rejected by society and that upset
the realist and romantics, were exhibited in NYC
Documents:
Henry George, Progress and Poverty: written in 1879 with an intent to have readers criticize the effects of
laissez faire economics. Proposed placing a tax on land for a solution to poverty, Best seller.
Edward Bellamy, looking backward: written in 1888 and is about a society that had eliminated poverty
and crime. Suggests that America should stray away from laissez-faire and have greater government
involvement.
Laws:
Chinese Exclusion Act(1882): during Arthur’s term, excluded Chinese from immigrating to America;
motivated by racism.
Ideas:
Urbanization: the growing of cities; occurs in 19th century, causes people to move to cities because those
are where the jobs are.
Ethnic neighborhoods: neighborhoods where a group of people kept their own customs and language,
occurred because of the wealthy moving out and the immigrants having access to more buildings.
Tenements: apartment building where landlords crammed as many people as possible and where the
living conditions were horrible.
Settlement house: young, well-educated groups of men and women settled into immigrant neighborhoods
and try to lessen the impact of poverty. Taught English, and advocated education and art.
Social Gospel movement: Protestant clergymen preaching about the importance of Christianity and the
need to apply it to social issues. Promoted the cause of social justice for the urban poor.
National American Women’s Suffrage Association: with help of Seneca Falls (1848), Elizabeth Cady
Stanton, and Susan B. Anthony, the association secured the vote for women.
Women’s Christian Temperance Union: formed in 1874 by Frances E. Willard and women who believed
that excessive alcohol consumption by male factory workers was the main cause of poverty. They
believed that total abstinence from alcohol would end poverty and abuse.
Antisaloon League: 1893, a powerful political force that by 1916 convinced 21 states to close all saloons
and bars.
Chicago School: School of architecture that believed that the form of a building comes from its function
Jazz: a form of music derived from African American rhythms and western instruments
Government Stuff:
Ellis Island: an immigration center where immigrants passed through before entering the United States;
created 1892
Outline:
Chapter 24: Industry comes of Age
1. Rail roads:
a. Costly and dangerous
b. Congress advanced liberal money loans and acreage to railroad companies after people
convinced they were needed for military and postal needs
c. Granting land was a cheap way to subsidize a transportation system; Used it as collateral
for loans
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
d. Frontier villages became flourishing cities; caused communities to fight for the privilege
of playing host
Union Pacific Railroad:
a. Commissioned by congress to thrust westward from Omaha, Nebraska
b. Paid workers and companies very well, usually by mile, Many were Irish union soldiers
c. Built 1086 miles
Central Pacific Railroad
a. Rail laying at the California end; pushed eastward from boomtown Sacramento
b. Big Four: the chief financial backers of the enterprise (Leland Stanford, Collis P.
Huntington), operated through two construction companies.
c. Workers were treated poorly, many were poor Chinese laborers. Many lost their lives
d. Worked slower than the Union Pacific because of the Sierra Nevada’s solid rock
e. Built 689 miles
f. Wedding of the rails: Ogden, Utah in 1869.
i. Created a path to the west
ii. Facilitated trade with Asia
Railroad Ties
a. Four other transcontinental lines were completed; none with monetary loans from the
federal government but all except the Great Northern received grants of land
b. The Northern Pacific Railroad: 1883. The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe: 1884. The
Southern Pacific:1884
c. The Great Northern: 1893
i. Duluth to Seattle, ran north of the Northern Pacific
ii. James J Hill
d. Sometimes RR were too optimistic, running from nowhere to nothing. Causing them to
go into bankruptcy, hurting investors.
e. Many large railroads experienced bankruptcies, mergers, or reorganizations.
Vanderbilt
a. Expanded older Eastern networks (New York Central.
b. Improvements: steel rail, tougher , safer, more economical than iron
Railroad advantages:
a. Connected everything
b. Market for manufactured goods and sped raw materials to factories
c. Stimulated mining and agriculture
d. Immigration
e. Time: before railroads each town had its own time based off sun
Corruption in RR:
a. Jay Gould: boomed and busted the stocks of the Erie, the Kansas Pacific, the Union
Pacific, and the Texas and Pacific
b. “Stock watering”: RR stock promoters inflated their claims about a given line’s assets
and profitability and sold stocks and bonds far in excess of the actual values.
