CARTOONING
AND ANIMATION
By Emma Coleman
EMILE COHL

Emile Cohl was a French caricaturist, cartoonist
and pioneering animator. Emile started to show
an early interest in guignol puppet theatre and
political caricature and after several jobs, Cohl
began his professional career as a caricaturist
under the guidance of well-known caricaturist
André Gill. Back in Paris in 1896, Cohl some
what abandoned caricature and took up
cartooning for many magazines for families and
children. He also made comic strips, and
ventured into other artistic occupations, such as
animation.
In the early 20th century, he worked on several
films for Gaumont, among 'Fantasmagorie', 'les
Joyaux Microbes', 'Clair de Lune Espagnol', 'Le
Tour Petit Faust' and 'Le Peintre néoimpressionniste'.
 Fantasmagorie one of Cohls first pieces of work
and was created in 1908 using the method know
as stop motion. This film consisted of 700
drawings at 12 frames per second and lasted
approximately 58 seconds.

J.STUART BLACKTON

James Stuart Blackton, usually known as J. Stuart
Blackton, was an Anglo-American film producer of
the Silent Era, the founder of Vitagraph Studios and
among the first filmmakers to use the techniques of
stop-motion and drawn animation. A natural talent
for drawing found him a place on the staff of the New
York World, writing and drawing a regular illustrated
feature on personalities in the news. At this time
Blackton was making regular stage appearances as a
cartoonist in the company of conjurer Albert Smith. J.
Stuart Blackton was not only running the Vitagraph
studio, but also producing, directing, writing, and
even starring in his films. Since profits were
constantly increasing, Blackton felt that he could try
any idea that sprang to his head. In a series of films,
Blackton developed the concepts of animation.
The first of these films is The Enchanted
Drawing, with a copyright date of 1900 but
probably made at least a year earlier. The
"animation" here is of the stop-motion action.
 In 1906, Blackton directed Humorous Phases of
Funny Faces, which uses stop-motion as well as
stick puppetry to produce a series of effects. After
Blackton's hand draws two faces on a chalkboard,
they appear to come to life and engage in antics.
Most of the film uses life action effects instead of
animation, but nevertheless this film had a huge
effect in stimulating the creation of animated
films in America, and was probably his most
famous piece of work.

PIXAR

Possibly one of the most successful animation
companies of today. Pixar began in 1979 as the
Graphics Group, part of the Computer Division of
Lucasfilm before it was acquired by Apple co-founder
Steve Jobs in 1986. The studio has earned 26
Academy Awards, seven Golden Globes, and three
Grammy Awards.


Pixar has produced twelve feature films, beginning
with Toy Story in 1995, there most famous film. It
was followed by A Bug's Life in 1998, Toy Story 2 in
1999, Monsters, Inc. in 2001, Finding Nemo in 2003,
The Incredibles in 2004, Cars in 2006, Ratatouille in
2007, WALL-E in 2008, Up in 2009, Toy Story 3 in
2010, and Cars 2 in 2011.

Luxo Jr. is the first film produced in 1986 by
Pixar Animation Studios, following its
establishment as an independent film studio. It is
a computer-animated short film, demonstrating
the kind of things the newly-established company
was capable of producing. It was the first Pixar
short to release within a Pixar film. It is the
source of the small hopping desk lamp included
in Pixar's corporate logo. In a subsequent rerelease after Pixar became popular, a pretext was
added to the film reading, "In 1986 Pixar
produced its first film.
UB IWERKS

Ub Iwerks, was a two-time Academy Award winning
American animator, cartoonist, character designer,
inventor, creator of Mickey Mouse, and special effects
technician, who was famous for his work for Walt
Disney. Iwerks was considered by many to be Walt
Disney's oldest friend, and spent most of his career
with Disney. He was responsible for the distinctive
style of the earliest Disney animated cartoons, and
was also responsible for creating Mickey Mouse.


Ub Iwerks got inspiration for Mickey Mouse from
an old drawing. In 1925, Hugh Harman drew
some sketches of mice around a photograph of
Walt Disney. This inspired Ub Iwerks to create
the new mouse character for Disney, called
Mickey Mouse.
Iwerks' most famous work outside creating and
animating Mickey Mouse was Flip the Frog for
his own studio. Iwerks was known for his fast
work at drawing and animation and his wacky
sense of humor.
NICK PARK

Nicholas Wulstan "Nick" Park is an English
filmmaker of stop motion animation best known as
the creator of Wallace and Gromit and Shaun the
Sheep. Park has been nominated for an Academy
Award a total of six times, and won four with;
Creature Comforts (1989), The Wrong Trousers
(1993), A Close Shave (1995), and Wallace & Gromit:
The Curse of the Were-Rabbit (2005).