c. Railroad kings were industrial monarchs, controlling the lives of people
d. “pool”: an agreement to divide the business in a given area and share the profits
The people fighting back:
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
a. Farmers protested RR inflated prices after the depression of the 1870’s
Interstate Commerce Act: first attempt by Washington to regulate business in the interest of
society
Industrial expansion:
a. Causes? :Natural resources, liquid capital, immigration, mass production(Eli Whitney),
new inventions, communications (telephone), electricity (Edison)
Steel
a. Went from being scarce (Vanderbilt imported it for his rail lines) to America producing
more than one-third of the world’s supply
b. Bessemer-Kelly process: more efficient way of making steel
c. Carnegie: steel production, bought out by Morgan who made the United States Steel
Corporation America’s first billion-dollar corporation
Rockefeller: Standard Oil Company of Ohio
a. Electricity made it obsolete, but automobiles brought the use back
b. Rockefeller controlled 95% of oil refineries in the country
Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890:
a. Ineffective in original intent to restraint of trade because of loopholes but effect in
curbing labor unions or labor combinations that were restraining trade
b. 1914: when Sherman Act is finally revised to work
South:
a. Was not effected by industrial revolution; boosted by increase demand for cigarettes.
(tobacco)
b. Economic discrimination against south (supplier of raw materials to the north, unable to
develop industrial base of its own)
c. Work in mills: poor pay and working conditions, but first steady jobs and wages
Impact of Industrial Revolution on America:
a. Increased wealth and better standard of
b. immigrants as a result of factories demanding more labor
c. Women: more women workers , same long hours and dangerous working conditions but
with less pay
Work
a. Less emphasis on manual skills and jobs were lost to machines in the short term( long
term= more jobs)
b. It was frowned upon by one’s employer to join a union or fight back, which is
hypocritical. A union is to a worker what a trust is to a company.
Labor unions
a. The National Labor Union 1866: all workers, The Knights of Labor: 1869: all workers,
Colored National Labor Union: republican, racism towards white (did not get along with
National Labor Union), American Federation of Labor1886: only skilled workers
Chapter 25: America Moves to the City
1. Americans migrated towards cities, population in cities tripled, 4/10 lived in cities
a. Attracted European immigrants, many rural Americans were pulled into cities for work
and better living options ( nightlife, electricity, plumbing)
2.
3.
4.
5.
b. Consumerism: stores like Macys caused this as well as widened class divisions
c. Issue of waste: in the country people did not waste nor throwaway anything: opposite in
city
d. New Immigrants flooded in: before 1880’s, most were from British Isles and Western
Europe (came from democratic nations, they were accustomed to the American lifestyle).
Now, they came from southern and eastern Europe ( many from monarchist and
controlling areas) these took jobs in factories
Urbanization of Southern Europe
a. Caused Europeans to immigrate to America and other areas
b. 25% returned home
Brooklyn Bridge: 1883
a. Added glamour that attracted Americans to New York
b. Connected people into the cities
Immigration reactions:
a. Little if anything was done to help immigrants adjust to American life
b. Jane Addams: notable for helping immigrants
Ant foreignism:
a. “Native” Americans blamed the immigrants for the degradation of urban government
b. American Protective Association: antiforeigner organization, 1887.
c. Restrictive laws: 1882, no paupers, criminals, convicts. 1885, prohibition of the
importation of foreign workers under contract
d. Other federal laws prohibited the insane, polygamists, prostitutes, alcoholics, anarchists,
and the diseased
e. Literacy test enacted in 1917
f. 1882: excludes the Chinese
Pictures:
This picture makes me feel sad. These men seem to be
working in tough conditions. They all have unhappy looks
on their faces and are in an environment that harbors an
unsafe feeling. If I were in the situation that these men are
in, I would feel unsafe from the labor based and dangerous
environment. I would feel hot and overworked from the long
work days, and hungry from the incapability to afford a
substantial diet. I would hear the sound of workers building
and echoing off of the rocks. Overall this is not an
occupation nor life that I would want to live.
This picture is incredibly sad! That fact that these children are
barely big enough to operate the machinery shows how wrong it is
to put children in dangerous work conditions. If I were in this
situation, I would hear loud machinery at work as well as people
working, possibly screaming from an injury, which occurred quite
frequently. I would be tasting dust from the air that the machinery
swooped up and I would feel very unsafe and hot from working.
Once again, I would never want to be in a situation like this, as it is
unsafe and sad.