Nick uses plasticine modeling clay to create his
characters and used the stop start motion to create
his films know as Claymation. It took Nick Parks 5
years to make one of his films (Wallace and Gromit
the curse of the were-rabbit) which includes planning
filming and editing.
OTTO MESSMER
 Otto
James Messmer was an American
animator, best known for his work on the
Felix the Cat cartoons and comic strip
produced by the Pat Sullivan studio. The
extent of Messmer's role in the creation and
popularity of Felix is a matter of ongoing
dispute, particularly as he only laid his claim
to the character after the death of Sullivan,
who until that time had received the credit.
However, most prominent comics and
animation historians support Messmer's
claim, as do the veterans of the Sullivan
studio.

Mesmer had great success in the silent film era
in the 1920s. In 1919, he animated the famous
black cat Felix for the cartoon 'Feline Follies'.
Actually, as early as 1917 Pat Sullivan had made
an animation called 'The Tail of Thomas Kat',
featuring a prototype of the later Felix. At first,
Messmer's Felix was called Master Tom, but from
the third cartoon, his name changed to Felix.
While being the most popular cartoon character
of the silent era, 'Felix the Cat' was also
introduced as a newspaper comic in 1923,
distributed by King Features.
CARTOONING AND ANIMATION HISTORY
AND ORIGINS



The word cartoon has various meanings, based on several
very different forms of visual art and illustration. The
artists who draw cartoons are known as cartoonists.
What may be seen as possibly the earliest political cartoon
is an anonymous woodcut entitled Le Revers du Jeu des
Suysses (The Other Side of the Swiss Game), produced in
1499.
The first popular animated character was Felix the cat who
was created in 1919 and was the creation of animator Otto
Messmer. The last Felix cartoon was released in 1928 when
Mickey Mouse was published. Created by Ub Iwers Mickey
Mouse is a hugely loved character world wide. Steamboat
Willie (1928) was the starting point for all modern day
animated films. Other popular cartoons characters’
developed in the 1930’s included Betty Boop, Popeye, and
Superman, all created by the Felishcher studio.


The Warner Bros studio began in the early 1930’s and
created the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies, and
between 1930 and 1950 they created characters’ such as
Daffy Duck, Bugs Bunny, Elmer Fudd the Pink Panther,
Road Runner, Wile E Coyote, Tweety Bird (Tweety Pie) and
Porky Pig.
In 1937 Walt Disney released their first full-length
Animated feature film, Snow white and the seven Dwarfs.
Although other studios had attempted to make full-length
feature films, this was the first successful attempt. Over
four years it took $1.5 million to make the first animated
film but grossed a profit of $8 million and became the most
successful film release of the year. In 1940 they released
Fantasia which was highly experimental and involved
animation’s set to classical music, including Mickey Mouse
in the Sorcerer’s apprentice.


This was one of the turning points in animation
history and when fantasia2000 was released it
finally received the popular acclaim it deserved.
During the 1970’s and 1980’s a huge number of
cartoons where created becoming popular on
Saturday morning television. These included
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Thundercats, The
Care Bears, My little pony and Transformers.
Similar cartoons currently produced include
SpongeBob Squarepants and Avatar: The last
Airbender; however current day cartoons are not
produced in the quantities that were seen in the
1980’s.

In 1937 Walt Disney released their first fulllength Animated feature film, Snow white and
the seven Dwarfs. Although other studios had
attempted to make full-length feature films, this
was the first successful attempt. Over four years
it took $1.5 million to make the first animated
film but grossed a profit of $8 million and became
the most successful film release of the year. In
1940 they released Fantasia which was highly
experimental and involved animation’s set to
classical music, including Mickey Mouse in the
Sorcerer’s apprentice.
Now days Cartoons are not only focusing on
younger audiences but also being created for
more of a general audience.
 The Simpsons created by Matt Groening, is the
longest running television cartoon series,
beginning in 1989, with new episodes still being
released.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF ANIMATION (2D 3D
ECT)

Clay animation -Clay animation began shortly after
plasticine (a clay-like substance) was invented in
1897, and one of the first films to use it was made in
1902. This type of animation was not very popular
until Gumby was invented.Gumby is a green clay
humanoid figure who was the subject of a 233-episode
series of American television which spanned over a
35-year period. He was animated using stop motion
clay animation. The invention of Gumby was a big
step in the history of clay animation. Now, clay
animation has become more popular and easier to do.
Clay animations, such as the Wallace and Gromit
series of movies, the advertisements that were made
for the California Raisin Advisory Board and the
Celebrity Deathmatch series have all helped to
promote clay animation.

Computer animation - Computer animation
has also become increasingly common. Computer
animation began about 40 years ago when the
first computer drawing system was created. It
allows users to view a 3D model of a car
(example) and change the angles and rotation.
Some movies that used computer animation are:
Jurassic Park, Forrest Gump. A well-known
computer animation company is Pixar. They are
responsible for making Toy Story, the
Incredibles, Monsters Inc., Finding Nemo, and
more.

Cel- shaded animation -Cel- shaded
animationis a type of non-photorealistic
rendering designed to make computer graphics
appear to be hand-drawn. Cel-shading is often
used to mimic the style of a comic book or
cartoon. It is a somewhat recent addition to
computer graphics, most commonly turning up in
video games. However, the end result of celshading has a very simplistic feel like that of
hand-drawn animation. Some television shows
use the cel-shading style, these shows included
Family Guy, Futurama, Fairly Oddparents,
Spider-Man, The Simpsons, and many more.

2D (drwan) animation - Animation began with
Winsor McCay. He did his animations all by
himself, and it took him a long time (about a year
for a five minute cartoon). But for some, it was
ridiculous that they would have to wait so much
for so little. Then the modern animation studio
came to be. Years later, more people would invent
more cartoon characters. Otto Messmer invented
the character 'Felix the Cat'. Later on, the Walt
Disney Studio created 'Steamboat Willie', which
introduced the character Mickey Mouse. Other
companies started to make their own cartoons;
some of which we can still watch today.

Rotoscoping – rotoscoping is an animation
technique in which animators trace over liveaction film movements frame by frame for use in
animated films. Its used in many films, disney
uses the technique quite alot as well as in the
films A Scanner Darkly and Waking life.
WELL KNOW CARTOON CHARACTERS

Mickey Mouse- Mickey mouse is probably the
best know cartoon character of all time; he was
created by Ub Iwerks for Disney in 1928. Mickey
Mouse’s first appearance was in Steamboat
Willie and heinstantly became a character
everyone loved. He has been in many television
programs, books, films, and comics over the last
80 years with his happy cheerful personality but
in 2009 Disney decided to change his personality
for a new children’s programme (Mickey Mouse
club house) and give him more of a mischievous
and adventurous side.


Woody and buzz light-year – Woody and buzz
light-year are Pixar’s most famous characters, they
stared in Pixar’s most famous trio of movies, Toy
story, and where first created in 1995. The two
characters are lively and interesting characters that
children everywhere will recognise for their
adventures in the 3 movies. Along with their other
friends woody and buzz make toy story the epic film it
is today.
Wallace and Gromit – Wallace and Gromit were
created by Nick Park in 1989 using plasticine, and
the stop start motion known as claymotion. Wallace
and Gromit the cheese loving duo are famous for their
strange inventions and memorable adventures.
Having stared in four short films and one feature
length film the pair are very well know worldwide.


Tom and Jerry - William Hanna and Joseph Barbera
Began working in the late 1930’s and released their first
cartoon in 1940 about a cat and mouse, more commonly
known as Tom and Jerry. Two very lively characters’
centering on a never-ending rivalry between a cat (Tom)
and a mouse (Jerry) whose chases and battles often
involved comic violence. The lively duo stared in over 100
cartoons and won may Oscars.
The Simpsons - the Simpsons was created in 1989 by
Matt Groening and is the longest lasting television cartoon
series. The series is a satirical parody of a working class
American lifestyle epitomized by its family of the same
name, which consists of Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa and
Maggie. The family is known for their funny antics and
bizarre lifestyle, and just the strange day to day activities
they get up to.

Felix the cat –Felix the cat was a cartoon
character from the silent era, Felix was a black a
white cat who stared in many cartoons. His black
body, white eyes, and giant grin, coupled with the
surrealism of the situations in which his cartoons
place him, combine to make Felix one of the most
recognized cartoon characters in film history. Me
was created by Pat Sullivan on comic strips but
was then later turned into an animation by Otto
Mesmer
WELL KNOWN ANIMATED FILM STUDIOS

Walt Disney pictures - Walt Disney pictures is
an American owned film studio who’s main
products are feature length films, as well as
children’s television programmes. Many of the
films Disney created are animation films. Disney
is probably the best know Film Company and is
famous for many films such as Lion King, Beauty
and the beast, and Aladdin. Disney is also a very
active film studio with five to six release every
year.

Pixar -Pixar Animation Studios, commonly referred
to as simply Pixar), is an American computer
animation film studio. The studio has earned 26
Academy Awards, seven Golden Globes, and three
Grammy Awards, among many other awards and
acknowledgments. Its films have made over $6.3
billion worldwide. Pixar has produced twelve feature
films, beginning with Toy Story in 1995 there most
famous film. followed by A Bug's Life in 1998, Toy
Story 2 in 1999, Monsters, Inc. in 2001, Finding Nemo
in 2003, The Incredibles in 2004, Cars in 2006,
Ratatouille in 2007, WALL-E in 2008, Up in 2009,
Toy Story 3 (to date, the highest-grossing animated
film of all-time, grossing over $1 billion worldwide) in
2010, and Cars 2 in 2011.

Feishcher studio –

Warner Bro studios - The Warner Bros studio
began in the early 1930’s and created the Looney
Tunes and Merrie Melodies. It recruited two
great animators Tex Avery and Chuck Jones, and
during the period up to the 1950’s they created
characters’ such as Daffy Duck, Bugs Bunny,
Elmer Fudd the Pink Panther, Road Runner,
Wile E Coyote, Tweety Bird (Tweety Pie) and
Porky Pig.